Chapter 1

128. Individual neurons are either _______ or ______

183. ______ neurons make neurotransmitters that open ion channels that depolarize the dendrite’s
membrane.
63. ________ carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal cord and contains neural networks
that help control basic functions like swallowing, heart rate, and breathing.
108. _______ waves which occur during deep sleep are very slow, with frequencies less than 3.5 Hz.
168. Axon terminal does not contain the molecular machinery for building proteins, so peptide-based
neurotransmitters are built in the _____ space of the cell body
162. In most circuits, a synapse includes the end of an axon, the dendrite of an adjacent neuron, and a
space between the two called the______.
111. Alpha and delta waves are typically of higher amplitude (stronger) than beta or theta waves but,
when measured with electrodes on your scalp, all these signals are in the microvolt range: _____ for alpha
and delta waves, and _______ for beta and theta waves.
_______ are chains of neurons that pass signals through the brainstem and the spinal cord.
182. inhibitory neurons make neurotransmitters that _______ it.
7. Neuroscientists use the deepest divisions of the ______to identify regions of each hemisphere as
separate lobes — distinct regions that have characteristic functions.
210. ______, or ______reflect differences in the nucleotide sequences that make up a gene.
81. Cells in the retina that trigger electrical signals in response to specific wavelengths of light. these
signals reach the ______ they travel through the _______to the_______ , where neurons respond to the
shape, color, or movement of objects on the screen and pass their signals to the primary visual cortex in
the occipital lobe, at the back of the brain.
121. Related networks linking the ________ to the _______ and _______ allow your memory to
influence conscious behavior as well as unconscious physiological responses.
101. ______ waves and _____ waves are typical of sleep.
146. Neurons come in a broad range of shapes and sizes, but all of them have a _____, _____, _______
68. Complex human brain evolved from a _____.
180. The neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal in a process
called________.
163. The cleft is wide enough that electrical signals can’t directly impact the next neuron; rather,
chemical signals called ______ cross the synapse. This process is called ______
79. Your brain turns a panoply of moving shapes into recognizable characters and scenery. The process
begins with_______ , cells in the _____ that trigger electrical signals in response to specific wavelengths
of light. Once those signals reach the _____ , they travel through the _______ to the ______, where
neurons respond to the shape, color, or movement of objects on the screen and pass their signals to the
_______ in the ________ lobe, at the back of the brain. Neurons in the primary visual cortex, in turn,
detect the edges of objects within the field of vision and integrate the signals from each eye, creating a
three-dimensional representation of the outside world. The image is even further refined as signals are
sent down two parallel processing streams. In one stream, neurons in the temporal lobe recognize and
identify objects; in the other, neurons in the ________ lobe detect the spatial location of those objects.
And that’s only the visual input from the film.
104. ______ waves ranging from 4 to 7 Hz
82. Neurons in the ______ lobe recognize and identify objects.
14. The _______ lobes are located at the top of the brain, immediately behind the frontal lobes.
178. The _____ and ______ are different proteins located at a distance from one another, but they are
linked by a cascade of biochemical steps that are triggered when a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor.
This response is less rapid and activates a series of events inside the_______ . The result may be opening
an ion channel some distance away or activating other intracellular molecules.
144. _________ and ______ of recurrent neural networks, in which neurons inside interconnected circuits
send feedback signals to one another.

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197. Neurons have receptors for many molecules that can change the way they function. These molecules
include____ , which send the brain specific cues about the condition and activity of distant tissues in the
body;
______ improve neuron function by wrapping axons in a fatty sheath called _____
86. As neuronal signals loop through the thalamus and cortex, they produce rhythmic, oscillating,
electrical patterns that can be detected with an electroencephalograph (EEG). These signals are commonly
called _____
______ neurons send signals that push their neighbors toward firing.
84. Visual cortex also sends signals back to the thalamus to become integrated with other sensory
information; this is an example of a _________ two-way circuit that connects the thalamus with parts of
the cortex and back.
