Giant panda

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"Panda" and "Panda bear" redirect here. For the red panda, see red panda. For other
uses, see Panda (disambiguation), Giant panda (disambiguation), Panda Bear
(musician), PANDAS, pandas (software), and Panda (plant).

Giant panda

Giant panda at the Ocean Park Hong

Kong

Conservation status

Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1) [1]

Endangered (ESA) [2]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Ursidae

Genus: Ailuropoda

Species: A.  melanoleuca

Binomial name

Ailuropoda melanoleuca

David, 1869[3]

Subspecies

 †A. m. hastorni
 A. m. melanoleuca
 A. m. qinlingensis

Giant panda range

Giant panda
 "Panda" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese

characters[4]

Traditional Chinese 熊貓

Simplified Chinese 熊猫

Literal meaning "bear cat"

showTranscriptions

Alternative Chinese name

Traditional Chinese 貓熊

Simplified Chinese 猫熊

Literal meaning "cat bear"

showTranscriptions

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca; Chinese: 大熊猫; pinyin: dàxióngmāo),

[5]
 also known as the panda bear (or simply the panda), is a bear[6] native to South
Central China.[1] It is characterised by its bold black-and-white coat and rotund body. The
name "giant panda" is sometimes used to distinguish it from the red panda, a
neighboring musteloid. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the giant panda is
a folivore, with bamboo shoots and leaves making up more than 99% of its diet. [7] Giant
pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the
form of birds, rodents, or carrion. In captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish,
yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food. [8][9]
The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan, but
also in neighbouring Shaanxi and Gansu.[10] As a result of farming, deforestation, and
other development, the giant panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it
once lived, and it is a conservation-reliant vulnerable species.[11][12] A 2007 report showed
239 pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27 outside the country. [13] As of
December 2014, 49 giant pandas lived in captivity outside China, living in 18 zoos in 13
 different countries.[14] Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are
about 1,590 individuals living in the wild,[13] while a 2006 study via DNA
analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000. [15] Some reports
also show that the number of giant pandas in the wild is on the rise. [16] In March 2015,
conservation news site Mongabay stated that the wild giant panda population had
increased by 268, or 16.8%, to 1,864.[17] In 2016, the IUCN reclassified the species from
"endangered" to "vulnerable",[12] affirming decade-long efforts to save the panda. In July
2021, Chinese authorities also reclassified the giant panda as vulnerable rather than
endangered.[18]
While the dragon has often served as China's national symbol, internationally the giant
panda has often filled this role. As such, it is becoming widely used within China in
international contexts, for example, appearing since 1982 on gold panda bullion coins
and as one of the five Fuwa mascots of the Beijing Olympics.

Contents

 1Taxonomy
o 1.1Classification
o 1.2Etymology
o 1.3Subspecies
 2Description
o 2.1Pathology
o 2.2Genomics
 3Ecology
o 3.1Diet
o 3.2Predators
 4Behavior
o 4.1Reproduction
 5Human use and interaction
o 5.1Early references
o 5.2Western discovery
o 5.3Diplomacy
o 5.4Biofuel
o 5.5Conservation
o 5.6Zoos
o 5.7Population chart
o 5.8Wilson's disease diagnosis
 6See also
 7References
 8External links

Taxonomy
Classification
For many decades, the precise taxonomic classification of the giant panda was under
debate because it shares characteristics with both bears and raccoons.
[19]
 However, molecular studies indicate the giant panda is a true bear, part of the family
Ursidae.[6][20] These studies show it diverged about 19 million years ago from the common
ancestor of the Ursidae;[21] it is the most basal member of this family and equidistant from
all other extant bear species.[22][21] The giant panda has been referred to as a living fossil.
[23]

Etymology
The word panda was borrowed into English from French, but no conclusive explanation
of the origin of the French word panda has been found.[24] The closest candidate is
the Nepali word ponya, possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone of the red panda,
which is native to Nepal. The Western world originally applied this name to the red
panda.

