CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Procedure:
Design Analysis
Mf
1. Determine K r = 1. Determine = As /bd
fc bd2
fy
2. Calculate from the table 2. Determine =
fc
fc
3. Determine = 3. Calculate Kr from the table
fy

4. Determine As = bd 4. Determine Mr = Kr fc bd2

max.
fc (MPa) 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
fy (MPa) 1 0.895 0.883 0.870 0.858 0.845 0.833 0.820 0.808 0.795 0.783 0.770
1 0.805 0.798 0.790 0.783 0.775 0.768 0.760 0.753 0.745 0.738 0.730
300 max. 0.386 0.377 0.368 0.359 0.351 0.342 0.334 0.325 0.317 0.309 0.301
400 max. 0.351 0.342 0.334 0.327 0.319 0.311 0.303 0.296 0.288 0.281 0.274
fc Kr

30 MPa 0.6600 0.4355 1553

. Kr 0.85 0.6440 2

2
35 0.6531 0.4266 15385
. Kr 0.85 0.6500
2
40 0.6467 0.4182 15218
. Kr 0.85 0.6571
2
45 0.6435 0.4140 15142
. Kr 0.85 0.6604
2
50 0.6345 0.4025 14929
. Kr 0.85 0.6698
2
55 0.6286 0.3951 14792
. Kr 0.85 0.6760
0.6222 0.2878 1.2623K r 2
60 0.85 0.6830
65 0.6164 0.3799 14505
. Kr 0.85 0.6894 2

2
70 0.6099 0.3719 14351
. Kr 0.85 0.6968
2
75 0.6042 0.3650 14216
. Kr 0.85 0.7034
2
80 0.5976 0.3571 14062
. Kr 0.85 0.7111
Figure 3.3.4 Flexural resistance design aid for rectangular section with non-prestressed reinforcement only –
precast certified in accordance with CSA A23.4 (fc =0.70)

3-16 CPCI Design Manual 5

 CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Example 3-4 Factored flexural resistance of a stadia unit

Given: 2Ixy
from tan 2 = :
1600 × 800 stadia unit certified in accordance with Ix Iy
A23.4
θ = 21.9º = angle of minor axis
Length = 10.0 m
Iminor = 3350 × 106 mm4
Span = 9.7 m
Imajor = 83,400 × 106 mm4
Load:
Concrete:
Superimposed dead load: 0.2 kN/m2 = 0.32kN/m
f’c = 35 MPa, a1 = 0.80
Live Load: b1 = 0.88 fc = 0.70
Vertical 4.80 kN/m2 = 7.68 kN/m
f’ci = 25 MPa
Horizontal (0.15)(2) kN/m = 0.30 kN/m
Normal density
Axial (0.3)(2)(10) kN = 6.00 kN
Prestressing reinforcement:
(Axial load acts independently of horizontal load)
9 – 13 mm 1860 MPa low relaxation strands
Section Properties: kp = 0.28
Ag = 298500 mm2
Ap = 99 mm2/strand
Weight = 7.0 kN/m
Po = 0.75Apfpu = 1243 kN
yb = 306 mm, xL = 774 mm
Pi = 0.95Po = 1181 kN
Ix = 14500 × 106 mm4
Pe = 0.85Po = 1057 kN
Iy = 72300 × 106 mm4
Ixy = Ag (x – xL)(y – yb) = 27,720 × 106 mm4

147

565

CPCI Design Manual 5 3-23

CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Example 3-4 Continued

Problem: By trial and error:
Determine the factored flexural resistance. c = 181.3 mm
Solution: c/dp = 181.3 / 346 = 0.5 0.5
Due to the shape of the compression block and that fpr = 1860[1 (0.28)(0.5)] = 1600 MPa
failure will occur in bending around the minor axis, use
a graphical solution to this problem. Required area of compression block
(0.9)(9)(99)(1600)
By trial and error, a value of c was found that simulta- = = 65,461 mm 2
neously solved the following two equations: (0.80)(0.70)(35)

p A p fpr From the figure above, for the area of the

1. c = ; and
compression block to equal 65,461mm2 :
1 1 c fc b
1c = 159 mm
Stress in prestressing steel at factored resistance: c = 159/ 0.88 =180.7 mm
2. fpr = fpu(1–kpc/dp)
The centre of the equivalent compression block is
fp = 0.9 conservatively estimated at 2/3 1c from the top fibre:
dp = 2/3 1 c = (2 / 3)(0.88)(180.7) = 106.0 mm
(363+345+326+297+436+418+380+399+147)/9 = 346 mm Mr = p Ap fpr (dp 2/ 3 1c)

