1.

Nerve center of human body is called __________ (brain)

2. The largest part of the human brain is called______ (cerebrum)
3. The largest part of the human brain and It is divided into two large, separate hemispheres, one on the
left side, the other on the right. (cerebrum)
4. The hemispheres are connected by bundles of nerve fibers that carry information from one side of
your brain to the other. The largest of these bundles forms a bridge between the cerebral hemispheres
and is called the _________ (corpus callosum).
5. The surface of the cerebrum is a deeply folded layer of nerve tissue called the _______ (cerebral
cortex)
6. _______ deep folds increase the area of the _________, creating space in this surface layer for more
neurons, which increase the brain’s processing power (cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex)
7. Neuroscientists use the deepest divisions of the ______to identify regions of each hemisphere as
separate lobes — distinct regions that have characteristic functions (cerebrum)
8. The ________ lobes are at the front of the brain, immediately above the eyes. (frontal)
9. Which lobe coordinate voluntary movements and speech, memory and emotion, higher cognitive
skills like planning and problem-solving, and many aspects of personality (frontal)
10. Which lobe coordinate voluntary movements and speech (frontal)
11. Which lobe coordinate memory and emotion (frontal)
12. Which lobe coordinate higher cognitive skills like planning and problem-solving (frontal)
13. Which lobe coordinate many aspects of personality (frontal)
14. The _______ lobes are located at the top of the brain, immediately behind the frontal lobes (parietal)
15. Which lobe integrate sensory signals from the skin, process taste, and process some types of visual
information. (parietal)
16. Which lobe integrate sensory signals from the skin, process taste? (parietal)
17. Which lobe integrate sensory signals and process some types of visual information. (parietal)
18. The back of the brain houses the _____ lobes. (occipital)
19. which lobe process visual information and are responsible for recognizing colors and shapes and
integrating them into complex visual understanding. (Occipital)
20. The ______ lobes lie on the sides of the brain, at and below the level of the eyes. (Temporal)
21. Which lobe carry out some visual processing and interpret auditory information. (Temporal)
22. Which lobe interpret auditory information (Temporal)
23. Which lobe carry out some visual processing? (Temporal)
24. The _________ consists of curved structures lying beneath the cerebral cortex (hippocampus)
25. The hippocampus consists of curved structures lying beneath the _______ (cerebral cortex)
26. _________ is a region of the temporal lobes that encodes new memories. (hippocampus)
27. Hippocampus is a region of the _______lobes that encodes new memories. (temporal)
28. Another deep structure within each temporal lobe, the______, integrates memory and emotion
(amygdala)
29. Another deep structure within each ______lobe, the amygdala, integrates memory and emotion.
(temporal)
30. The hippocampus and amygdala are part of the_________, a group of structures deep within the brain
that help regulate our emotion and motivation. (limbic system)
31. The _________ and _____ are part of the limbic system, a group of structures deep within the brain
that help regulate our emotion and motivation. (hippocampus and amygdala)

