CONTENTS

Reservoir of Coal
What is Coal? Origin of Coal
in Pakistan
Classification
Classification on
involving both
Classification on the the basis of
Proximate
basis of rank of Coal Proximate
analysis and
Analysis
Calorific value

Basis for Coal Conclusion

 WHAT IS COAL?

Coal is a non-renewable solid fossil fuel comprising

of black to brownish sedimentary rock with a high
amount of carbon and hydrocarbons.
 ORIGIN OF COAL
 Coal is called fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of
vegetation that grew on as long as 400 million years ago.
 Most of our Coal was formed 300 million years ago. As plants and
trees died, physical and chemical alteration of plant material started.
 The plant debris accumulated in various wet environments and buried
by sand, silt and mud.
 As a result of temperature and pressure, metamorphosis occurs to
produce various types of coal.
 RESERVOIR OF COAL IN
PAKISTAN
 Sindh 186.5 Billion tonnes
 Thar Desert 175 billion tonnes
The Thar coalfield is TharParkar, 6th largest Coal reservoir in the
World, and discovered by Geological survey of Pakistan (GSP) &
United State Agency for International Development
 Punjab 235 million tonnes
 Balochistan 217 million tonnes
 KPK 90 million tonnes
STATISTICS OF COAL CONSUMPTION IN
PAKISTAN
CLASSICATION ON THE BASIS OF
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL
This is the oldest classification based on the visual observations
and the burning characteristics of Coal.
According to this Coal is classified into;
1. Peat
2. Lignite
3. Bituminous
4. Sub-Bituminous
5. Anthracite
 PEAT

• Peat is also known as turf.

• First stage of transformation.
• Contains less than 40 to 50 % Carbon.
• Contains sufficient volatile matter and
lot of moisture.
 LIGNITE

• Lower grade coal.

• Moisture content is High.
• 40 to 55 % carbon content.
• Contains brown to black woody
substances.
• It undergoes spontaneous reaction
when it is burnt.
 BITUMINOUS

• Derived its name after a liquid called

bitumen
• Soft Coal ; Most widely available and
used Coal.
• It is usually black in colour.
• It burns with flame & smoke
• Fixed carbon content is 45 to 75%
 SUB-
BITUMINOUS
• Transition state between Bituminous
and Anthracite
• Lower oxygen and moisture content
• No traces of any vegetation matter
• Carbon is 70 to 80%
 ANTHRACITE

• Hardest coal
• Black in colour and lustrous
• Very little volatile matter
• Negligible amount of moisture
• 80 to 95 % carbon
• Burns with smokeless flame
COMPOSITION OF COAL
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROXIMATE
ANALYSIS
• Frazer’s classification:
• In 1887, he used fuel ratio to classify coal as given:

• Fuel Ratio is defined as ratio of fixed carbon to volatile

matter
• Coals of lower rank than bituminous were not considered
 CLASSIFICATION INVOLVING BOTH PROXIMATE
ANALYSIS AND CALORIFIC VALUE

Parr’s classification:
 It is the simplest method for determining the amount of mineral
matter present in a coal is to determine the ash and sulfur
contents and to make corrections for the changes taking place in
these during combustion.
 CLASSIFICATION INVOLVING BOTH PROXIMATE
ANALYSIS AND CALORIFIC VALUE

 The Parr’s formula for Classification is:

Total inorganic matter = Moisture +1.08 Ash +0.55
Sulfur,
where moisture, ash, and sulfur represent the percentages of
these substances found by analysis of the coal.
 BASIS FOR COAL

ASTM made standards for the analysis of solid fuel i.e

coal. The different analysis of coal can also reported
in terms of some arbitrary basis which are described
below:
 1) RUN-OF-MINE (ROM)

• When the coal directly obtained from a mine is

analyzed by elemental or proximate analysis.
• This type of data are called run-of-mine
2) AS-RECEIVED

• After extraction from mine, coal is transported to the

receiver.
• The analysis data obtained at this point is called as-
received.
 3) AIR-DRIED

• When analytical data are collected after air drying the

coal at a standard condition of 400oC and 60% relative
humidity,
• The data are called at air-dried basis.
 4) DRY

• When the effect of moisture content is removed

from the analytical data.
• After this step coal is said as dry basis.
5) DRY AND ASH-FREE (D.A.F)

• When the data are reported excluding the effect of

ash content, then it is said d.a.f basis
6) DRY AND MINERAL MATTER
FREE (D.M.M.F)

• When effects of both moisture and mineral matter are

removed from the analytical data, then it is reported as
d.m.m.f basis. This is the data of pure coal only.
7) MOIST-MINERAL-MATTER-FREE

• This is the basis where the effect of mineral matter is

excluded, only pure coal and moisture are taken to
report the data.
 CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, it is concluded that

coal is an economical solid fuel which can be
classified into many types and composition.
Moreover, we can decide after that which basis
is used for Coal.