= (0.9)(9)(99)(1600)(346 106.0) /106

= 307.9 kN-m
(9.7)2
Mf = {[(7)(1.25) + (0.32)(1.25)
8
+(7.68)(1.5)]cos(21.9o ) + (0.3)(1.5)sin(21.9o )}
= 228 kN- m < 338.6 kN- m

The bending moment around the major axis is small compared to the section depth and can be
safely ignored. Reinforcement should be added to resist the axial load.

Procedure:
Design Analysis
Mf
1. Determine Kr = 1. Determine p = Ap / bdp
fcbdp2
2. Calculate from the table 2. Determine pu = p fpu / fc
3. Determine p = pu fc / fpu 3. Calculate Kr from the table
4. Determine Ap = pbdp 4. Determine Mr = Kr fc bdp2

Figure 3.3.7 Flexural resistance coefficients for elements with bonded prestressed reinforcement only – precast
not certified in accordance with CSA A23.4 (fc = 0.65)

3-24 CPCI Design Manual 5

CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Example 3-7 Calculation of critical stresses­—single point depressed strand

Given: Pi = (Assume 10% initial loss)

2400 x 600 double tee = (0.90)(1800) = 1620 kN
Span = 21.0 m Pe = (Assume 24% total loss)
Superimposed dead load = 0.5 kN/m2 = 1.2 kN/m = (0.76)(1800) = 1370 kN
Superimposed live load = 1.75 kN/m2 = 4.2 kN/m Service load moments:
at midspan:
Msw = (6.2)(21)2 /8 = 344 kN-m
Msd = (1.20)(21)2 /8 = 66 kN-m
M l = (4.20)(21)2 /8 = 232 kN-m

Concrete:

335
f’c = 35 MPa

225
f’ci = 25 MPa
Normal Density
Prestressed reinforcement:
Support at Midspan at 0.4 at service
14 –13 mm 1860 MPa low-relaxation strands release release load
Ap = (14) (99) = 1386 mm2 P = Pi P = Pi P = Pe
fpo = 0.7 fpu
Section properties: fb ft fb ft fb ft
P / Ag + 6.2 + 6.2 + 6.2 + 6.2 + 5.3 + 5.3
Ag = 260000 mm2 Pe / S + 8.8 3.7 + 26.9 11.1 + 19.7 +6.8
I = 8580 x 106 mm4 Msw / S 17.0 + 7.1 16.3 –8.1
yb = 424 mm Msd / S 3.1 + 1.3
yt = 176 mm M /S
l 11.0 + 4.6
Sb = 20200 x 103 mm3
St = 48800 x 103 mm3 Stresses +15.0 + 2.5 +16.1 + 2.2 5.4 + 9.9
m = 260 kg/m2 = 624 kg/m 0.6fci 0.6fci 0.6fci 0.6fci 0.5 fc 0.6fc
Allowable
w = 2.6 kN/m2 = 6.24 kN/m + 15.0 + 15.0 + 15.0 + 15.0 3.0 + 21.0
stresses
e at support = 110 mm OK OK HIGH OK HIGH OK
e at midspan = 335 mm
at 0.4l
e at 0.4l = 290 mm
Msw = (344)(0.96) = 330 kN-m
Tendon eccentricity as shown:
Msd = (66)(0.96) = 63 kN-m
Problem:
l
M = (232)(0.96) = 223 kN-m
Find critical service load stresses.
Because the extreme fibre stress in the precom-
Solution: pressed tensile zone exceeds 0.5 fc (5.4 > 3.0), the
element is partially prestressed (see Section 3.4.8).
Prestress force:
Po = (1386)(0.70)(1860)/103 = 1800 kN

3-32 CPCI Design Manual 5

CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Mcr ft fr
=1 l

Ma f l

ft l
= final calculated total stress in the element

f l
= calculated stress due to live load

A more accurate application of the Ie method is described in a paper by Branson and Trost [8].