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32. Limbic system include the_______, which integrates sensory information and relays it to other parts
of the brain (thalamus)
33. ______ system include the thalamus, which integrates sensory information and relays it to other parts
of the brain (Limbic)
34. Limbic system include the_______, which sends hormonal signals to the rest of the body through the
pituitary gland. (hypothalamus)
35. Limbic system include the hypothalamus, which sends hormonal signals to the rest of the body
through the __________. (pituitary gland)
36. Which structures, together with the cerebral cortex, make up the forebrain. (hippocampus, amygdala,
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland in limbic system)
37. Limbic system include structures hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus. Pituitary gland
together with the cerebral cortex, make up the _____ (forebrain)
38. The _______ sits beneath the thalamus. (midbrain)
39. The midbrain sits beneath the ______ . (thalamus)
40. Which part of the brain’s other region sits beneath the thalamus? (Midbrain)
41. Which part of the brain’s other region includes distinct groups of neurons that coordinate eye
movements like blinking and focusing (mid brain)
42. Which part of the brain’s other region includes distinct groups of neurons that trigger reflexes to
sounds. (mid brain)
43. Which part of the brain triggers the example - startled jump when you are surprised by a loud noise
(mid brain)
44. Which part of the brain’s other regions inhibit unwanted body movements? (mid brain)
45. Which part of the brain’s other regions help coordinate sensory input and motor output to manage the
fine motor control that enables you to write with a pen or play a musical instrument. (mid brain)
46. Some of brain regions along with parts of the forebrain form a collection of structures called the
_____ (basal ganglia)
47. ________ helps regulate complex body movements. (basal ganglia)
48. Which part of brain’s other region plays roles in glucose regulation and sleep and includes several
regions that help control movement. (hind brain)
49. Which part of brain’s other region plays roles in glucose regulation and sleep (hind brain)
50. Which part of brain’s other region includes several regions that help control movement. (hind brain)
51. ______ tucked underneath the occipital lobe at the very back of the brain, is the second-largest part of
the brain in volume, containing over half the brain’s neurons. (cerebellum)
52. ______ tucked underneath the occipital lobe at the very back of the brain (cerebellum)
53. ______ is the second-largest part of the brain in volume, containing over half the brain’s neurons.
(cerebellum)
54. _______ is deeply folded, divided into two hemispheres, and carries out a variety of functions.
(cerebellum)
55. _________ coordinates voluntary movements and helps the brain learn new motor skills (cerebellum)
56. _________ has roles in spatial and temporal perception. (cerebellum)
57. A patient with ______ damage might have a jerky, arrhythmic gait or might be unable to accurately
touch his finger to his nose. (Cerebellar)
58. Below the cerebellum is the______ , which influences breathing and posture (pons)
59. _______ influences breathing and posture (pons)

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60. Another part of the hindbrain, the________, carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal
cord and contains neural networks that help control basic functions like swallowing, heart rate, and
breathing. (medulla)
61. Another part of the hindbrain, the________, carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal
cord (medulla)
62. Another part of the hindbrain, the________, contains neural networks that help control basic
functions like swallowing, heart rate, and breathing. (medulla)
63. ________ carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal cord and contains neural
networks that help control basic functions like swallowing, heart rate, and breathing. (medulla)
64. ________ carries nerve pathways connecting the brain to the spinal cord(medulla)
65. ________ contains neural networks that help control basic functions like swallowing, heart rate, and
breathing. (medulla)
66. Together, the midbrain, pons, and medulla make up the_______. (brainstem)
67. Brainstem includes ______, _____, _____ (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
68. Complex human brain evolved from a _____ (simple tube)
69. In early vertebrates, the “brain” end of the nerve cord developed three distinct bulges as neurons were
added, improving processing in sensory and motor reflex regions. These bulges became ______,
____, _____(the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain)
70. The _________ appeared as the hindbrain and expanded the regions that control escape movements
and orient the body in space. Both these functions are far more important to an actively swimming
fish than to a sedentary lancelet buried in the sand. (cerebellum)
71. Regions that could rapidly process visual and auditory information and trigger appropriate escape,
feeding, or mating behaviors also expanded in vertebrates. Over time, those new types of neurons
made the forebrain balloon out, forming the ________(cerebral hemispheres)
72. When the nerve fibers of region-spanning neurons form distinct bundles, these are called _______
(nerve tracts)
73. Examples of major nerve tracts include the ________, ________ (corpus callosum, smaller anterior
commissure)
74. Examples of major nerve tracts include the _______ (the thick bundle of neurons connecting your
left and right cerebral hemispheres) and the _______ that transmits signals between the left and right
temporal lobes. (corpus callosum, smaller anterior commissure)
75. A group of nerve tracts connecting a series of regions in the brain is called a ______ (neural network)
76. ______ route signals through the brain along a linear pathway, analyzing and organizing different
types of information within fractions of a second. (Neural networks)
77. Neurons in the ______ lobe recognize and identify objects (temporal);
78. Neurons in the ______ lobe detect the spatial location of those objects (parietal).
79. Your brain turns a panoply of moving shapes into recognizable characters and scenery. The process
begins with_______ , cells in the _____ that trigger electrical signals in response to specific
wavelengths of light. Once those signals reach the _____ , they travel through the _______ to the
______, where neurons respond to the shape, color, or movement of objects on the screen and pass
their signals to the _______ in the ________ lobe, at the back of the brain. Neurons in the primary
visual cortex, in turn, detect the edges of objects within the field of vision and integrate the signals
from each eye, creating a three-dimensional representation of the outside world. The image is even
further refined as signals are sent down two parallel processing streams. In one stream, neurons in the

