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Btudy of 1'Ime-Dependent L O C A L Scour: by A. Melih Yanmaz and H. Dogan Altinbilek, Member, ASCE
Btudy of 1'Ime-Dependent L O C A L Scour: by A. Melih Yanmaz and H. Dogan Altinbilek, Member, ASCE
Btudy of 1'Ime-Dependent L O C A L Scour: by A. Melih Yanmaz and H. Dogan Altinbilek, Member, ASCE
INTRODUCTION
The problem of local scour around bridge piers has been studied exten-
sively by several investigators. However, no single analytically derived equa-
tion is available because of the difficulties of the problem, such as combined
effects of complex turbulent boundary layer, time-dependent flow pattern,
and sediment transport mechanism in the scour hole. Besides, since many
parameters affect the scour hole development, experimental studies have
been conducted by considering only certain aspects of the problem and
accepting the other parameters as constants.
Through a dimensional analysis, it can be observed that the relative scour
depth, djb, (scour depth/pier width) is a function of the relative approach
flow depth, djb, (approach flow depth/pier width) under the conditions of
cohensionless uniform bed material, single pier, long flow duration, wide
channel, and flow velocities close to the threshold conditions (Yanmaz 1989).
Breusers et al. (1977), Chiew and Melville (1987), Melville and Sutherland
(1988), Giinyakti (1989), and Yanmaz (1989) present curves relating djb
to djb. However, the effect of approach flow depth on the development
of the scour hole may be ignored beyond a certain value of djb. According
to Melville and Sutherland (1988), the relative scour depth, djb is inde-
pendent of relative approach flow depth for djb > 2.6. Figs. 1 and 2 show
the relation between djb and djb for a wide range of flow Froude numbers
under live bed and clear water conditions for cylindrical and noncircular
piers, respectively. The curves enveloping the data points in Figs. 1 and 2
as proposed by Giinyakti (1989) represent the upper boundary of the avail-
able scour data reported in the literature. However, the effects of sediment
size and gradation can be taken into account to modify the results obtained
from Figs. 1 and 2 that represent uniform bed materials. Raudkivi and
'Asst. Prof., Middle East Tech. Univ., Civ. Engrg. Dept., 06531, Ankara, Turkey.
2
Prof., Middle East Tech. Univ., Civ. Engrg. Dept., 06531, Ankara, Turkey.
Note. Discussion open until March 1,1992. To extend the closing date one month,
a written request must be filed with the A S C E Manager of Journals. The manuscript
for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on June 8, 1990.
This paper is part of the Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 117,No. 10, October,
1991. © A S C E , ISSN 0733-9429/91/0010-1247/$1.00 + $.15 per page. Paper No.
26220.
1247
Mil
o BASAK ET AL.
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+ CHITA LE *
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HANCU
•
JAIN AND FISCHER *
ds.
X MELVILLE
b
D GUNYAKTI
-
ro • YANMAZ yS o °
oo s
-
/
/ o
• o A
-
/ / O OQ O oo o O
-
/ o 0
0.5-
FIG. 1. Correlation between djb and djb for Cylindrical Piers (Yanmaz 1989)
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by MISSOURI, UNIV OF/COLUMBIA on 06/12/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
N>
CD
500 > 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1
U»/ u-utc
0.9 95 1.5 2.0 3.0 35 4.0
A A D W ID w o
100
o
oin
0 0.5 1.0
1.00
2.5
D5000"3m) b(m)
8 0.55 0.102
2.0 D 085 »
0 1.90 "
X 4.10 "
1.5
10
0.5
0 • 1 " 1 I
10 10"' 10" 10" 10° 10'
ew-x^
FIG. 5. Correlation between djb and (Djb) (H tlb)\vl(u b)\ (Raudkivi and Ettema
1983)
1251
of the terms used in (1). The results of laboratory experiments can be utilized
to obtain the values of coefficients needed by such an analysis and also can
provide an expression for the shape of scour hole around bridge piers.