34. Limbic system include the_______, which sends hormonal signals to the rest of the body through the
pituitary gland.
36. Which structures, together with the cerebral cortex, make up the forebrain.
139. _______ neurons are typically local and often loop their responses back to earlier segments of a
circuit.
30. The hippocampus and amygdala are part of the_________, a group of structures deep within the brain
that help regulate our emotion and motivation.
153. ______ are the main “immune cells” of the brain. They function mainly as_____ helping protect the
brain from infections and cellular damage — but can also regulate the formation of new neuronal
connections.
90. Your awake brain typically produces waves called ____
173. _________ , has a high concentration of neurotransmitter receptors.
71. Regions that could rapidly process visual and auditory information and trigger appropriate escape,
feeding, or mating behaviors also expanded in vertebrates. Over time, those new types of neurons made
the forebrain balloon out, forming the ________.
2. The largest part of the human brain is called______
28. Another deep structure within each temporal lobe, the______, integrates memory and emotion.
64. ________ carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal cord.
127. ________ are arranged in columns, as each neuron forms connections with cells in the layers above
and below
75. A group of nerve tracts connecting a series of regions in the brain is called a ______.
Loops that incorporates tracts from cerebral cortex will enable _____ and _______ to influence your
body’s movements.
76. ______ route signals through the brain along a linear pathway, analyzing and organizing different
types of information within fractions of a second.
193. _______ is the brain’s most important inhibitory neurotransmitter.
62. Another part of the hindbrain, the________, contains neural networks that help control basic functions
like swallowing, heart rate, and breathing.
149. The neuron’s electrical signals travel down its axon, another extension from the cell body that may
branch before ending in______ , where the signal is passed across a synapse to other cells.
47. ________ helps regulate complex body movements.
162. In most circuits, a synapse includes the end of an axon, the dendrite of an adjacent neuron, and a
space between the two called the synaptic cleft. This separation between neurons was only verified by
125. Reflex loops are circuits eliciting action well before thoughts; these actions are controlled locally by
information going in and out of the ________ or ________ regions of the brain, and never reach
the______ .
154. _____ cells make the cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain inside the skull
However, recent investigations suggest that in some regions of the brains of humans and other primates,
that ratio is closer to ___
________ and in ____

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55. _________ coordinates voluntary movements and helps the brain learn new motor skills.
83. Neurons in the _______ lobe detect the spatial location of those objects.
194. _____ binds to two groups of receptors; one group is ionotropic, the other metabotropic.
147. The cell body, also called the _____, contains the neuron’s nucleus and most of its cytoplasm, along
with molecular machinery for building and transporting proteins critical to the cell’s function
88. electroencephalograph (EEG)
114. Spinal tracts are chains of neurons that pass signals through the ______ and ______
174. After neurotransmitters are released from an ______, they drift across the _____ until they reach the
outer surface of the______ , a region that looks thick or dense in highly magnified images. This region,
the______ , has a high concentration of neurotransmitter receptors.
152. The central nervous system contains four main types of glial cells: _____, _____, ____, ____
206. Examples of hormones ____, ____, ____.
48. Which part of brain’s other region plays roles in glucose regulation and sleep and includes several
regions that help control movement.
140. Interplay between excitatory & inhibitory neuron signals in circuit are important in ______, ______,
______ the signals sent to the body and other parts of the brain.
186. The brain’s most common inhibitory neurotransmitter is _____ .
177. _______ receptors are more complex
77. Neurons in the ______ lobe recognize and identify objects.
171. Vesicles containing neurotransmitter “cargos” bud off from the wall of the Golgi apparatus, the
cell’s protein-packaging organelle, then bind to proteins called _____
56. _________ has roles in spatial and temporal perception.