Panda cubs

In many older sources, the name "panda" or "common panda" refers to the lesser-
known red panda,[25] thus necessitating the inclusion of "giant" and "lesser/red" prefixes
in front of the names. Even in 2013, the Encyclopædia Britannica still used "giant
panda" or "panda bear" for the bear,[26] and simply "panda" for the red panda,[27] despite
the popular usage of the word "panda" to refer to giant pandas.
Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the
bear 20 different names, such as huāxióng (花熊 "spotted bear") and zhúxióng (竹
熊 "bamboo bear").[28] The most popular names in China today are dàxióngmāo (大熊
貓 literally "giant bear cat"), or simply xióngmāo (熊貓 "bear cat"). The
name xióngmāo (熊貓 "bear cat") was originally used to describe the red panda (Ailurus
fulgens), but since the giant panda was thought to be closely related to the red
panda, dàxióngmāo (大熊貓) was named relatively.[28]
In Taiwan, another popular name for panda is the inverted dàmāoxióng (大貓熊 "giant
cat bear"), though many encyclopediae and dictionaries in Taiwan still use the "bear
cat" form as the correct name. Some linguists argue, in this construction, "bear" instead
of "cat" is the base noun, making this name more grammatically and logically correct,
which may have led to the popular choice despite official writings. [28] This name did not
gain its popularity until 1988, when a private zoo in Tainan painted a sun bear black and
white and created the Tainan fake panda incident.[29][30]
Subspecies
The Qinling panda has a light brown and white pattern

Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial
measurements, colour patterns, and population genetics.[31]

 The nominate subspecies, A. m. melanoleuca, consists of most extant

populations of the giant panda. These animals are principally found in Sichuan and
display the typical stark black and white contrasting colours.
 The Qinling panda, A. m. qinlingensis,[32] is restricted to the Qinling Mountains in
Shaanxi at elevations of 1,300–3,000 m (4,300–9,800 ft). The typical black and
white pattern of Sichuan giant pandas is replaced with a light brown and white
pattern.[31] The skull of A. m. qinlingensis is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger
molars.
A detailed study of the giant panda's genetic history from 2012 [33] confirms that the
separation of the Qinlin population occurred about 300,000 years ago, and reveals that
the non-Qinlin population further diverged into two groups, named the Minshan and
the Qionglai-Daxiangling-Xiaoxiangling-Liangshan group respectively, about 2,800
years ago.[34]

Description

The skull of a giant panda at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History

The skeleton (left) and taxidermy model (right) of "Tong Tong", once bred in Ueno Zoo at the National Museum
of Nature and Science, Tokyo
The giant panda has luxuriant black-and-white fur. Adults measure around 1.2 to 1.9
metres (3 feet 11 inches to 6 feet 3 inches) long, including a tail of about 10–15 cm (4–
6 in), and 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) tall at the shoulder.[35][36] Males can weigh up to 160 kg
(350 lb).[37] Females (generally 10–20% smaller than males)[38] can weigh as little as
70 kg (150 lb), but can also weigh up to 125 kg (276 lb).[11][35][39] The average weight for
adults is 100 to 115 kg (220 to 254 lb).[40]
The giant panda has a body shape typical of bears. It has black fur on its ears, eye
patches, muzzle, legs, arms and shoulders. The rest of the animal's coat is white.
Although scientists do not know why these unusual bears are black and white,
speculation suggests that the bold colouring provides effective camouflage in their
shade-dappled snowy and rocky habitat, [41] and that their eye patches might facilitate
them identifying one another.[42][43] The giant panda's thick, woolly coat keeps it warm in
the cool forests of its habitat.[41] The panda's skull shape is typical
of durophagous carnivorans. It has evolved from previous ancestors to exhibit larger
molars with increased complexity and expanded temporal fossa. [44][45] A 110.45 kg
(243.5 lb) giant panda has a 3D canine teeth bite force of 2603.47 newtons and bite
force quotient of 292.[citation needed] Another study had a 117.5 kg (259 lb) giant panda bite of
1298.9 newtons (BFQ 151.4) at canine teeth and 1815.9 newtons (BFQ 141.8) at
carnassial teeth.[46]