The rate of sediment transport out of the scour hole, Qso, can be obtained
by utilizing the sediment pickup studies of previous investigators. In a study
conducted by LeFeuvre (1965), the rate of sand transport from a small area
of flat bed has been measured. In that study the sediment is forced into a
flow section through a vertical supply tube. At the end of the supply tube,
a small flat sediment bed is formed at the main flow section. During each
run, the sediment supply rate is held constant. The experimental results of
LeFeuvre's (1965) flat bed transport study have been reanalyzed by Le-
Feuvre et al. (1970) and a semiempirical pickup function based on force
analysis of threshold condition has been derived:
^ = 0.001 F (2)
u
where uju = the ratio of pickup velocity, which is the volume rate of bed
removal per unit area of bed per unit time ue, to the mean flow velocity at
particle level u; F [CDN2/(8.2 cos a) - tan a - tan cj)]25; CD = the
coefficient of drag on a particle falling in a quiescent fluid; Ns = the sediment
number and is equal to Ns = u/[(S — 1) gDS0)0-5; S = the specific gravity;
g = the gravitational acceleration; Dso = the mean particle size; a. = the
angle of inclination of the bed from horizontal; and cj> = the angle of repose
of sediment.
A similar study has been conducted by Van Rijn (1984) for movable beds
in which an empirical sediment pickup function is derived as
E = O.OOOSSp^Ag^o) 0 - 5 ^ 3 ^- 5 (3)
where E = the pickup rate in mass per unit area and time; p^ = the sediment
material density; A = the relative density which equals (p^ — p)/p; p = the
fluid density; D^ = DS0(Ag/v2)1/3; v = the kinematic viscosity; T = (T^ —
T&C)/T6C; t'b = the effective bed shear stress and Tbc = the critical bed shear
stress. Similar empirical pickup functions for movable beds are also pre-
sented in the same study.
Since only the clear water case with a flat bed is considered in this work,
the sediment pickup function given in (2) will be used in the analysis.
Because of the fundamental similarity of all local scouring situations, the
rate of sediment pickup expressed by (2) can be expected to be applicable
in any scour phenomena (Altinbilek and Basmaci, 1980). The output sed-
iment transport function, Qso, for the scour hole around a bridge pier can
then be formulated in a nondimensional form as
e, /F (4)
vtan <p
where the term Qso/[D50(2dJtan 4> + b)] is assumed to be the sediment
pickup velocity which is equal to the volume of sediment transported from
1252
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
.75m oischorgi to t w t i
(kwr tank
1253
1. Only clear water conditions with a flat bed were studied. No sediment
inflow was allowed into the scour hole from upstream.
2. In order to investigate the effect of the shape of bridge pier on the scour
hole development, cylindrical and square piers were tested.
3. To investigate the effect of pier size, cylindrical piers with diameters of
6.7 cm, 5.7 cm, and 4.7 cm and square piers having side lengths of 6.7 cm, 5.7
cm, and 4.7 cm were tested.
4. Two different uniform bed materials (quartz sand) were used with the
specific weights of 26.4 kN/m 3 and 26.3 kN/m3, the mean particle sizes of 1.07
mm and 0.84 mm with <JS = 1.13 and 1.28, respectively.
5. Bed materials were placed as a 15-cm thick layer in the flume bed with a
bed slope of 0.001.
6. The angle of attack of approach flow with the axis of square pier was kept
to be zero.
1254
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1 cylinder 1.07 6.7 40 16.5 17.0 2.21 360 10.2
2 cylinder 1.07 6.7 35 15.2 17.1 2.13 330 9.5
3 cylinder 1.07 6.7 30 13.5 17.2 2.00 360 9.2
4 cylinder 1.07 6.7 25 12.1 17.1 1.90 330 7.8
5 cylinder 1.07 6.7 20 10.5 17.0 1.77 210 6.4
6 cylinder 1.07 6.7 15 8.5 17.0 1.59 235 6.2
12 cylinder 1.07 6.7 10 6.5 16.5 1.39 300 5.6
13 cylinder 1.07 6.7 5 4.5 16.5 1.16 270 3.9
14 cylinder 1.07 5.7 40 16.5 16.5 2.21 360 9.8
15 cylinder 1.07 5.7 35 15.2 16.5 2.13 330 9.0
16 cylinder 1.07 5.7 30 13.5 16.5 2.00 320 8.3
