Reg no 2018-EE-437

Marks 4
8-6-21

Experiment # 12
Open Ended Lab

QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Objectives:
To generate and demodulate quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) signal using MATLAB.

Theoretical Introduction

With increasing demands of higher data rate, it is required to develop a system which can handle
higher data rate using conventional methods. In BPSK, we transmit one bit (either 0 or 1) using 1
symbol. Each of the possible value of phase corresponds to a pair of bits called a symbol. Hence
bit rate is equal to the symbol rate.

We can achieve higher data rates by modulating more than one bit per symbol. If we use 2 bits for
one symbol, the data rate will become double. This modification is called QPSK.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is the digital modulation technique. Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated at once,
selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (Π/4, 3Π/4, 5Π/4, and 7Π/4). Phase of the carrier
takes on one of four equally spaced values such as π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4 and 7π/4.

Thus, the gray encoded set of symbols: 10,00,01,11

𝜋
𝑆𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + (2𝑖 − 1) × 4 )

Where i = 1,2,3,4
The input binary sequence b(t) is represented in polar from with symbols 1 & 0 represented as +1
and -1. This binary wave is demultiplexed into two separate binary waves consisting of odd &
even numbered I/P bits denoted by b1 (t) & b2 (t). b1 (t) & b2(t) are used to modulate a pair of
quadrature carrier. The result is two PSK waves. These two binary PSK waves are added to
produce the desired QPSK signal.

Demodulation at Receiver:
QPSK receiver consists of a pair of correlators with common I/P & supplied with locally generated
signal c1 (t) & c2 (t). The correlator output, x1, & x2 are each compared with a threshold of zero
volts. If x1 > 0, decision is made in favor of symbol ‘1’ for upper channel and if x1 > 0, decision
is made in favor of symbol 0. Parallelly if x2 >0, decision is made in favor of symbol 1 for lower
channel & if x2 <0, decision is made in favor of symbol 0. These two channels are combined in a
multiplexer to get the original binary output.

1. Generate MATLAB Code to demonstrate an QPSK modulated waveform for given binary
data.
Note: You message signal should be in the form 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1, convert it to binary waveform,
then generate QPSK after multiplying with carrier.

2. Demodulate the QPSK signal generated using a correlator and decision maker and
demonstrate the input bit stream.
Lab task1:

MATLAB Code:
Output:
Lab tasks2:
Output:

Conclusion:
In this lab we learn about the phase shifting key the Phase-shift keying is a digital modulation
process which conveys data by changing the phase of a constant frequency reference signal. The
modulation is accomplished by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely
used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication