Syllabus

UNIT-II: A.C. Circuits

• Representation of sinusoidal waveforms, peak and rms values, phasor

representation, real power, reactive power, apparent power, power
factor, Analysis of single-phase ac circuits consisting of R, L, C, RL,
RC, RLC combinations (series and parallel), resonance in series
R-L-C circuit. Three-phase balanced circuits, voltage and current
relations in star and delta connections.
 AC circuits
Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction :
Whenever a conductor cuts the magnetic lines of force, an emf is
induced in the conductor.

Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction:

The emf induced in the conductor is given by the rate of change
of the flux linkages
 AC circuits
Terminology
• An alternating quantity is one which changes continuously in magnitude and
alternates in direction at regular intervals of time. It rises from zero to maximum
positive value, falls to zero, increases to a maximum in the reverse direction and
falls back to zero again.
• Wave form :- The shape of the curve of the voltage or current when plotted
against time as base is called the wave form
• Instantaneous value :- Value of an alternating quantity at any particular instant
is called the instantaneous value .
• Alternation and cycle :- When a periodic wave goes through one complete set of
positive & negative values, it is said to have completed one cycle. It corresponds
to 3600 or alternation
• Time Period and frequency :- Time taken in seconds by an alternating quantity
to complete one cycle is called time period and is denoted by T.

• Number of cycles completed per second by an alternating quantity is known as

frequency and is denoted by f. Unit is Hertz (Hz) which is equal to cycles /
second.

T = 1/f or f = 1/ T

• Angular velocity :- Each cycle spans 2 π radians in T seconds .

Angular velocity, ω = 2 π / T = 2 π f rad / sec

 Numerical problem-1
An alternating current of frequency 50 Hz has a maximum value of 100A. Calculate
(i) its value (1/ 600) sec after the instant the current is zero
(ii) in how many seconds after the zero value , the current attains the value of 86.6A?
Solution
• Maximum value of current , Im = 100A, Frequency , f = 50 Hz

• Instantaneous value of alternating current, starting from the instant the current is zero and
becoming positive is given by i = Im sin ωt

= 100 sin 100 πt (ω = 2 π f = 2 π * 50 = 100 π )

(i) after 1/600 seconds, i = 100 sin 100 π * 1/ 600

= 100 sin π/6 = 50A

(ii) Let the current attain the value of 86.6A after t seconds.