3
 temporal lobe recognize and identify objects; in the other, neurons in the ________ lobe detect the
spatial location of those objects. And that’s only the visual input from the film. (photoreceptors,
retina, optic nerve, optic tract, optic tract, thalamus, primary visual cortex, occipital, parietal)
80. Watching movie process begins with______ , cells in the ____ that trigger electrical signals in
response to specific wavelengths of light (photoreceptors, retina)
81. Cells in the retina that trigger electrical signals in response to specific wavelengths of light. these
signals reach the ______ they travel through the _______to the_______ , where neurons respond to
the shape, color, or movement of objects on the screen and pass their signals to the primary visual
cortex in the occipital lobe, at the back of the brain (optic nerve, optic tract, thalamus)
82. Neurons in the ______ lobe recognize and identify objects (temporal)
83. Neurons in the _______ lobe detect the spatial location of those objects (parietal)
84. Visual cortex also sends signals back to the thalamus to become integrated with other sensory
information; this is an example of a _________ (thalamocortical loop) two-way circuit that connects
the thalamus with parts of the cortex and back.
85. Two-way circuit that connects the thalamus with parts of the cortex and back is called ________
(thalamocortical loop)
86. As neuronal signals loop through the thalamus and cortex, they produce rhythmic, oscillating,
electrical patterns that can be detected with an electroencephalograph (EEG). These signals are
commonly called _____ (brain waves.)
87. As neuronal signals loop through the thalamus and cortex, they produce rhythmic, oscillating,
electrical patterns that can be detected with an ________ . These signals are commonly called brain
waves. (electroencephalograph (EEG)
88. There are four distinct types of brain waves, each recognized by its characteristic shape on an EEG
display or printout. What are they? (alpha waves, beta waves, Theta waves and delta waves)
89. Your awake brain typically produces waves called ____ (alpha waves and beta waves)
90. _______ waves originate mainly in the parietal and occipital lobes when your brain is relaxed and
eyes are closed, and are characterized by frequencies between 8 and 13 Hz. (Alpha)
91. Alpha waves originate mainly in the ______ and ______ lobes when your brain is relaxed and eyes
are closed, and are characterized by frequencies between 8 and 13 Hz. (parietal, occipital)
92. Alpha waves originate mainly in the parietal and occipital lobes when your brain is relaxed and eyes
are closed, and are characterized by frequencies between______ . (8 and 13 Hz)
93. The _____ is a measure of frequency (Hertz)
94. The hertz is a measure of ______(frequency)
95. 1 Hz = ___ per second. (1 cycle)
96. Beta waves are somewhat faster, with frequencies ranging from _______ (14 to 30 Hz)
97. _____ waves are somewhat faster, with frequencies ranging from 14 to 30 Hz
98. Beta waves are typically produced by the _____ and _______ regions of your brain when it processes
sensory input or concentrates on a task. (frontal and parietal)
99. Theta waves and delta waves are typical of ______ (sleep)
100. ______ waves and _____ waves are typical of sleep (Theta, delta)
101. Theta waves and delta waves are typical of _____ (sleep)
102. _______ waves are slower than alpha waves (Theta)
103. ______ waves ranging from 4 to 7 Hz
104. Theta waves ranging from __ Hz (4 to 7)