Example 3-16 Deflection calculation using bilinear moment-deflection relationships

Given: Determine the portion of the live load that would

2400 x 600 double tee of Example 3-7. result in a bottom tension of 3.6 MPa at 0.4L:
Problem: 5.4 – 3.6 = 1.8 MPa
Determine the total instantaneous deflection caused
The tension caused by live load alone is 11.0 MPa,
by the specified uniform live load.
therefore, the portion of the live load that would
Solution: result in a bottom tension of 3.6 MPa is:
fr = 0.6 fc = 3.6 MPa 11.0 1.8
(4.2) = 3.5 kN/ m
From Example 3-7, the final tensile stress is 5.4 MPa, 11.0
which is more than 3.6 MPa, so bilinear behaviour 5w 4
l

must be considered. g =
384EcIg
3
Icr = n bd (1 k)(1 k/3)
(5)(3.5)(21)4 (1012 )
= C bd
3 = = 37 mm
2
(384)(28200)(8580 106 )
Ap = 1386 mm
(5)(0.7)(21)4 (1012 )
dp at midspan = ec + yt = 335 + 176 = 511 mm cr = = 30 mm
A p Ep (384)(28200)(2082 106 )
n =
Ec bdp Total instantaneous deflection, l = 37 + 30 = 67 mm
(1386)(190000)
= = 0.0076
(28200)(2400)(511)
k = (n )2 + 2n n
= (0.0076)2 + 2(0.0076) 0.0076
= 0.1159
C = (0.0076)(1 0.1159)(1 0.1159/3)
= 0.0065
lcr = Cbdp3
3 6 4
= (0.0065)(2400)(511) = 2082 x 10 mm

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 CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Example 3-22 Horizontal shear design for a composite beam

Given: Maximum tie spacing:
Inverted tee beam with 50 mm composite topping, s 600 mm
100 mm over web, see Example 3-5. s 4hf = (4)(100) = 400 mm
Span length = 6.0 m A v fy (200)(400)
s = = 890 mm
bv = 300 mm 0.06 fc bv (0.06) 25(300)
Concrete: Vfl 1257 103
Precast: f'c = 35 MPa vf = = = 1.40 MPa
b v l v (300)(3000)
l

Topping: f'c = 25 MPa
2
Prestressed reinforcement: (200)(400)(25) (0.5)(1.0)(0.65)
s =359 mm
11 – 13 mm 1860 MPa strands 300 1.40
Ap = (11)(99) = 1089 mm2 The spacing based on shear friction governs. Use
Tie reinforcement: 10M ties @ 350 mm.
10M ties (Av = 200 mm2) Check shear on a vertical plane through the flange
fy = 400 MPa at the face of the web.
Problem: bv = 50 mm
Determine the tie requirements to transfer horizon- l
Vf = C1/2 = 658/2 = 329 kN
tal shear force. Note that this force must include
the force in the compression steel which is located Check maximum interface shear with ties:
in the topping. Vr ≤ 0.25fcf'cbvl v
l

= (0.25)(0.65)(25)(50)(3000)/103
l
Vf = C1 + C2 + C4 = 658 + 395 + 204 = 1257 kN
= 609 kN>329 kN
Solution:
Check maximum interface shear without ties: Maximum tie spacing:
s 600 mm
l = l /2 = 6000/2= 3000 mm
v
s 4hf = (4)(50) = 200 mm
Vr = 0.7fcbvl v = (0.7)(0.65)(300)(3000)/103
l

= 410 kN (100)(400)
s = 2670 mm
This is less than the factored shear, therefore ties (0.06) 25(50)
are necessary. Vfl (329)(103 )
vf = = = 2.19 MPa
b v v (50)(3000)
l

Check maximum interface shear with ties: l

Vr ≤ 0.25 fcf’c bvl v

l
s
= (0.25)(0.65)(25)(300)(3000)/103 (100)(400)(25) (0.5)(1.0)(0.65)
2
= 3656 kN > 1257 kN = 440 mm
50 2.19
The shear force can be resisted by providing suffi- Use 10M bars @ 200 mm governed by 4 times the
cient ties across the interface. topping thickness.