Bones of the left forelimb

The giant panda's paw has a "thumb" and five fingers; the "thumb" – actually a
modified sesamoid bone – helps it to hold bamboo while eating.[47] Stephen Jay
Gould discusses this feature in his book of essays on evolution and biology, The
Panda's Thumb.
The giant panda's tail, measuring 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in), is the second-longest in the
bear family, behind the sloth bear.[38]
The giant panda typically lives around 20 years in the wild and up to 30 years
in captivity.[48] A female named Jia Jia was the oldest giant panda ever in captivity, born
in 1978 and died at an age of 38 on 16 October 2016. [49]
Pathology

Toxoplasma gondii (arrow) in macrophages in the lung of a giant panda[50]

A seven-year-old female named Jin Yi died in 2014 in a zoo in Zhengzhou, China, after
showing symptoms of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease. It was found that the
cause of death was toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii that infects
most warm-blooded animals, including humans.[50]
Genomics
The giant panda genome was sequenced in 2009 using Illumina dye sequencing.[51] Its
genome contains 20 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

Ecology
Diet

Pandas eating bamboo.

Panda eating, standing, playing

Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivoran, the giant panda's diet is

primarily herbivorous, consisting almost exclusively of bamboo.[48] However, the giant
panda still has the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific genes,
[52]
 and thus derives little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. Its ability
to digest cellulose is ascribed to the microbes in its gut.[53][54] Pandas are born with sterile
intestines and require bacteria obtained from their mother's feces to digest vegetation.
[55]
 The giant panda is a highly specialised animal with unique adaptations, and has lived
in bamboo forests for millions of years.[56]
The average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to 30 lb) of bamboo shoots a
day to compensate for the limited energy content of its diet. Ingestion of such a large
quantity of material is possible and necessary because of the rapid passage of large
amounts of indigestible plant material through the short, straight digestive tract. [57][58] It is
also noted, however, that such rapid passage of digesta limits the potential of microbial
digestion in the gastrointestinal tract,[57] limiting alternative forms of digestion. Given this
voluminous diet, the giant panda defecates up to 40 times a day. [59] The limited energy
input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The giant panda tends
to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain to limit its energy
expenditures.[60]
Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and round face,
are adaptations to its bamboo diet. Anthropologist Russell Ciochon observed: "[much]
like the vegetarian gorilla, the low body surface area to body volume [of the giant panda]
is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary
lifestyle allows the giant panda to subsist on nutrient poor resources such as
bamboo."[60] Similarly, the giant panda's round face is the result of powerful jaw muscles,
which attach from the top of the head to the jaw. [60] Large molars crush and grind fibrous
plant material.
The morphological characteristics of extinct relatives of the giant panda suggest that
while the ancient giant panda was omnivorous 7 million years ago (mya), it only became
herbivorous some 2–2.4 mya with the emergence of A. microta.[61][62] Genome sequencing
of the giant panda suggests that the dietary switch could have initiated from the loss of
the sole T1R1/T1R3 umami taste receptor, resulting from two frameshift mutations
within the T1R1 exons.[63] Umami taste corresponds to high levels of glutamate as found
in meat and may have thus altered the food choice of the giant panda. [64] Although the
pseudogenisation of the umami taste receptor in Ailuropoda coincides with the dietary
switch to herbivory, it is likely a result of, and not the reason for, the dietary change. [62][63]
[64]
 The mutation time for the T1R1 gene in the giant panda is estimated to 4.2
mya[62] while fossil evidence indicates bamboo consumption in the giant panda species
at least 7 mya,[61] signifying that although complete herbivory occurred around 2 mya, the
dietary switch was initiated prior to T1R1 loss-of-function.
Pandas eat any of 25 bamboo species in the wild, such as Fargesia
dracocephala[65] and Fargesia rufa.[66] Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the
high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels;
stems have less.[67]
Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a
species, the giant panda must have at least two different species available in its range
to avoid starvation. While primarily herbivorous, the giant panda still retains decidedly
ursine teeth and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically
maintain the giant panda's bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated
biscuits or other dietary supplements.[68]
Pandas will travel between different habitats if they need to, so they can get the
nutrients that they need and to balance their diet for reproduction. For six years,
scientists studied six pandas tagged with GPS collars at the Foping Reserve in the
Qinling Mountains. They took note of their foraging and mating habits and analyzed
samples of their food and feces. The pandas would move from the valleys into the
Qinling Mountains and would only return to the valleys in autumn. During the summer
months, bamboo shoots rich in protein are only available at higher altitudes which
causes low calcium rates in the pandas. During breeding season, the pandas would
return to lower altitudes to eat bamboo leaves rich in calcium. [69]
Predators
Although adult giant pandas have few natural predators other than humans, young cubs
are vulnerable to attacks by snow leopards, yellow-throated martens,[70] eagles, feral
dogs, and the Asian black bear. Sub-adults weighing up to 50 kg (110 lb) may be
vulnerable to predation by leopards.[71]