167. Neurons can synthesize small non-peptides like _____ or _____ inside the axon terminal.
185. The brain’s most common excitatory neurotransmitter is _____.
91. _______ waves originate mainly in the parietal and occipital lobes when your brain is relaxed and
eyes are closed, and are characterized by frequencies between 8 and 13 Hz.
200. endocannabinoids, cannabis are ____.
132. Each _______ has two sets of branched dendrites — one set at the apex and another set of shorter
dendrites at the base — that collect signals from neurons in every layer of the cortex
39. The midbrain sits beneath the ______ .
181. Excitatory neurons make neurotransmitters that open ion channels that ____ the dendrite’s
membrane.
203. estradiol or cortisol are ___ .
117. Loops that connect the _______ and the _________ influence the timing and strength of motor
signals; some of these loops incorporate tracts from the ______ that enable environmental and emotional
context to influence your body’s movements.
______ form a network inside the brain that regulates ion concentrations around neurons, provides them
with nutrients, and helps regulate the formation of new connections between neurons
202. If a molecule can diffuse through the cell membrane, as occurs with steroid hormones like_____, or
____, its receptor might be a protein inside the neuron’s soma.
93. Alpha waves originate mainly in the parietal and occipital lobes when your brain is relaxed and eyes
are closed, and are characterized by frequencies between______ .
53. ______ is the second-largest part of the brain in volume, containing over half the brain’s neurons.
100. Theta waves and delta waves are typical of ______.
92. Alpha waves originate mainly in the ______ and ______ lobes when your brain is relaxed and eyes
are closed, and are characterized by frequencies between 8 and 13 Hz.
51. ______ tucked underneath the occipital lobe at the very back of the brain, is the second-largest part of
the brain in volume, containing over half the brain’s neurons.
150. In some neurons, axons are only a fraction of ____ long; in others, they may extend more than ____.
33. ______ system include the thalamus, which integrates sensory information and relays it to other parts
of the brain.

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43. Which part of the brain triggers the example - startled jump when you are surprised by a loud noise.
57. A patient with ______ damage might have a jerky, arrhythmic gait or might be unable to accurately
touch his finger to his nose.
211. ______ is a disease which is fatal degenerative neurological condition, is caused by mutations in a
gene that codes for part of fat-metabolizing enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase A
103. _______ waves are slower than alpha waves.
38. The _______ sits beneath the thalamus.
8. The ________ lobes are at the front of the brain, immediately above the eyes.
73. Examples of major nerve tracts include the ________, ________.
11. Which lobe coordinate memory and emotion.
10. Which lobe coordinate voluntary movements and speech.
97. Beta waves are somewhat faster, with frequencies ranging from _______
80. Watching movie process begins with______ , cells in the ____ that trigger electrical signals in
response to specific wavelengths of light
212. Tay-Sachs is a disease which is fatal degenerative neurological condition, is caused by mutations in
a gene that codes for part of a fat-metabolizing enzyme called ____
141. Seizure disorders like _____ could be caused by imbalances in the activity of excitatory and
inhibitory neurons
112. Alpha and delta waves are typically of higher amplitude (stronger) than beta or theta waves but,
when measured with electrodes on your scalp, all these signals are in the microvolt range: 20–200 μV for
________ and _______ waves and 5-10 μV for ______ waves.
109. Delta waves which occur during deep sleep are very slow, with frequencies less than ______ Hz
5. The surface of the cerebrum is a deeply folded layer of nerve tissue called the _______.
120. Networks that loop the ________ into _____ pathways help your brain analyze whether
environmental signals are familiar or are part of a new situation.
199. neuromodulators such as the _____, _____ like chemicals that seem to suppress neurotransmitter
release.
54. _______ is deeply folded, divided into two hemispheres, and carries out a variety of functions.
207. Differences among your neurons result from differences in which genes direct cellular activities, a
process called ____.
172. After neurotransmitters are released from an axon terminal, they drift across the synaptic cleft until
they reach the outer surface of the dendrite, a region that looks thick or dense in highly magnified images.
