LEVEL: 1 / STD.

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ACTIVITY 13.1 EFFECT OF MAGNET

PROCEDURE

1. Take a plastic or a paper cup. Fix it on a stand with the help of a clamp.
2. Place a magnet inside the cup and cover it with a paper so that the magnet is not visible.
3. Attach a thread to a clip made of iron.
4. Fix the other end of the thread at the base of the stand. (Mind you, the trick involved here, is to
keep the length of the thread sufficiently short.)
5. Bring the clip near the base of the cup.
6. Record your observation.

OBSERVATION: The clip is raised in air without support, like a kite.

CONCLUSION: Magnetic lines hold up the paper clip. When the When the magnetic lines are prevented from going
through the clip, it falls. Materials that can absorb the magnetic lines from the magnet are materials, which are iron,
nickel, or cobalt or contain any amount of it (for instance in an alloy). Magnetism originates from within the atom. In
the magnetic materials (iron, nickel, or cobalt) the electrons around the nuclei although paired together, do not
completely cancel out the magnetic fields. They could be considered as consisting of minute magnets that are
randomly arranged. When these minute magnets are all lined up in one direction, the object can become a strong
magnet.
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 ACTIVITY 13.2 MAGNETIC AND NON-MAGNETIC MATERIAL

AIM Magnetic and non-magnetic material

CONCEPT: If a particular substance is attracted towards a magnet, then it is a magnetic substance

and if it is not attracted towards a magnet, then it is a non-magnetic substance.

PROCEDURE

1. Collect various objects of day-to-day use from your surroundings.

2. Test these with the magnet, touch these objects with it and observe which objects stick to the
magnet.
3. Record your observations.

OBSERVATION

Name of the object Material which the object is Attracted by Magnes stick/
made of (Cloth/plastic/ magnet
aluminium/ wood/ glass/ iron/ (Yes/No)
any other
Iron ball Iron Yes
Scale Plastic No
Shoes Leather ?
CONCLUSION
The materials which get attracted towards a magnet are magnetic materials. Iron, nickel, cobalt and
their alloy are magnetic materials.
The materials which are not attracted towards a magnet are non-magnetic materials. Plastic, rubber,
leather, aluminium, copper, brass, stainless steel, wood etc. are non-magnetic materials.

Magnetic Non-Magnetic

Iron Plastic

Steel Wood

Nickel Copper

Cobalt Stainless steel spoon

Leather

Magnetic and non-magnetic material

Magnet attracts certain materials whereas some do not get attracted towards magnet.

The materials which get attracted towards a magnet are magnetic materials. For example iron, nickel,
cobalt etc.

The materials which are not attracted towards a magnet are non-magnetic materials. For example
wood, plastic, paper etc.

Some kinds of sand or soil consist of small pieces of iron called as iron filings. When the magnet is
rubbed in the sand, these particles get attached to the magnet. The amount of iron in the sand varies
from location to location. Also some kinds of sand do not contain any iron material in it.
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 ACTIVITY 13.3 FIND IRON FROM SAND

AIM Magnet Attracts Iron Filings Mixed In Sand

CONCEPT: Magnet Attracts Metal Filings

The iron filings (ferromagnetic substance) are separated from the
mixture by the field of the magnet

PROCEDURE

1. Rub a magnet in the sand or soil. Pull out the magnet.

2. Are there some particles of sand or soil sticking to the
magnet?
3. Now, gently shake the magnet to remove the particles of
sand or soil.
4. Are some particles still sticking to it?
5. Try this activity near your home, school or the places you visit on your holidays.
6. Does the magnet with iron filings sticking to it, look like any one of those shown in Fig. 13.6?
Make a table of what you find

Name of the Location ( Colony and Town / City / Did you find iron filings sticking to the magnet?
Village ) (Many/ very few/ none)

OBSERVATION: These might be small pieces of iron (iron filings) picked up from the soil. Through such
an activity, we can find out whether the soil or sand from a given place contains particles that have
iron.

CONCLUSION: Some kinds of sand or soil consist of small pieces of iron called as iron filings. When the
magnet is rubbed in the sand, these particles get attached to the magnet. The amount of iron in the
sand varies from location to location. Also some kinds of sand do not contain any iron material in it.