CPCI Design Manual 5 3-85

 c p A p fpu + s A s fy s A s fy
=
dp 1 c fc 1b w dp + kp p A p fpu
CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements
(0.9)(396)(1860) + (0.85)(1200)(400) (0.85)(400)(400)
=
(0.8)(0.70)(35)(0.88)(200)(1725) + (0.28)(0.9)(396)(1860)
Example 3-24 Continued
= 0.152
Problem: fpr = fpu (1 kpc / dp )
Find the required torsion reinforcement for the
= (1860)[1 (0.28)(0.152)]
spandrel.
= 1781MPa
Solution:
1. Determine factored loads on spandrel: p A p fpr + s A s fy s A s fy
a =
1 c fc b w
D.L. of Beam = (1.25)(10.2)
= 12.75 kN/m (0.9)(396)(1781) + (0.85)(1200)(400) (0.85)(400)(400)
=
D.L. of deck = (1.25)(4.4)(1.2)(18)/2 (0.8)(0.70)(35)(200)
= 231mm
= 59.4 kN/stem
L.L. = (1.5)(2.4)(1.2)(18)/2 At centreline:
a a
= 38.9 kN/stem
Mr = p A p fpr dp
2
+ s ( As ( )
A s ) fy d
2
Concentrated load:
+ s A s fy ( d d )
Pf = 59.4 + 38.9 = 98.3 kN/stem
= 0.9 ( 396 )(1781)(1725 231/ 2 ) 10 6
The loads and the resulting values of Mf, Vf and Tf
are shown in Fig. 3.7.2. + 0.85 (1200 400)( 400)(1830 231/ 2)
2. Minimum reinforcement requirements: 10 6 + 0.85(400)(400)(1830 40) 10 6

= 1730.9 kN . m > 896 kNm

Check minimum flexural reinforcement:
Pe = Ap fpe = (396)(1030)/103 = 408 kN At prestress transfer point (650 mm from end):
Pe Pe e 1030
fce = + Mr (1021.6) + 466.3 + 243.0
Ac Sb 1781
= 1300.1 kNm > 223 kNm (4/3 Mf)
(408)(103 ) (408)(677)(103 )
= + = 2.56 MPa
435000 170 106 (b) Minimum shear reinforcement:
Av b
Mcr = Sb (0.6 fc + fce ) = 0.06 fc w
s fy
170 106
= [(0.6)(1.0) 35 + 2.56] 200
106 = 0.06 35 = 0.177 mm2 / mm
= 1039 kNm 400
1.2Mcr = 1246.8 kNm Using 10M closed stirrups (A = 100 mm2), the spac-
4/3 Mf = 896 kNm GOVERNS AT MIDSPAN ing is:
(2)(100)
Check the flexural resistance: s = = 1130 mm
0.177
1 = 0.85 (0.0015)(35) = 0.80 3. Determine need for torsional reinforcement:
1 = 0.97 (0.0025)(35) = 0.88

c p A p fpu + s A s fy s A s fy
=
dp 1 c fc 1b w dp + kp p A p fpu

(0.9)(396)(1860) + (0.85)(1200)(400) (0.85)(400)(400)

=
(0.8)(0.70)(35)(0.88)(200)(1725) + (0.28)(0.9)(396)(1860)
= 0.152 Continued
fpr = fpu (1 kpc / dp )
= (1860)[1 (0.28)(0.152)]
= 1781MPa
3-90 p A p fpr + s A s fy s A s fy CPCI Design Manual 5
a =
1 c fc b w
 2(Ep Ap + Es A s )

( )
2
6
0.9 ( 4302) 29.5 106
439.7 10 3 2
(174.7x10 )3 + Design of Elements
CHAPTER (396)(0.7)(1860)
1553
+ 2 252500 ( )

Example 3-24 Continued =

2((190000)(396) + (200000)(1200))
Tf = 49.2 kN - m = 0.000085
(408)(103 ) = 29+7000
fcp = = 0.94 MPa x
435 000 = 29.6°
pc = 1875 + 200 + 1575 + 200 + 300 + 400 35Sz
sze =
= 4550 mm 15 + ag

