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Irjet V4i8406
Irjet V4i8406
1,2Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering college, Punjab, India
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Abstract -Cryogenic engines are commonly used in rockets were trying their rockets with same technologies
for launching geosynchronous class satellites This paper is all &succeeded later, But no human being till 1985.
about Cryogenic Technology used in rocket’s engine for all its
space missions & its applications. This technology consists of TABLE 1. Development of cryogenic engine (country)
use of two basic elements of universe Liq. Hydrogen(-253°C)
&Liq. Oxygen (-183°C). This engine follows Newton’s basic 3rd ROCKET NATION YEAR
law of motion. This is the only engine that gives 100% ENGINE
efficiency without any greenhouse emissions or pollution up to RL- 10 USA 1963
the date on earth.
LE5 JAPAN 1977
Key Words: Cryogenic Engine, Rocket Engine, Cryogenic
Temperature, Liquid Hydrogen and Oxygen, Newton HM7 FRANCE 1979
third law of Mechanics.
N1 RUSSIA 1983
1.INTRODUCTION
GSLV-D5 INDIA 2013
Cryogenic originated from two Greek word “Kyros” which
means cold or freezing “gene” which means burn or
produced [1]. Cryogenic is the study of production of very
low temperature nearly about ‘123 k’ in which the material
behavior and properties are studied at that temperature.
Cryogenic engine is a type of rocket engine designed to use
the fuel or oxidizer which must be refrigerated to remain in
liquid state [2]. Liquid propellant Rocket engine(LPRE) are
commonly used in space technology. Thrust chamber is one
of the most important subsystem of a rocket engine. The
liquid propellant (i.e.…liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen)
are metered, injected, atomized, vaporized, mixed and
burned to form hot reaction gas product, which in turned are
accelerated and ejected at supersonic velocity [3]. Payload
capacity of the space vehicle can be increased with the
propulsion system having higher specific impulse, in general
liquid propellant engines result in longer burning time than `
conventional solid rocket engine which result in higher
specific impulse [4]. Fig 1. RL 10 Engine
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3. CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY some amount of liq. Fuel. Use of Gas generator aligned with
Turbo pump increases the efficiency of this engine.
A cryogenic technology is the process of involvement or
including of usage of rocket propellants at a cryogenic 4.2 Turbo Pumps
temperature. It can be the combination of liquid fuels such
as: Liquid Oxygen (LOX), and liquid hydrogen (LH2) as an The working of this engine is very easy to understand as it
oxidizer and fuel in the different mixtures or proportions. does not involve any complicated cycles or any reciprocating
The mixture of fuels offers the highest energy efficiency for mechanism. The fuel from tanks is firstly passed through the
the rocket engines that produces very high amount of thrust. turbo pumps which rotates at a speed of about 14000 rpm
Here, the oxygen remains liquid only at the temperature by which the mass flow rate of fuel increases to about 2.4
below (–183 C) and hydrogen at below (–253 C). This is a tons before reaching the combustion chamber.
type of rocket engine that is functionally designed to use the
oxidizer which must be refrigerated in the liquid state. 4.3 Injector
Sometimes, the liquid nitrogen (LN2) is sometimes used as a
fuel because the exhaust is also nitrogen. Liquid oxygen is Injector plays the most key role in the rocket engine it is like
injected below critical temperature but above critical heart of the engine that pumps out the appropriate amount
pressure. In our atmosphere nitrogen is nearly about 78%. of fuel from the turbo pump to the combustion chamber as
Nitrogen is a non-pollutant gas and during exhaust no other per requirement. Injector ensures the stability of the
harmful gases are produced. Hence its efficiency is very high combustion chamber therefore deigning of injector is the
than any other Jet engines. most challenging part of the designs department of cryogenic
engine even today. The frequency of the combustion
According to Newtonian third law of mechanics: ‘Action and chamber is to be maintained between 100-500 cycles per
Reaction are equal and opposite in direction’. Rocket engine second. If this rate is affected even slightly shifted above or
operates through force of its exhaust pushing it backwards. below leads to the failure of engine which has been seen in
Thrust is in opposite direction and more efficient in lower tragedy of ‘Discovery Spacecraft’. But if injector is so
atmosphere or vacuum (sometimes). It makes the use of designed to increase the specific impulse more than 700
liquid oxygen as an oxidizer and liquid hydrogen as fuel. Space crafts can travel much long distances in the universe.