Magnetic and non-magnetic material - Magnet attracts certain materials whereas some do not get
attracted towards magnet. The materials which get attracted towards a magnet are magnetic
materials. For example iron, nickel, cobalt etc. The materials which are not attracted towards a magnet
are non-magnetic materials. For example wood, plastic, paper etc. Some kinds of sand or soil consist
of small pieces of iron called as iron filings. When the magnet is rubbed in the sand, these particles get
attached to the magnet. The amount of iron in the sand varies from location to location. Also some
kinds of sand do not contain any iron material in it.
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 ACTIVITY 13.4 DRAW MAGNETIC LINES

AIM Magnetic fields : Finding magnetic fields

CONCEPT The force of attraction of magnet is greater at the poles than at the centre. Like poles repel
each other and unlike poles attract each other.
Magnetic poles always exist in pairs.
PROCEDURE

1. Spread some iron filings on a sheet of paper.

Now, place a bar magnet on this sheet. What
do you observe?
2. Do the iron filings stick all over the magnet?
3. Do you observe that more iron filings get
attracted to some parts of the magnet than
others?
4. Remove the iron filings sticking to the magnet
and repeat the activity.
5. Do you observe any change in the pattern with which the iron filings get attracted by different
parts of the magnet?
6. You can do this activity using pins or iron nails in place of iron filings and also with magnets of
different shapes.
7. Draw a diagram to show the way iron filings stick to the magnet. Record your observation.

OBSERVATION : We find that most of the iron filings are attracted towards the two ends of a bar
magnet. These ends are the poles of the magnet.

CONCLUSION: Each field line has an arrowhead on it. The

field lines come out of the north pole and go into the south
pole. The field lines are more concentrated at the poles.
The magnetic field is strongest at the poles, where the field
lines are most concentrated. Field lines also show what
happens to the magnetic fields of two magnets during
attraction or repulsion. A magnet creates a magnetic
field around it. You cannot see a magnetic field, but you can
observe its effects. A force is exerted on a magnetic
material brought into a magnetic field. The force is a non-
contact force because the magnet and the material do not
have to touch each other.
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 ACTIVITY 13.5 FIND DIRECTIONS

AIM: Find Directions

CONCEPT: A Freely Suspended Magnet Always Points in North-South

Direction

PROCEDURE
1. Take a bar magnet. Put a mark on one of its ends for
identification.
2. Now, tie a thread at the middle of the magnet so that you
may suspend it from a wooden stand.
3. Make sure that the magnet can rotate freely. Let it come to
rest. Mark two points on the ground to show the position of the
ends of the magnet when it comes to rest.
4. Draw a line joining the two points. This line shows the direction in which the magnet was
pointing in its position of rest.
5. Now, rotate the magnet by gently pushing one end in any direction and let it come to rest.
Again, mark the position of the two ends in its position of rest.
Does the magnet now point in a different direction?
6. Rotate the magnet in other directions and note the final
direction in which it comes to rest.
7. Do you find that the magnet always comes to rest in the same
direction?
8. Now can you guess the mystery behind the statue in the
Emperor's chariot?
9. Repeat this activity with an iron bar and a plastic or a wooden
scale instead of a magnet.
10. Do not use light objects for this activity and avoid doing it
where there are currents of air.
11. Do the other materials also always come to rest in the same
direction?

OBSERVATION

If a bar magnet is freely suspended, it will swing until its one end
point towards the north pole of the earth and the other towards the
south pole of the earth. A freely suspended magnet comes to rest
always in the north-south direction. We call it a freely suspended magnet because it is free to move in
any direction. If we turn the magnet by hand so that it points in another direction and then leave it.
We will see that after a while the magnet comes back to its earlier position and again points in the
same north-south direction. The end of magnet which points towards the north direction is called
north-seeking end or north pole of the magnet. The end of magnet which points towards the south
direction is called south-seeking end or south pole of the magnet. It is only a freely suspended magnet
(or a freely pivoted magnet) which always comes to rest along the same direction (north-south
direction) even after being disturbed again and again. The end of the magnet that points towards North
is called its North seeking end or the North pole of the magnet. The other end that points towards the
South is called South seeking end or the South pole of the magnet. All magnets have two poles
whatever their shape may be. Usually, north (N) and south (S) poles are marked on the magnets.

CONCLUSION: Two most important properties of magnets

1) A freely suspended magnet always points in the north-south direction. 2) Like magnetic poles repel each other;
unlike magnetic poles attract each other. A Freely Suspended Magnet Always Points in North-South Direction
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 ACTIVITY 13.6 MAKE YOUR OWN MAGNET

AIM: Making Your Own Magnet

CONCEPT: The easiest way of making a magnet is by the stroking method. If we stroke an iron bar
with one end (one pole) of a bar magnet repeatedly in the same direction, the iron bar becomes a
magnet. Thus, we need two things to make a magnet: an iron bar (or an iron strip) and a bar magnet.