Behavior
The giant panda is a terrestrial animal and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding
in the bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains and in the hilly province of Sichuan.
[72]
 Giant pandas are generally solitary.[56] Each adult has a defined territory and a female
is not tolerant of other females in her range. Social encounters occur primarily during
the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather. [73] After
mating, the male leaves the female alone to raise the cub. [74]
Pandas were thought to fall into the crepuscular category, those who are active twice a
day, at dawn and dusk; however, Jindong Zhang found that pandas may belong to a
category all of their own, with activity peaks in the morning, afternoon and midnight. Due
to their sheer size, they can be active at any time of the day. [75] Activity is highest in June
and decreases in late summer to autumn with an increase from November through the
following March.[76] Activity is also directly related to the amount of sunlight during colder
days.[76]
Pandas communicate through vocalisation and scent marking such as clawing trees
or spraying urine.[11] They are able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock
crevices, but do not establish permanent dens. For this reason, pandas do
not hibernate, which is similar to other subtropical mammals, and will instead move to
elevations with warmer temperatures.[77] Pandas rely primarily on spatial memory rather
than visual memory.[78]
Though the panda is often assumed to be docile, it has been known to attack humans,
presumably out of irritation rather than aggression. [79][80][81]
Pandas have been known to cover themselves in horse manure to protect themselves
against cold temperatures.[82]
Reproduction

A giant panda cub. At birth, the giant panda typically weighs 100 to 200 grams (3+1⁄2 to 7 ounces) and
measures 15 to 17 centimeters (6 to 7 inches) long. [83]

Initially, the primary method of breeding giant pandas in captivity was by artificial
insemination, as they seemed to lose their interest in mating once they were captured.
[84]
 This led some scientists to try extreme methods, such as showing them videos of
giant pandas mating[85] and giving the males sildenafil (commonly known as Viagra).
[86]
 Only recently have researchers started having success with captive breeding
programs, and they have now determined giant pandas have comparable breeding to
some populations of the American black bear, a thriving bear species. The normal
reproductive rate is considered to be one young every two years. [16][72]

Panda Research and Breeding Center in Chengdu.

Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be
reproductive until age 20.[87] The mating season is between March and May, when a
female goes into estrus, which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year.
[88]
 When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts
her from behind. Copulation time ranges from 30 seconds to five minutes, but the male
may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilisation. The gestation period is
somewhere between 95 and 160 days - the variability is due to the fact that the fertilized
egg may linger in the reproductive system for awhile before implanting on the uterine
wall.[88]
Giant pandas give birth to twins in about half of pregnancies. [89] If twins are born, usually
only one survives in the wild. The mother will select the stronger of the cubs, and the
weaker cub will die due to starvation. The mother is thought to be unable to produce
enough milk for two cubs since she does not store fat. [90] The father has no part in
helping raise the cub.
When the cub is first born, it is pink, blind, and toothless, [91] weighing only 90 to 130 g
(3+1⁄4 to 4+1⁄2 oz), or about 1/800  of the mother's weight,[19] proportionally the smallest baby
of any placental mammal.[92] It nurses from its mother's breast six to 14 times a day for
up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den to
feed, which leaves the cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the cub's skin
turns grey where its hair will eventually become black. Slight pink colour may appear on
the cub's fur, as a result of a chemical reaction between the fur and its mother's saliva.
A month after birth, the colour pattern of the cub's fur is fully developed. Its fur is very
soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins to crawl at 75 to 80 days; [19] mothers play
with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them. The cubs can eat small quantities of
bamboo after six months,[93] though mother's milk remains the primary food source for
most of the first year. Giant panda cubs weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) at one year and live
with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old. The interval between births
in the wild is generally two years.
In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully
conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm. [94] The cub was born at
07:41 on 23 July that year in Sichuan as the third cub of You You, an 11-year-old.[94][95]
[96]
 The technique for freezing the sperm in liquid nitrogen was first developed in 1980
and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the dwindling availability of giant panda
semen, which had led to inbreeding.[96][97] Panda semen, which can be frozen for
decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species. [94][95] It is expected
that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and Mexico City will
now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas. [97] In August
2014, a rare birth of panda triplets was announced in China; it was the fourth of such
births ever reported.[98]
Attempts have also been made to reproduce giant pandas by interspecific
pregnancy where cloned panda embryos were implanted into the uterus of an animal of
another species. This has resulted in panda fetuses, but no live births. [99]

Human use and interaction

Early references
Main article: Mo (Chinese zoology)
In the past, pandas were thought to be rare and noble creatures – the Empress
Dowager Bo was buried with a panda skull in her vault. The grandson of Emperor
Taizong of Tang is said to have given Japan two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a
sign of goodwill. Unlike many other animals in Ancient China, pandas were rarely
thought to have medical uses. The few known uses include the Sichuan tribal peoples'
use of panda urine to melt accidentally swallowed needles, and the use of panda pelts
to control menstruation as described in the Qin dynasty encyclopedia Erya.[100]
The creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as
giant panda.[100] The dictionary Shuowen Jiezi (Eastern Han Dynasty) says that the mo,
from Shu (Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black, [101] although the
older Erya describes mo simply as a "white leopard".[102] The interpretation of the
legendary fierce creature pixiu (貔貅) as referring to the giant panda is also common.[103]
During the reign of the Yongle Emperor (early 15th century), his relative
from Kaifeng sent him a captured zouyu (騶虞), and another zouyu was sighted
in Shandong. Zouyu is a legendary "righteous" animal, which, similarly to a qilin, only
appears during the rule of a benevolent and sincere monarch. It is said to be fierce as a
tiger, but gentle and strictly vegetarian, and described in some books as a white
tiger with black spots. Puzzled about the real zoological identity of the creature captured
during the Yongle era, J.J.L. Duyvendak exclaims, "Can it possibly have been a
Pandah?"[104]
Western discovery
The West first learned of the giant panda on 11 March 1869, when the
French missionary Armand David[19] received a skin from a hunter. The first Westerner
known to have seen a living giant panda is the German zoologist Hugo Weigold, who
purchased a cub in 1916. Kermit and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., became the first
Westerners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the Field Museum of Natural
History in the 1920s. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring back
a live giant panda, a cub named Su Lin[105] who went to live at the Brookfield Zoo in
Chicago. In 1938, Floyd Tangier Smith captured and delivered five giant pandas to
London, they arrived on 23 December aboard the SS Antenor.[106][107] These five were the
first on British soil and were transferred to London Zoo.[108] One, named Grandma, only
lasted a few days. She was taxidermized by E. Gerrard and Sons and sold to Leeds
City Museum where she is currently on display to the public. Another, Ming,
became London Zoo's first Giant Panda. Her skull is held by the Royal College of
Surgeons of England.[109]