17 cylinder 1.07 5.7 25 12.1 16.5 1.90 330 7.1
18 cylinder 1.07 5.7 20 10.5 16.5 1.77 240 6.1
19 cylinder 1.07 5.7 15 8.5 16.5 1.59 240 5.8
20 cylinder 1.07 5.7 10 6.5 16.5 1.39 300 5.1
21 cylinder 1.07 5.7 5 4.5 16.5 1.16 270 3.2
22 cylinder 1.07 4.7 10 6.5 16.2 1.39 300 4.1
23 cylinder 1.07 4.7 20 10.5 16.2 1.77 240 5.9
24 cylinder 1.07 4.7 30 13.5 16.1 2.00 330 7.7
25 cylinder 1.07 4.7 40 16.5 14.5 2.21 360 9.5
26 cylinder 0.84 6.7 10 6.5 14.5 1.58 300 7.7
27 cylinder 0.84 6.7 15 8.5 14.5 1.80 300 9.1
28 cylinder 0.84 6.7 20 10.5 14.5 2.00 300 9.6
29 cylinder 0.84 6.7 25 12.1 14.0 2.15 300 10.1
30 cylinder 0.84 6.7 30 13.5 13.5 2.26 300 10.7
31 cylinder 0.84 5.7 15 8.5 14.0 1.80 300 7.5
32 cylinder 0.84 5.7 20 10.5 14.0 2.00 300 8.3
33 cylinder 0.84 5.7 25 12.1 13.5 2.15 300 8.8
34 cylinder 0.84 5.7 30 13.5 14.0 2.26 300 9.5
35 cylinder 0.84 4.7 15 8.5 14.0 1.80 300 7.0
36 cylinder 0.84 4.7 20 10.5 13.7 2.00 300 6.8
37 cylinder 0.84 4.7 25 12.1 13.5 2.15 300 7.7
38 cylinder 0.84 4.7 30 13.5 13.7 2.26 300 8.5
39 square 1.07 6.7 40 16.5 17.0 2.21 180 14.0
40 square 1.07 6.7 30 13.5 16.5 2.00 300 11.2
41 square 1.07 6.7 25 12.1 16.5 1.90 300 9.4
50 square 1.07 5.7 40 16.5 16.0 2.21 270 14.1
51 square 1.07 5.7 30 13.5 16.1 2.00 300 11.0
52 square 1.07 5.7 25 12.1 16.2 1.90 300 9.2
56 square 1.07 4.7 40 16.5 14.2 2.21 300 12.5
57 square 1.07 4.7 30 13.5 14.2 2.00 300 10.6
58 square 1.07 4.7 25 12.1 14.2 1.90 300 8.9
62 square 0.84 6.7 30 13.5 13.7 2.26 300 12.6
63 square 0.84 6.7 15 8.5 13.7 1.80 300 9.3
66 square 0.84 5.7 30 13.5 13.7 2.26 300 12.0
67 square 0.84 5.7 15 8.5 13.7 1.80 300 8.9
70 square 0.84 4.7 30 13.5 13.5 2.26 300 11.4
71 square 0.84 4.7 15 8.5 13.5 1.80 300 8.5
1255
SYMBOL EXPERIMENT
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4I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1257
and 42-46 for cylindrical and square piers, respectively, were performed
with Ns = 2.0 and b = 6.7 cm. Experiments were stopped at the end of
different test durations; namely 5 min, 20 min, 60 min, 100 min, and 150
min to determine the contours of the scour hole around bridge piers. After
each run, the bed was flattened to run the experiment with the next duration.
One of the contours around the cylindrical pier obtained at the end of 100
min of test duration is shown in Fig. 9. To determine the side inclination
of scour hole, ()>', the cross sections A-A and B-B were taken (See Fig. 10).
The side angles were then measured on these cross sections using the test
results of the respective experiments. The average side angle of the scour
holes around cylindrical and square piers was obtained as $' = 33°, which
is close to the natural angle of repose of quartz sand. To determine the rate
of change of side inclination of the scour hole, a three-dimensional coor-
dinate system was placed at the bottom of the scour hole with the origin
located at the center of the base of the pier. The coordinates x and y are
FLOW DIRECTION
1258
Flow hoi®
Direction
I.O
0.9
a
j>
0.8 -
0.7-
2 max
0.6 - *°
0.5 -
_
^fi
0.4
0.3 -
SYMBOL EXP
/ a A • 7
0.2
o 8
y® A 9
0. I - 0 10
a II
I i i I I i i i i
O.I 0.2 0.3 Q4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 I.O
x x
/ max
FIG. 11. Correlation between */*_,„ and dz,„ax
along the sections A-A and B-B, respectively, whereas the z-coordinate is
located at the vertical centerline of the pier (see Fig. 10). In the analysis x,
y, and z are the time-dependent coordinates of the scour hole, whereas
xm-dX, ymw and zmax are the maximum coordinates of the scour hole measured
at the end of the tests. The correlations between x/xm.dX or y/ym.dX and z/zmdX
were investigated to examine the rate of change of the side inclination of
the scour hole. As an example, the correlation between x/xm.dX and zlzm.dX
1259
FIG. 12. Geometric Description of Scour Holes (a) Cylindrical Pier; (b) Square Pier
on section B-B along the points O-T (See Fig. 10) is shown for the cylindrical
pier in Fig. 11. As observed in Fig. 11, the data points lie along the bisector