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105. Theta waves are slower than _______ waves (alpha)
106. _______ waves which occur during deep sleep (Delta)
107. _______ waves which occur during deep sleep are very slow, with frequencies less than 3.5 Hz
(Delta)
108. Delta waves which occur during deep sleep are very slow, with frequencies less than ______ Hz
(3.5)
109. _____ and _____ waves are typically of higher amplitude (stronger) than beta or theta waves
(Alpha and delta)
110. Alpha and delta waves are typically of higher amplitude (stronger) than beta or theta waves but,
when measured with electrodes on your scalp, all these signals are in the microvolt range: _____ for
alpha and delta waves, and _______ for beta and theta waves. (20–200 μV, 5-10 μV).
111. Alpha and delta waves are typically of higher amplitude (stronger) than beta or theta waves but,
when measured with electrodes on your scalp, all these signals are in the microvolt range: 20–200 μV
for ________ and _______ waves and 5-10 μV for ______ waves. (alpha and delta waves, beta and
theta).
112. Your brain and spinal cord contain many distinct neural networks which include_______ that
chains of neurons that pass signals through the brainstem and the spinal cord.
113. _________ are chains of neurons that pass signals through the brainstem and the spinal cord.
(spinal tracts)
114. Spinal tracts are chains of neurons that pass signals through the ______ and ______ (brainstem,
spinal cord.)
115. Signals travel upward from sensory receptors in ____ and ______ to the _____ and parts
of the _____that interpret touch and pressure; or they travel downward from brain regions that
induce movement, passing through the _______ and spinal cord before projecting to the body’s
muscles. Other neural networks provide feedback that helps integrate ______ and motor signals.
(skin, muscles, thalamus, cortex, medulla, spinal cord, sensory, motor)
116. ______ are part of a feedback loop that takes information from _____ areas that elicit movement
and produces signals that feed back to the _______ to excite or inhibit specific movements. (Basal
ganglia, cortical, cortex)
117. Loops that connect the _______ and the _________ influence the timing and strength of motor
signals; some of these loops incorporate tracts from the ______ that enable environmental and
emotional context to influence your body’s movements. (brainstem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex)
118. Loops that connect the brainstem and cerebellum influence _____ and ________ of motor
signals. (timing and strength)
119. Loops that incorporates tracts from cerebral cortex will enable _____ and _______ to influence
your body’s movements. (environmental and emotional context)
120. Networks that loop the hippocampus into sensory cortex pathways help your brain analyze
whether ______ signals are familiar or are part of a new situation. (environmental)
121. Networks that loop the ________ into _____ pathways help your brain analyze whether
environmental signals are familiar or are part of a new situation. (hippocampus, sensory cortex)
122. Related networks linking the ________ to the _______ and _______ allow your memory to
influence conscious behavior as well as unconscious physiological responses. (hippocampus,
thalamus, hypothalamus)

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123. Related networks linking the hippocampus to the thalamus and hypothalamus allow your memory
to influence _______ as well as ________ responses. (conscious behavior, unconscious
physiological)
124. ____ loops are circuits eliciting action well before thoughts; these actions are controlled locally
by information going in and out of the spinal cord or subcortical regions of the brain, and never reach
the cortex. (Reflex)
125. Reflex loops are circuits eliciting action well before thoughts; these actions are controlled locally
by information going in and out of the ________ or ________ regions of the brain, and never reach
the______ . (spinal cord or subcortical, cortex)
126. _______ is packed with neural circuits (cerebral cortex)
127. ________ are arranged in columns, as each neuron forms connections with cells in the layers
above and below (Circuits)
128. Individual neurons are either _______ or ______ (excitatory, inhibitory)
129. 80% majority of neurons in brain are_____ sending signals that push their neighbors toward
firing. (excitatory)
130. ______ neurons send signals that push their neighbors toward firing. (excitatory)
131. In many parts of the cerebral cortex, the most common type of excitatory neuron is the ______
cell, named for its cone-shaped cell body (pyramidal)
132. Most common type of excitatory neuron is ________ (pyramidal cell)
133. Each _______ has two sets of branched dendrites — one set at the apex and another set of shorter
dendrites at the base — that collect signals from neurons in every layer of the cortex (pyramidal cell)
134. Each pyramidal cell has two sets of branched______ one set at the ______ and another set at
the______ that collect signals from neurons in every layer of the cortex (dendrites, apex, base)
135. A multi-branched _______ sends a single electrical signal to multiple destinations. (axon)
136. The 20 percent of brain’s neurons that are _____ send signals that suppress the activity of
neighboring neurons and regulate the activity of a circuit (inhibitory)
137. ________ signals that suppress the activity of neighboring neurons and regulate the activity of a
circuit (inhibitory)
138. Every neural circuit contains both _______ and _______ neurons. (excitatory, inhibitory)
139. Neurons that pass signals forward through a circuit and eventually send outputs to other parts of
the brain tend to be__________ (excitatory)
140. _______ neurons are typically local and often loop their responses back to earlier segments of a
circuit. (Inhibitory)
141. Interplay between excitatory & inhibitory neuron signals in circuit are important in ______,
______, ______ the signals sent to the body and other parts of the brain. (learning, tuning and
smoothing )
142. Seizure disorders like _____ could be caused by imbalances in the activity of excitatory and
inhibitory neurons (epilepsy)
143. In a _______ circuit, inhibitory interneurons connect neighboring neural circuits in such a way
that excitatory signals in one column simultaneously send inhibitory signals to adjacent columns,
reducing their activity (feed-forward inhibitory)
144. In______ , however, neurons send signals to their downstream excitatory neighbors and to
interneurons that reach back and inhibit preceding layers of the same circuit (feedback inhibition)