This region, the______ , has a high concentration of neurotransmitter receptors.
126. _______ is packed with neural circuits
41. Which part of the brain’s other region includes distinct groups of neurons that coordinate eye
movements like blinking and focusing.
143. In______ , however, neurons send signals to their downstream excitatory neighbors and to
interneurons that reach back and inhibit preceding layers of the same circuit.
113. Your brain and spinal cord contain many distinct neural networks which include_______ that chains
of neurons that pass signals through the brainstem and the spinal cord.
208. The mechanisms causing neurons to express some genes and not others are currently an area of
intense research. Many of these mechanisms depend on chemical changes to_____ , the complex of
protein and DNA that compactly packages the long DNA molecule inside the nucleus.
138. Neurons that pass signals forward through a circuit and eventually send outputs to other parts of the
brain tend to be__________
156. _____ tunnel-like proteins act like gates, allowing some ions to enter or leave the cell, but keeping
others out.
164. When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, the voltage change triggers ion channels in the
membrane to open, which lets calcium ions flow into the cell. When the calcium ions bind to packages of
neurotransmitter molecules called_____
195. GABA binds to two groups of receptors; one group is______ , the other _____.

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98. _____ waves are somewhat faster, with frequencies ranging from 14 to 30 Hz
85. Two-way circuit that connects the thalamus with parts of the cortex and back is called ________
42. Which part of the brain’s other region includes distinct groups of neurons that trigger reflexes to
sounds.
148. ______ are branched projections that extend from the cell body and collect incoming signals from
other neurons.
27. Hippocampus is a region of the _______lobes that encodes new memories.
142. In a _______ circuit, inhibitory interneurons connect neighboring neural circuits in such a way that
excitatory signals in one column simultaneously send inhibitory signals to adjacent columns, reducing
their activity.
16. Which lobe integrate sensory signals from the skin, process taste?
32. Limbic system include the_______, which integrates sensory information and relays it to other parts
of the brain.
78. Neurons in the ______ lobe detect the spatial location of those objects.
3. The largest part of the human brain and It is divided into two large, separate hemispheres, one on the
left side, the other on the right.
94. The _____ is a measure of frequency.
110. _____ and ¬¬¬¬¬¬_____ waves are typically of higher amplitude (stronger) than beta or theta
waves.
50. Which part of brain’s other region includes several regions that help control movement.
115. Signals travel upward from sensory receptors in ____ and ______ to the _____ and parts of the
_____that interpret touch and pressure; or they travel downward from brain regions that induce
movement, passing through the _______ and spinal cord before projecting to the body’s muscles. Other
neural networks provide feedback that helps integrate ______ and motor signals.
105. Theta waves ranging from __ Hz.
19. which lobe process visual information and are responsible for recognizing colors and shapes and
integrating them into complex visual understanding.
61. Another part of the hindbrain, the________, carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal
cord.
129. 80% majority of neurons in brain are_____ sending signals that push their neighbors toward firing.
166. Many substances act as neurotransmitters and some of them are ____, ____, ____, _____
99. Beta waves are typically produced by the _____ and _______ regions of your brain when it processes
sensory input or concentrates on a task.
176. ______ are linked to ion channels in such a way that, when neurotransmitter molecules dock on their
receptors, they open those neurotransmitter binds directly to part of an ion channel. The channel is
normally closed; the receptor protein changes its shape when the neurotransmitter attaches, widening the
tunnel in the center of the ion channel so that ions can move through
24. The _________ consists of curved structures lying beneath the cerebral cortex.
37. Limbic system include structures hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus. Pituitary gland
together with the cerebral cortex, make up the _____.
198. _____ which send the brain specific cues about the condition and activity of distant tissues in the
body;
22. Which lobe interpret auditory information
145. The functional unit of neural circuits and networks is the ________ , a specialized cell that can
transmit electrical signals to other nerve cells, muscles, or glands.