0.38A c2 assume ag = 20 mm
c fc p fcp
Tcr = 1+
pc 0.38 fc (35)(1553)
c sze = = 1553 mm , use sze = 300mm
15 + 20
(0.38)(435000)2 (1.0)(0.70) 35
= 0.4 1300
(4550)(106 ) =
1 + 1500 x 1000 + sze
(0.9)(0.94)
1+ = 81.2 kN - m 0.4 1300
(0.38)(1.0)(0.70) 35 =
1 + (1500)(0.000085) 1000 + 300
0.25 Tcr = 20.3 kN- m < Tf
= 0.355
Torsion reinforcement is required in zone A.
Vc = c fc bw dv
4. Determine section parameters:
3
dv = 0.72 h = (0.72)(1875) = 1350 mm = (0.7)(1)(0.355)( 35)(200)(1553)x10
or = 0.9 d = (0.9)(1725) = 1553 mm = 456.6 kN
dv = 1553 mm
= Vc > Vf
Aoh = (138)[1875 (2)(31)] + (200)(238)
= 297000 mm2 Only minimum stirrups are required.
ph = (138 + 1813)(2) + (200)(2) = 4302 mm At Tr
=
Ao = 0.85Aoh s 2A o s fy cot
= (0.85)(297000) = 252500 mm2
(29.5)(tan29.6°)(106 )
=
5. Design shear and torsion reinforcement: (2)(252600)(0.85)(400)
2
Zone A, at a distance 1600 mm from face of sup- = 0.098 mm /mm
port:
Use 10M closed stirrups (As = 100 mm2)
Note: For precast framing, the face of the support
is taken to be the centreline of the support. s  =  (100)/(0.098) = 1020 mm

Vf = 174.7 kN Check need to halve spacing:

Tf = 29.5 kN-m 0.125 c fc bwdv + Vp
Mf = 439.7 kN-m = (0.125)(1.0)(0.7)(35)(200)(1553) + 0.0

Mf 0.9ph Tf
2 = 951.2 kN > Vf OK.
+ (Vf Vp )2 + A p fpo smin = 0.7dv
dv 2A o
=
x
2(Ep Ap + Es A s ) = (0.7)(1553)
= 1087 mm > 600 mm
( )
2
6
0.9 ( 4302) 29.5 106
439.7 10 3 2
(174.7x10 ) + (396)(0.7)(1860)
1553
+ 2 ( 252500 )

=
2((190000)(396) + (200000)(1200)) Continued
= 0.000085
= 29+7000
CPCI Design Manualx 5 3-91
= 29.6°
35Sz
s =
CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Example 3-24 Continued

Vf Vp
vf =
However, Tf > 0.25 Tcr, stirrup spacing must be b w dv
halved to 300 mm.
(65)(103 )
= = 0.203 MPa
Use 10M Stirrups at 300 mm O.C. (200)(1600)
Check web crushing: vf 0.203
= = 0.0083 < 0.25 OK.
2 2 c fc (1.0)(0.70)(35)
Vf Vp Tf ph Mf
= + 0.25 c fc + (Vf Vp ) A p fpo
b w dv 1.7A oh2 dv
x =
2 2 2(Es A s + Ep A p )
(174.7)(103 ) ((29.5)(106 ))(4302)
= + 602 106
(200)(1553) (1.7)(297000)2
= 1553
(
+ 65 103 0 (396)(0.7)(1860) )
= 1.016 0.25(0.7)(35) = 6.1MPa 2((200000)(1200) + (190000)(396))
Calculate actual Vs (based on stirrups provided): = – 0.00010 < – 0.0002

Av x = 0.0
Vs = s fy dv cot = 29 + 7000
S x

200 = 29.0°
= (0.85) (400)(1553)(cot 29.6°)(10 3 )
300 0.40 1300
=
= 620 kN 1 + 1500 x 1000 + sze
= Vs Limited to Vf = 174.7 kN = 0.40
[CSA A23.3 Clause 11.3.9.2] Vc = c fc bw dv
= (1.0)(0.70)(0.40) 35(200)(1553) /103
Longitudinal reinforcement:
= 514 kN > Vf
2
Mf 0.45ph Tf
Ft = + (Vf 0.5Vs Vp )2 + cot Minimum stirrups are required for zone B, the re-
dv 2A o
quirements for hanger steel and ledge reinforcement
(439.7)(106 ) at point loads will govern, so that this type of mem-
= ber will still have transverse reinforcement.
1553
With minimum shear reinforcement:
(174.7(103 ) - 0.5(174.7)(103 ) - 0)2
2 (cot 29.6°) s = 1130 mm for 10M stirrups.
+ (0.45)(4302)(29.5)(106 )
+ Use s = 600 mm o.c. Tf < 0.25 Tcr
2(252500) Av
-3 Vs = fy dv cot
= 283129+(142898)(10 ) (cot 29.6°) s
s
= 534.7 kN (200)
= (0.85) (400)(1553)(cot 29.6o )
sA sf y + pApfpr = [(0.85)(1200)(400) 600
+(0.9)(396)(1781)] 10
-3 = 309.8 kN