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145. _________ and ______ of recurrent neural networks, in which neurons inside interconnected
circuits send feedback signals to one another. (feed-forward inhibitory, feedback inhibition)
146. The functional unit of neural circuits and networks is the ________ , a specialized cell that can
transmit electrical signals to other nerve cells, muscles, or glands. (neuron)
147. Neurons come in a broad range of shapes and sizes, but all of them have a _____, _____,
_______( cell body, dendrites, and an axon)
148. The cell body, also called the _____, contains the neuron’s nucleus and most of its cytoplasm,
along with molecular machinery for building and transporting proteins critical to the cell’s function
(soma)
149. ______ are branched projections that extend from the cell body and collect incoming signals from
other neurons. (Dendrites)
150. The neuron’s electrical signals travel down its axon, another extension from the cell body that
may branch before ending in______ , where the signal is passed across a synapse to other cells. (axon
terminals, synapse)
151. In some neurons, axons are only a fraction of a ____ long; in others, they may extend more than
a____. (centimeter, meter)
152. Neuroscientists have long believed that glia outnumber neurons by ____ (or more) (10:1)
153. However, recent investigations suggest that in some regions of the brains of humans and other
primates, that ratio is closer to ___ (1:1)
154. The central nervous system contains four main types of glial cells: _____, _____, ____, ____
(astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes)
155. ______ form a network inside the brain that regulates ion concentrations around neurons,
provides them with nutrients, and helps regulate the formation of new connections between neurons
(Astrocytes)
156. ______ are the main “immune cells” of the brain. They function mainly as_____ helping protect
the brain from infections and cellular damage — but can also regulate the formation of new neuronal
connections (Microglia, phagocytes)
157. _____ cells make the cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain inside the skull (Ependymal)
158. ______ improve neuron function by wrapping axons in a fatty sheath called _____
(oligodendrocytes, myelin)
159. Ions are electrically charged atoms that can only cross a neuron’s cell membrane through tunnel-
like proteins called ____ (ion channels)
160. _____ tunnel-like proteins act like gates, allowing some ions to enter or leave the cell, but
keeping others out (ion channels)
161. Ions that enter or leave the cell change the voltage difference across the membrane. This change
in voltage influences the neuron’s likelihood of generating an _______ . (electrical signal)
162. In mammals, the voltage difference across the membrane of a resting neuron is around ____
millivolts (mV), more negative inside the cell than on its outer surface (-70)
163. Membrane potential is affected by signals arriving from other neurons in its circuit, which can
make the membrane potential less negative _____ or more negative _____ by opening ion channels
in the dendrites (depolarized, hyperpolarized)
164. If the sum of all the signals at the dendrites rises to match the membrane’s threshold voltage, a
series of voltage-sensitive ion channels opens automatically, triggering an electrical impulse called an
______, which moves down the axon towards the next neuron in the circuit. (action potential)