69. In early vertebrates, the “brain” end of the nerve cord developed three distinct bulges as neurons were
added, improving processing in sensory and motor reflex regions. These bulges became ______, ____,
_____.
175. Many different _____ act as neurotransmitters, and each one fits into specific receptors like a key fits
a lock.

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204. If a molecule can diffuse through the cell membrane — as occurs with steroid hormones like
estradiol or cortisol — its receptor might be a protein inside the neuron’s ____ .
169. ________ containing neurotransmitter “cargos” bud off from the wall of the _______, the cell’s
protein-packaging organelle, then bind to proteins called _____ that work their way down the axon along
microtubules, filamentous parts of the cellular skeleton.
137. Every neural circuit contains both _______ and _______ neurons.
133. Each pyramidal cell has two sets of branched______ one set at the ______ and another set at
the______ that collect signals from neurons in every layer of the cortex
192. Interactions between ___ and ____ receptors appear to be important in learning and memory.
4. The hemispheres are connected by bundles of nerve fibers that carry information from one side of your
brain to the other. The largest of these bundles forms a bridge between the cerebral hemispheres and is
called the _________.
74. Examples of major nerve tracts include the _______ (the thick bundle of neurons connecting your left
and right cerebral hemispheres) and the _______ that transmits signals between the left and right temporal
lobes.
46. Some of brain regions along with parts of forebrain form a collection of structures called _____.
189. Glutamate is an amino acid used as a neurotransmitter by approximately half the excitatory synapses
in the brain. It can bind to several types of ______ receptors.
196. _______ GABA receptors open ion channels that release _____ ions. In both instances, ion
movement pushes membrane potential downward and inhibits a neuron from firing.
160. If the sum of all the signals at the dendrites rises to match the membrane’s threshold voltage, a series
of voltage-sensitive ion channels opens automatically, triggering an electrical impulse called an ______,
which moves down the axon towards the next neuron in the circuit.
29. Another deep structure within each ______lobe, the amygdala, integrates memory and emotion.
119. Networks that loop the hippocampus into sensory cortex pathways help your brain analyze whether
______ signals are familiar or are part of a new situation.
18. The back of the brain houses the _____ lobes.
124. ____ loops are circuits eliciting action well before thoughts; these actions are controlled locally by
information going in and out of the spinal cord or subcortical regions of the brain, and never reach the
cortex.
95. The hertz is a measure of ____
102. Theta waves and delta waves are typical of _____.
15. Which lobe integrate sensory signals from the skin, process taste, and process some types of visual
information.
13. Which lobe coordinate many aspects of personality.
17. Which lobe integrate sensory signals and process some types of visual information.
191. When activated, the action of ______ receptors is fast and brief; _______ receptors activate more
slowly, particularly in response to waves of multiple action potentials.
23. Which lobe carry out some visual processing?
25. The hippocampus consists of curved structures lying beneath the _______.
87. As neuronal signals loop through the thalamus and cortex, they produce rhythmic, oscillating,
electrical patterns that can be detected with an ________ . These signals are commonly called
45. Which part of the brain’s other regions help coordinate sensory input and motor output to manage the
fine motor control that enables you to write with a pen or play a musical instrument.
49. Which part of brain’s other region plays roles in glucose regulation and sleep.
44. Which part of the brain’s other regions inhibit unwanted body movements?
106. Theta waves are slower than _______ waves.
65. ________ contains neural networks that help control basic functions like swallowing, heart rate, and
breathing.
187. _____ is an amino acid used as a neurotransmitter by approximately half the excitatory synapses in
the brain. It can bind to several types of ionotropic receptors.

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52. ______ tucked underneath the occipital lobe at the very back of the brain.
6. _______ deep folds increase the area of the _________, creating space in this surface layer for more
neurons, which increase the brain’s processing power.
190. The most important of ionotropic receptors are _____ receptors and ____ receptors.
67. Brainstem includes ______, _____, _____.
58. Below the cerebellum is the______ , which influences breathing and posture.
31. The _________ and _____ are part of the limbic system, a group of structures deep within the brain
that help regulate our emotion and motivation.