line. The analysis carried out for the other sections of the scour holes around
the piers tested yielded also similar correlations. It can therefore be accepted
that the shape of the scour hole remains almost unchanged with respect to
time. However, the rate of change decelerates as time elapses. As a result,
the volume of the scour hole can be approximated by an inverted cone
having circular and square bases for cylindrical and square piers, respec-
tively. The side inclinations of the scour hole are approximately equal to
the natural angle of repose of the sediment. Volumetric expressions of the
scour holes can then be derived on the basis of this approximation using
Fig. 12. The expression for the volume of the scour hole around the cylin-
drical pier can be derived referring to Fig. 12 (a) as follows:
£ M^b
V (6)
3 tan <)> \tan §
is obtained. Eq. (6) has also been proposed by Carstens (1966) and Shen
et al. (1969). The volume of scour hole around a square pier can similarly
be determined referring to Fig. 12 (b). The coordinates of points P, Q, S,
F, Q', and S' in Fig. 12 (b) are P = (a, a tan <$>, 0); Q = (B' cos $ , B'
sin * , ds); S = [(1 - X)P + XQ], 0 g X S 1; P' = (fyi, & tan $ , 0), 0
S M 1 ; 2 ' = (SB' cos <J>, tfi' sin 0 , ds); and S' = [(1 - \)P' + XQ'].
X and £ are the parameters to define the coordinates of the points. Substi-
tuting the values of P' and Q' into S' lead to x = (1 — k)^a + X£8' cos
$ = A(X, $, * ) ; v = (1 • - X)£« tan * + X^B' sin <D = /2(X, g, * ) ; and z
= Xds = /j(X), where a = b/2; and B' = (dslt&n <)> + b/2) as shown in Fig.
12 (b). The total volume of the scour hole around the square pier, V1; is
eight times the volume element, V, as described in Fig. 12 (b) less the
volume of the pier below the flume bed elevation:
1260
'-IT/4 fl fl
W = *(&&-&&) (9)
Substituting (9) into (8) and evaluating the required integrals results in
DEVELOPMENT OF METHOD
Eqs. (1), (4), and (11) are combined and solved f o r / t o obtain
+
tan <b \tan
/ ~^(T^: bd\d{ds)
(12)
J + b
"(tlm^ ^DsoFdt
Successive values of / can be computed from (12) using the experimental
values of ds versus t for the integration limits. An inspection of the computed
/values indicates that the rate of sediment transport is inversely proportional
to the scour depth. At the early stages of each experiment, the net rate of
sediment transport out of the scour hole is very high leading to large values
of/. As the depth of the scour increases, the net rate of sediment transport
out of the scour hole decreases. When the depth of the scour approaches
an equilibrium value, the rate of sediment transport out of the scour hole
(and thus the value of/) tends to zero. Investigating the terms used in (12),
a relationship between / and other nondimensional parameters such as dj
b, Ns, CD, and tan 4> can be obtained. However, to consider the effect of
unsteadiness, through a dimensional analysis djb can be replaced by ut/D50
in which the effect of approach flow depth is also considered since u is a
function of da (Yanmaz 1989). In the analysis, based on the suggestion of
Altinbilek and Carstens (1972), values of CD representative of sand grains
having a shape factor of 0.7 were taken as approximately equal to those for
1261
where b0, bu b2, b3, and bA are constants. The values of these constants are
obtained through a multiple linear regression analysis as bQ = 30000, bl =
0.75, b2 = 5.80, b3 = 2,80, and b4 = 6.40.
Eqs. (1), (4), (11), and (13) are combined and solved for d{ds)ldt to
obtain
dt' (Nsy-83(t')°-86 \ b
(2ds + tan <)))
(16)
ndl2 3.266^1
0.111
tan2(j> + tan §
The solutions of (15) and (16) for various b/D50 and Ns values can again be
found by the second-order Runge-Kutta method. The nondimensional scour
prediction curves with b/DS0 = 80 are given for cylindrical and square piers
in Fig. 14. Under known sediment and flow properties, the values of b/D5Q,
Ns, and t' are computed. The corresponding scour depth is then determined.