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165. Signals are passed from one neuron to the next at junctions called _______ (synapses)
166. In most circuits, a synapse includes the end of an axon, the dendrite of an adjacent neuron, and a
space between the two called the______.
167. In most circuits, a synapse includes the end of an axon, the dendrite of an adjacent neuron, and a
space between the two called the synaptic cleft. This separation between neurons was only verified
by ________ and in ____ (electron microscopy , 1950s)
168. The cleft is wide enough that electrical signals can’t directly impact the next neuron; rather,
chemical signals called ______ cross the synapse. This process is called ______ (neurotransmitters ,
neurotransmission.)
169. When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, the voltage change triggers ion channels in
the membrane to open, which lets calcium ions flow into the cell. When the calcium ions bind to
packages of neurotransmitter molecules called_____ (synaptic vesicles)
170. ______ fuse with the cell membrane at the axon terminal and empty their contents into the
______. Afterwards, pieces of axon terminal membrane cycle back into the soma as new vesicles,
which are refilled with neurotransmitter molecules. (synaptic vesicles, synaptic cleft)
171. Many substances act as neurotransmitters and some of them are ____, ____, ____, _____ (amino
acids, gases, small organic chemicals, and short peptides)
172. ______ can synthesize small non-peptides like dopamine or acetylcholine inside the _____
( Neurons, axon terminal)
173. Neurons can synthesize small non-peptides like _____ or _____ inside the axon terminal.
(dopamine or acetylcholine)
174. Axon terminal doesn’t contain the molecular machinery for building proteins, so peptide-based
neurotransmitters are built in the _____ space of the cell body (ribosome-rich)
175. ________ containing neurotransmitter “cargos” bud off from the wall of the _______, the cell’s
protein-packaging organelle, then bind to proteins called _____ that work their way down the axon
along microtubules, filamentous parts of the cellular skeleton. (Vesicles, Golgi apparatus, kinesins)
176. _______ is the cell’s protein-packaging organelle (Golgi apparatus)
177. Vesicles containing neurotransmitter “cargos” bud off from the wall of the Golgi apparatus, the
cell’s protein-packaging organelle, then bind to proteins called _____ (kinesins)
178. After neurotransmitters are released from an axon terminal, they drift across the synaptic cleft
until they reach the outer surface of the dendrite, a region that looks thick or dense in highly
magnified images. This region, the______ , has a high concentration of neurotransmitter receptors.
(postsynaptic density)
179. _________ , has a high concentration of neurotransmitter receptors (postsynaptic density)
180. After neurotransmitters are released from an ______, they drift across the _____ until they reach
the outer surface of the______ , a region that looks thick or dense in highly magnified images. This
region, the______ , has a high concentration of neurotransmitter receptors. (axon terminal, synaptic
cleft , dendrite, postsynaptic density)
181. Many different _____ act as neurotransmitters, and each one fits into specific receptors like a key
fits a lock. (molecules)
182. ______ are linked to ion channels in such a way that, when neurotransmitter molecules dock on
their receptors, they open those neurotransmitter binds directly to part of an ion channel. The channel
is normally closed; the receptor protein changes its shape when the neurotransmitter attaches,
widening the tunnel in the center of the ion channel so that ions can move through (Receptors)

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183. _______ receptors are more complex (Metabotropic)
184. The _____ and ______ are different proteins located at a distance from one another, but they are
linked by a cascade of biochemical steps that are triggered when a neurotransmitter binds to the
receptor. This response is less rapid and activates a series of events inside the_______ . The result
may be opening an ion channel some distance away or activating other intracellular molecules.
(receptor, ion channel, postsynaptic cell)
185. Neurotransmitter molecules only bind to their receptors for a short time. Once they detach, the
ion channels return to their resting state and stop altering the charge across their membrane. The
neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal in a process
called________ (reuptake)
186. The neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal in a process
called________ (reuptake)
187. Excitatory neurons make neurotransmitters that open ion channels that ____ the dendrite’s
membrane (depolarize)
188. inhibitory neurons make neurotransmitters that _______ it. (hyperpolarize)
189. ______ neurons make neurotransmitters that open ion channels that depolarize the dendrite’s
membrane (Excitatory)
190. ____ neurons make neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize it. (inhibitory)
191. The brain’s most common excitatory neurotransmitter is _____ (glutamate)
192. The brain’s most common inhibitory neurotransmitter is _____ (gamma-aminobutyric acid
(GABA))
193. _____ is an amino acid used as a neurotransmitter by approximately half the excitatory synapses
in the brain. It can bind to several types of ionotropic receptors. (Glutamate)
194. Glutamate is an amino acid used as a neurotransmitter by approximately half the excitatory
synapses in the brain. It can bind to several types of ______ receptors (ionotropic)
195. the most important of ionotropic receptors are _____ receptors and ____ receptors (AMPA,
NMDA)
196. When activated, the action of ______ receptors is fast and brief; _______ receptors activate more
slowly, particularly in response to waves of multiple action potentials (AMPA, NMDA)
197. Interactions between ___ and ____ receptors appear to be important in learning and memory
(AMPA, NMDA)
198. _______ is the brain’s most important inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA).
199. _____ binds to two groups of receptors; one group is ionotropic, the other metabotropic (GABA)
200. GABA binds to two groups of receptors; one group is______ , the other _____ (ionotropic,
metabotropic)
201. _______ GABA receptors open ion channels that release _____ ions. In both instances, ion
movement pushes membrane potential downward and inhibits a neuron from firing. (Metabotropic,
potassium)
202. Neurons have receptors for many molecules that can change the way they function. These
molecules include____ , which send the brain specific cues about the condition and activity of distant
tissues in the body; (hormones)
203. _____ which send the brain specific cues about the condition and activity of distant tissues in the
body; (hormones)