Pure liquid oxygen as oxidizer operates significantly at Injector is the only component of this engine which is still
hotter combustion chambers due to which extremely high under construction yet.
heat fluxes are produced which is not available in any jet
engines. In jet engines petrol, diesel, kerosene, gasoline, LPG, 4.4 Combustion Chamber
CNG and PNG, etc., are used having the properties of
hydrocarbons[2]. Finally, when this finely distributed fuel droplets enter the
thrust chamber at such high velocities & at their cryogenic
temperatures they colloid to each other in the trust chamber,
this reaction at such specific conditions increases the
pressure of chamber to about 250 bars with a release of
huge amount of thrust which is more than 15000 lb.
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2249
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
the tubes provided from between the jackets. The liq. maneuvering use non-cryogenic hypergolic fuels, which are
propellant passed are already at their cryogenic temperature compact and are stored at warm temperatures. Currently,
so provide a very effective cooling. This simple mechanism only the United States, Russia, China, France, Japan and India
permits the. Use of this technology throughout its journey have mastered cryogenic rocket technology.
without any deformation in Combustion chamber or Nozzle.
When all these components work in their perfect algorithm, The cryogenic engine gets its name from the extremely cold
only then we can achieve our goal a successful launch of a temperature at which liquid nitrogen is stored. Air moving
space vehicle for its space mission. around the vehicle is used to heat liquid nitrogen to a boil.
Once it boils, it turns to gas in the same way that heated
4.6. NOZZLE water forms steam in a steam engine. A rocket like the
Ariane 5 uses oxygen and hydrogen, both stored as a
The pressure generated in combustion chamber can be used cryogenic liquid, to produce its power. The liquid nitrogen,
increased thrust by acceleration of combustion gas to high stored at -320 degrees Fahrenheit, is vaporized by the heat
supersonic velocity. Nozzle generally passes parabolic exchanger. Nitrogen gas formed in the heat exchanger
enters. Because when high velocity gases entrance and at expands to about 700 times the volume of its liquid form.
exit of the nozzle, pressure of exhaust gas increases with This highly pressurized gas is then fed to the expander,
high value and hence velocity and hence velocity reduces [5]. where the force of the nitrogen gas is converted into
mechanical power [6].
5. WORKING
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Cryongenic Critical Density Latent Unlike the cryogenic engine which uses a combination of
pressure (kg/m3) Heat liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) as
(Mpa) (kJ/kg) propellant, the semi-cryogenic engine replaces liquid
hydrogen with refined kerosene (Isrosene as ISRO calls it).
oxygen 5.08 1141 213
LOX will be retained as oxidizer.“Various tests are in
Air 3.92 874 205 progress on the engine. Of the four turbo pumps in it, three
have undergone tests at the ISRO Propulsion Complex,
Nitrogen 3.39 807.3 199.3
Mahendragiri. We plan to have the engine ready by 2019
Hydrogen 1.315 70.79 443 end, the stage by 2020-end and the first flight by 2021,’’ S
Helium 0.229 124.8 2090 Somanath, director, LPSC, said. LPSC had developed the
cryogenic engine for the GSLV Mk-II and the much powerful
one for the GSLV Mk-III. The idea is to replace the second
stage of the GSLV Mk-III, which now uses a liquid stage, with
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2251
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
the semi-cryo. The rocket will retain the cryogenic upper, [8] http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/retired-
third stage. employee-portal/57-technology/1338-semicryogenic-
propulsion-2,accessed 22 August 2017
The advantage of inducting the semi-cryogenic stage is the [9] Joshi Sachin and Deepali Bharti, “Cryogenic fluids and
payload capacity of the GSLV Mk-III will increase from four their properties”, International Journal of Advance
tonnes to six tonnes. Using refined kerosene as fuel has quite Engineering and Research Development, Volume 2, Issue 7,
a few advantages: It is eco-friendly and cost-effective [8]. July -2015
10. CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
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