It should be noted that an important by-product of the aforementioned
analysis is the verification of the fact that the relative scour depth around
the cylindrical pier is smaller than that of the square pier.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
1000
,D
50v/tS'l)9Ds°/b2
1263
With the data provided, the approach flow depth is computed as 1.22 m
from the Manning's equation. Shear velocity then becomes 0.106 m/s. Hence
the flow velocity at particle level u is found to be 0.766 m/s from the Prandtl-
Karman velocity relation (Garde and Ranga Raju 1978)
where «„. = shear velocity; y = the elevation relative to river bed and taken
to be 0.6D5O as suggested by LeFeuvre et al. (1970); ks = the equivalent
sand roughness and taken to be D50 for fine sand. The sediment number is
computed as 2.19. The correction coefficients for sediment size, K = 1.0,
and grading, Ka = 0.67, are obtained from Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The
computations are presented in Table 2. For the purpose of comparison, the
solution of the same problem using the enveloping curves in Figs. 1 and 2
and Fig. 5 with <jg = 2.0 is also given in columns 4 and 7 of Table 2,
respectively. It can be seen from Table 2 that the results for the cylindrical
piers obtained from Fig. 5 and the proposed method are almost the same.
It can also be seen from Table 2 that the new method results in almost
49% and 31% reductions in scour depths around cylindrical and square
piers, respectively, relative to the equilibrium scour depths obtained using
the enveloping curves in Figs. 1 and 2. This example clearly illustrates the
considerable effect of the time parameter on the determination of the scour
depth.
CONCLUSIONS
The time variation of local scour depth around bridge piers is investigated.
A semiempirical method based on the sediment continuity equation is de-
veloped to determine the scour depth as a function of time around bridge
piers. In the analysis, the boundary layer thickness in the scour hole is
assumed to be negligible. The conclusions of this study, which are limited
to clear water conditions, uniform bed materials on a constant bed slope of
0.001, and single cylindrical and square piers with Ns ranging from 1.16 to
2.26 are as follows.
1. The shape of the scour hole around bridge piers remains almost unchanged
with respect to time. The rate of change, however, decelerates as time elapses.
The shape of the scour hole can be approximated by an inverted cone having
a circular base for cylindrical piers and a square base for square piers. The side
inclinations of the scour holes are almost equal to the natural angle of repose
of the sediment.
2. The time variation of the scour depth around bridge piers can be deter-
mined by solving a differential equation resulting from the application of the
sediment continuity equation for the scour hole.
3. In the sediment continuity equation [(1)], the term representing the sed-
1265
and 7VS values can be prepared by solving (15) and (16) for cylindrical and square
piers, respectively. These curves are utilized under known flow and sediment
characteristics.
5. The design of bridge pier foundations based on the equilibrium scour depth,
which is reached in a very long flow duration, may cause overestimates. Smaller
scour depths, however, can be obtained within reasonable limits of flow dura-
tion. This may result in a reduction in the cost of construction. The value of
the scour depth corresponding to the flood duration of a particular design can
be determined from the nondimensional scour prediction curves.
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES
1266
a = 6/2;
b = pier width;
t>o, b
l, b2, b3, b4 = coefficients;
B' = djtan cj> + b/2;
CD = drag coefficient;
D* = dimensionless sediment size parameter;
Dso = mean sediment size;
d0 = approach flow depth;
ds = maximum depth of local scour around the pier;
d's = djb;
E = sediment pickup rate;
F = [CDA^2/(8.2 cos a) - tan a - tan <$>]2S;
/ = coefficient of proportionality;
g = gravitational acceleration;
/ = Jacobian;
K = coefficient showing the effect of sediment size;
Ka = coefficient showing the effect of sediment gradation;
K = equivalent sand roughness;
K = sediment number;
S = specific gravity;
Q = discharge;
Qsi = sediment inflow to the scour hole;
Qso = sediment outflow from the scour hole;
T = dimensionless shear stress parameter;
T = water temperature;
t = time from beginning of experiment;
te = duration of experiment;
f = tD50 [(S - l)g/>50)/62;
u = flow velocity at particle level;
ue = pickup velocity;
"* = shear velocity;
«*c = critical shear velocity;
V = volume of scour hole around cylindrical piers;
V = volume element of scour hole for square piers;
v,X = volume of scour hole around square piers;
= coordinate of scour hole;
•^max = maximum coordinate of scour hole at te;
y = coordinate of scour hole;
y max = maximum coordinate of scour hole at te;
Z = coordinate of scour hole;
zmax = maximum coordinate of scour hole at te;
a = bed inclination;
A = (p* - p)/p;
X = parameter;
V = kinematic viscosity of water;
« = parameter;
1267
7
bc = critical bed shear stress;
$ = spherical coordinate;
f = angle of repose of sediment; and
<>
4>' = side inclination of scour hole.
1268