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204. neuromodulators such as the _____, _____ like chemicals that seem to suppress neurotransmitter
release; (endocannabinoids, cannabis)
205. endocannabinoids, cannabis are ____ (neuromodulators)
206. ______ are small lipids that change the brain’s response (increasing pain sensitivity) to pain and
inflammation (prostaglandins)
207. If a molecule can diffuse through the cell membrane, as occurs with steroid hormones like_____,
or ____, its receptor might be a protein inside the neuron’s soma (estradiol or cortisol)
208. estradiol or cortisol are ___ (steroids)
209. If a molecule can diffuse through the cell membrane — as occurs with steroid hormones like
estradiol or cortisol — its receptor might be a protein inside the neuron’s ____ (soma)
210. When the hormone binds to its receptor, the complex can transform into a _______ that is capable
of entering the cell nucleus, binding to specific genes and changing their activity. (transcription
factor)
211. Examples of hormones ____, ____, ____ ( vasopressin, estradiol, or cortisol)
212. Differences among your neurons result from differences in which genes direct cellular activities,
a process called ____ (gene expression)
213. The mechanisms causing neurons to express some genes and not others are currently an area of
intense research. Many of these mechanisms depend on chemical changes to_____ , the complex of
protein and DNA that compactly packages the long DNA molecule inside the nucleus. (chromatin)
214. ____ is the complex of protein and DNA that compactly packages the long DNA molecule inside
the nucleus (chromatin)
215. ______, or ______reflect differences in the nucleotide sequences that make up a gene. (Gene
variants or alleles)
216. ______ is a disease which is fatal degenerative neurological condition, is caused by mutations in
a gene that codes for part of a fat-metabolizing enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase A (Tay-Sachs)
217. Tay-Sachs is a disease which is fatal degenerative neurological condition, is caused by mutations
in a gene that codes for part of a fat-metabolizing enzyme called ____ (beta-hexosaminidase A)

218. Limbic
219. Cerebrum
220. corpus callosum

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221. cerebral cortex
222. frontal lobes
223. parietal lobes
224. occipital lobes
225. temporal lobes
226. hippocampus
227. amygdala
228. limbic system
229. thalamus
230. hypothalamus
231. pituitary gland.
232. Forebrain
233. Midbrain
234. basal ganglia
235. hind brain
236. pons
237. medulla
238. brain stem
239. nerve tracts
240. anterior commissure
241. neural network
242. thalamocortical loop
243. electroencephalograph (EEG)
244. brain waves
245. alpha waves and beta waves
246. Theta waves and delta waves
247. Spinal tracts
248. Epilepsy
249. feed-forward inhibitory
250. feedback inhibition
251. neuron
252. cell body
253. soma
254. axon
255. dendrites
256. synapse
257. depolarized, hyperpolarized
258. ion channels
259. synaptic cleft
260. neurotransmitters
261. glutamate
262. neurotransmission
263. Reuptake
264. prostaglandins

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265. Metabotropic
266. Molecules
267. Receptors
268. postsynaptic density
269. kinesins
270. vesicles
271. Golgi apparatus
272. glutamate
273. GABA
274. Ionotropic
275. Hormones
276. endocannabinoids
277. cannabis
278. neuromodulators
279. estradiol or cortisol
280. vasopressin
281. gene expression
282. chromatin
283. beta-hexosaminidase A
284. Tay-Sachs

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