= 1043 kN > 534.7 kN

No additional longitudinal reinforcement is required.

Zone B: (Figure 3.7.2) at 2675 mm from support. Continued
No torsion design is required since Tf < 0.25 Tcr.
Check crushing:

3-92 CPCI Design Manual 5

 CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Note: Potential torsion due

to the end point load must
be carefully examined with
respect to bearing and end
torsion connection locations.
Also, shear and torsion
caused by loads applied
within a distance dv from the
face of the support needs to
be considered for bottom
loaded beams.

Figure 3.7.2 Force diagrams for Example 3-24

CPCI Design Manual 5 3-93

CHAPTER 3  Design of Elements

Example 3-31 Continued

ftpres= 6.50 MPa (at transfer) 6) Tilt angle at failure

= 6.00 MPa (at 40 days) = 16
max = 0.1312 rad
ftself = + 7.00 MPa for gravity moment: (2.5)(372)
Mg = 1950 kN-m 7) Theoretical lateral deflection at tilt angle
Zo = (372)[1 + (2.5)(0.1312)] = 494 mm
Problem:
8) Factor of safety against cracking
Evaluate the lateral stability of this beam during
1
handling and transporting. FS = = 1.55 > 1.0 OK
(372 / 936 + 0.0170 / 0.0688)
Solution:
9) Factor of safety against failure
(A) Handling for a hanging beam
(936)(0.1312)
1) Initial eccentricity offset factor FS = = 1.52 < 1.55
(494)(0.1312) + 16
= (36000/40000)2 – 1/3 Therefore, FS = FS = 1.55 > 1.5 OK
= 0.477 Note: If the girder was supported 0.5 m from
each end then FS = 1.15 and FS = 1.15 < 1.5
lateral sweep = 20 mm
(B) Transporting when supported from below
lift loop placement offset = 6 mm
1) Radius of stability
ei = (20)(0.477) + 6 = 16 mm
rotational stiffness of vehicle = KO = 4250 kN-m
2) Height of roll axis above C.G. of beam 4250 106
r = = 8300 mm
camber = 50 mm 512 103
Yr = 960 – 50(0.477) = 936 mm 2) Initial eccentricity
3) Initial roll angle placing offset on truck = 25 mm
ei = (20)(0.477)+25 = 35 mm
θi = 16 / 936 = 0.0170 rad
3) Height of C.G. beam above roll axis
4) Theoretical lateral deflection
camber = 50 mm
12.8
Zo = height of C.G. beam above road
(12)(28200)(14900 106 )(40000) = 1800 + 100 + 940 = 2840 mm
[(0.1)(36000)5 (2000)2 (36000)3 height of roll axis above road
+(3)(2000)4 (36000) + (6 / 5)(2000)5 ] = 600 mm
Y = 2840 + 5(50)(0.477)–600 = 2264 mm
= 372 mm
4) Theoretical lateral deflection
5) Tilt angle at cracking
12.8
fr = 0.6 35 = 3.55 MPa Zo =
(12)(31000)(14900 106 )(40000)
(ftpres + ftself + fr )Iy
Mlat = [(0.1)(36000)5 (2000)2 (36000)3
(b t / 2) + (3)(2000) (36000) + (6 / 5)(2000)5 ]
4

( 6.50 + 7.00 + 3.55)(14900 106 ) /106 = 338 mm

=
(900 / 2) 5) Tilt angle at cracking
= 134 kN - m

=
Mlat 134
max = = 0.0688 rad
Mg 1950
Continued

3-122 CPCI Design Manual 5