Adult male giant panda

Diplomacy
Main article: Panda diplomacy
Gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the
diplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1970s, as it marked some of
the first cultural exchanges between China and the West. This practice has been
termed "panda diplomacy".[110]
By 1984, however, pandas were no longer given as gifts. Instead, China began to offer
pandas to other nations only on 10-year loans, under terms including a fee of up to
US$1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan are the
property of China. Since 1998, because of a WWF lawsuit, the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service only allows a US zoo to import a panda if the zoo can ensure that China
will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for the giant panda
and its habitat.
In May 2005, China offered a breeding pair to Taiwan. The issue became embroiled
in cross-Strait relations – both over the underlying symbolism, and over technical issues
such as whether the transfer would be considered "domestic" or "international", or
whether any true conservation purpose would be served by the exchange. [111] A contest
in 2006 to name the pandas was held in the mainland, resulting in the politically charged
names Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (from tuanyuan, meaning "reunion", i.e.
"reunification"). China's offer was initially rejected by Chen Shui-bian, then President of
Taiwan. However, when Ma Ying-jeou assumed the presidency in 2008, the offer was
accepted, and the pandas arrived in December of that year. [112]
Biofuel
Microbes in panda waste are being investigated for their use in creating biofuels from
bamboo and other plant materials.[113]
Conservation
The giant panda is a vulnerable species, threatened by continued habitat
loss and habitat fragmentation,[114] and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and
in captivity.[48] Its range is currently confined to a small portion on the western edge of its
historical range, which stretched through southern and eastern China,
northern Myanmar, and northern Vietnam.[1]
The giant panda has been a target of poaching by locals since ancient times and by
foreigners since it was introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were
unable to poach giant pandas in China because of the Second Sino-Japanese War and
the Chinese Civil War, but pandas remained a source of soft furs for the locals. The
population boom in China after 1949 created stress on the pandas' habitat and the
subsequent famines led to the increased hunting of wildlife, including pandas. During
the Cultural Revolution, all studies and conservation activities on the pandas were
stopped. After the Chinese economic reform, demand for panda skins from Hong Kong
and Japan led to illegal poaching for the black market, acts generally ignored by the
local officials at the time.