170. _______ is the cell’s protein-packaging organelle.
107. _______ waves which occur during deep sleep.
201. ______ are small lipids that change the brain’s response (increasing pain sensitivity) to pain and
inflammation.
89. There are four distinct types of brain waves, each recognized by its characteristic shape on an EEG
display or printout. What are they?
12. Which lobe coordinate higher cognitive skills like planning and problem-solving.
130. In many parts of the cerebral cortex, the most common type of excitatory neuron is the ______ cell,
named for its cone-shaped cell body
159. Membrane potential is affected by signals arriving from other neurons in its circuit, which can make
the membrane potential less negative _____ or more negative _____ by opening ion channels in the
dendrites.
9. Which lobe coordinate voluntary movements and speech, memory and emotion, higher cognitive skills
like planning and problem-solving, and many aspects of personality.
131. Most common type of excitatory neuron is ________
116. ______ are part of a feedback loop that takes information from _____ areas that elicit movement and
produces signals that feed back to the _______ to excite or inhibit specific movements.
118. Loops that connect the brainstem and cerebellum influence _____ and ________ of motor signals.
66. Together, the midbrain, pons, and medulla make up the_______.
184. ____ neurons make neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize it.
40. Which part of the brain’s other region sits beneath the thalamus?
59. _______ influences breathing and posture.
161. Signals are passed from one neuron to the next at junctions called _______
157. Ions that enter or leave the cell change the voltage difference across the membrane. This change in
voltage influences the neuron’s likelihood of generating an _______ .
179. Neurotransmitter molecules only bind to their receptors for a short time. Once they detach, the ion
channels return to their resting state and stop altering the charge across their membrane. The
neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal in a process
called________.
158. In mammals, the voltage difference across the membrane of a resting neuron is around ____
millivolts (mV), more negative inside the cell than on its outer surface.
21. Which lobe carry out some visual processing and interpret auditory information.
60. Another part of the hindbrain, the________, carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal
cord and contains neural networks that help control basic functions like swallowing, heart rate, and
breathing.
1. Nerve center of human body is called __________
134. A multi-branched _______ sends a single electrical signal to multiple destinations.
155. Ions are electrically charged atoms that can only cross a neuron’s cell membrane through tunnel-like
proteins called ____
205. When the hormone binds to its receptor, the complex can transform into a _______ that is capable of
entering the cell nucleus, binding to specific genes and changing their activity.
20. The ______ lobes lie on the sides of the brain, at and below the level of the eyes.
______ can synthesize small non-peptides like dopamine or acetylcholine inside the _____

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123. Related networks linking the hippocampus to the thalamus and hypothalamus allow your memory to
influence _______ as well as ________ responses.
96. 1 Hz = ___ per second.
135. The 20 percent of brain’s neurons that are _____ send signals that suppress the activity of
neighboring neurons and regulate the activity of a circuit
151. Neuroscientists have long believed that glia outnumber neurons by ____
70. The _________ appeared as the hindbrain and expanded the regions that control escape movements
and orient the body in space. Both these functions are far more important to an actively swimming fish
than to a sedentary lancelet buried in the sand.
136. ________ signals that suppress the activity of neighboring neurons and regulate the activity of a
circuit
209. ____ is the complex of protein and DNA that compactly packages the long DNA molecule inside the
nucleus.
72. When nerve fibers of region-spanning neurons form distinct bundles, these are called _______.
165. ______ fuse with the cell membrane at the axon terminal and empty their contents into the ______.
Afterwards, pieces of axon terminal membrane cycle back into the soma as new vesicles, which are
refilled with neurotransmitter molecules.
26. _________ is a region of the temporal lobes that encodes new memories.
35. Limbic system include the hypothalamus, which sends hormonal signals to the rest of the body
through the __________.