Closeup of a seven-month-old panda cub

In 1963, the PRC government set up Wolong National Nature Reserve to save the
declining panda population.[115] However, few advances in the conservation of pandas
were made at the time, owing to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology.
Many believed the best way to save the pandas was to cage them. Because of the
destruction of their natural habitat, along with segregation caused by caging,
reproduction of wild pandas was severely limited. In the 1990s, however, several laws
(including gun control and the removal of resident humans from the reserves) helped
their chances of survival. With these renewed efforts and improved conservation
methods, wild pandas have started to increase in numbers in some areas, though they
still are classified as a rare species. [citation needed]
In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been
underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional
methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that
analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists believe the wild population may be as
large as 3,000.[48] In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13
reserves in 1998.[15] As the species has been reclassified to "vulnerable" since 2016, the
conservation efforts are thought to be working. Furthermore, in response to this
reclassification, the State Forestry Administration of China announced that they would
not accordingly lower the conservation level for panda, and would instead reinforce the
conservation efforts.[116]
The giant panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is
one of the few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a UNESCO
World Heritage Site designation. The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, located in the
southwest province of Sichuan and covering seven natural reserves, were inscribed
onto the World Heritage List in 2006.[117][118][119]
Not all conservationists agree that the money spent on conserving pandas is well
spent. Chris Packham has argued that the breeding of pandas in captivity is "pointless"
because "there is not enough habitat left to sustain them". [120] Packham argues that the
money spent on pandas would be better spent elsewhere, [120] and has said he would "eat
the last panda if I could have all the money we have spent on panda conservation put
back on the table for me to do more sensible things with". He also quoted, "The panda
is possibly one of the grossest wastes of conservation money in the last half century",
[121]
 though he has apologised for upsetting people who like pandas. [122] However, a 2015
paper found that the giant panda can serve as an umbrella species as the preservation
of their habitat also helps other endemic species in China, including 70% of the
country's forest birds, 70% of mammals and 31% of amphibians. [123]
In 2012, Earthwatch Institute, a global nonprofit that teams volunteers with scientists to
conduct important environmental research, launched a program called "On the Trail of
Giant Panda". This program, based in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, allows
volunteers to work up close with pandas cared for in captivity, and help them adapt to
life in the wild, so that they may breed, and live longer and healthier lives. [124] Efforts to
preserve the panda bear populations in China have come at the expense of other
animals in the region, including snow leopards, wolves, and dholes. [125]
In order to improve living and mating conditions for the fragmented populations of
pandas, nearly 70 natural reserves have been combined to form the Giant Panda
National Park in 2020. With a size of 10,500 square miles, the park is roughly three
times as large as Yellowstone National Park and incorporates the Wolong National
Nature Reserve. The state-owned Bank of China helped to enable the project with 1.5
billion USD. One major aim is to permanently keep the panda population stable enough
to avoid a relapse to its former IUCN Red List "endangered" status. Especially small,
isolated populations run the risk of inbreeding and smaller genetic variety makes the
individuals more vulnerable to various defects and genetic mutation. Allowing a larger
group of individuals to roam through a larger area freely and choose from a greater
variety of mates, helps to enrich genetic diversity of their offspring. [126]
In 2020, the panda population of the new national park was already above 1,800
individuals, which is roughly 80 percent of the entire panda population in China.
Establishing the new protected area in the Sichuan Province also gives various other
endangered or threatened species, like the Siberian tiger, the possibility to improve their
living conditions by offering them a habitat. [127] Other species who benefit from the
protection of their habitat include the snow leopard, the golden snub-nosed monkey,
the red panda and the complex-toothed flying squirrel.
In July 2021, Chinese conservation authorities announced that giant pandas are no
longer endangered in the wild following years of conservation efforts, with a population
in the wild exceeding 1,800.[128][129]
Zoos
Main articles: Giant pandas around the world and List of giant pandas
See also: Category:Individual giant pandas
Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the Western Han Dynasty in China, where
the writer Sima Xiangru noted that the panda was the most treasured animal in the
emperor's garden of exotic animals in the capital Chang'an (present Xi'an). Not until the
1950s were pandas again recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos. [130]
Chi Chi at the London Zoo became very popular. This influenced the World Wildlife
Fund to use a panda as its symbol.[131]
A 2006 New York Times article[132] outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which
costs five times more than keeping the next most expensive animal, an elephant.
American zoos generally pay the Chinese government $1 million a year in fees, as part
of a typical ten-year contract. San Diego's contract with China was to expire in 2008, but
got a five-year extension at about half of the previous yearly cost. [133] The last contract,
with the Memphis Zoo in Memphis, Tennessee, ended in 2013.[132]
Population chart
Year Wild[134] Change Captivity[56] Change Total Change

1976 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1985 800–1,200 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1987 >1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1994 1,200 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1995 1,000 −200 n/a n/a n/a n/a

2003 1,596 +596 164[135] n/a 1,760 n/a

2012 n/a n/a 341[136] +178 n/a n/a

2013 1,864[137] +268 375[135][138] +34[138] 2,239 +479

Wilson's disease diagnosis

The face of the giant panda sign is an MRI sign in patients with Wilson's disease,
named for the mid-brain's resemblance to a giant panda's face in this disease.

See also