PROCEDURE

1. Magnetise an iron needle using a bar magnet.

2. Now, insert the magnetized needle through a
small piece of cork or foam.
3. Let the cork float in water in a bowl or a tub.
4. Make sure that the needle does not touch the
water.
5. Your compass is now ready to work.
6. Make a note of the direction in which the
needle points when the cork is floating.
7. Rotate the cork, with the needle fixed in it, in
different directions.
8. Note the direction in which the needle points when the cork begins to float again without
rotating.
9. Does the needle always point in the same direction, when the cork stops rotating?

OBSERVATION: The iron needle will then become a magnet. The magnetic pole produced in iron bar at that end
'where the stroke ends' is always opposite of the stroking pole of the bar magnet.

CONCLUSION: The easiest way of making a magnet is by the stroking method. If we stroke an iron bar
with one end (one pole) of a bar magnet repeatedly in the same direction, the iron bar becomes a
magnet. Thus, we need two things to make a magnet: an iron bar (or an iron strip) and a bar magnet.

We can even convert an iron nail, a sewing needle or even a razor blade into a magnet by stroking them repeatedly
with the same end of a bar magnet in the same direction. If we convert an iron (or steel) needle into a magnet, then
we can use this 'magnetized needle', for making our own compass.

LEVEL-5 / STD. -10

ACTIVITY: 13.1 MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

AIM: To Demonstrate Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current: Compass Needle is deflected on passing an electric current
through a metallic conductor

CONCEPT: When electric current passes through a wire, the

current-carrying wire behaves like a magnet. This is called the
magnetic effect of current. The magnetic effect of current is
utilized in making electromagnets, electric bells, telephone
instruments, electric fans, electric motors, loudspeakers and toys
etc.

MATERIAL: Thick Copper Wire, Piece of Wire, Switch, Compass

PROCEDURES
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 1. Take a straight thick copper wire and place it between the points X and Y in an electric circuit, as shown in Fig.
13.1.
2. The wire XY is kept perpendicular to the plane of paper.
3. Horizontally place a small compass near to this copper wire. See the position of its needle.
4. Pass the current through the circuit by inserting the key into the plug.
5. Observe the change in the position of the compass needle

OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION

(1) We take a thick, insulated copper wire XY and fix it
on a table in such a way that this wire is in the north-
south direction.
(2) A compass is placed under the wire XY. The two
ends of the wire XY are connected to a cell through a
switch by using connecting wires.
(3)The switch is open, so no current is flowing in the
wire XY. When no current is flowing in the wire XY,
then the needle of compass is parallel to the wire XY
and points in its usual north south direction
(4) Now close the switch so that an electric current passes through the wire XY. We will find that when current is
passing through the wire XY, then the needle of compass is deflected from its original north-south direction and
points in another direction.
(5) A compass needle is deflected only when it is acted upon by another magnet (or magnetic field). So, the deflection
of compass needle here shows that the current-carrying wire placed above it is behaving like a magnet and producing
a magnetic field around it.
(6) It is the magnetism produced by current-carrying wire which is exerting a force on the compass needle and
deflecting it from its usual north-south position.
(7) If we now open the switch so that the current stops flowing in the wire XY, we will find that the compass needle
comes back to its original position. This shows that when electric current flowing in a wire stops, then the magnetism
produced by it disappears.
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 ACTIVITY: 13.2 MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

AIM: DRAW MAGNETIC LINES, Magnetic fields : Finding magnetic fields

CONCEPT: Magnetic fields: A region around/surrounded by a moving electric charge or a magnetic MATERIAL
within which the force of magnetism acts.” The force of attraction of magnet is greater at the poles than at the centre.
Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other. Magnetic poles always exist in pairs.

MATERIAL
Bar Magnet, Iron Fillings, Drawing Paper

PROCEDURES
1. Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using some
adhesive material.
2. Place a bar magnet in the centre of it.
3. Sprinkle some iron filings uniformly around the bar magnet.
4. A salt-sprinkler may be used for this purpose.
5. Now tap the board gently. What do you observe?

OBSERVATION

The iron filings arrange themselves in a pattern. The magnet exerts its influence in the region surrounding it. Therefore
the iron filings experience a force. The force thus exerted makes iron filings to arrange in a pattern. The region
surrounding a magnet, in which the force of the magnet can be detected, is said to have a magnetic field. The lines
along which the iron filings align themselves represent magnetic field lines. Are there other ways of obtaining
magnetic field lines around a bar magnet? Yes, you can yourself draw the field lines of a bar magnet.

CONCLUSION

Each field line has an arrowhead on it.

The field lines come out of the North Pole and go into the South Pole.
The field lines are more concentrated at the poles.
The magnetic field is strongest at the poles, where the field lines are most concentrated.
Field lines also show what happens to the magnetic fields of two magnets during attraction or repulsion.
A magnet creates a magnetic field around it. You cannot see a magnetic field, but you can observe its effects. A force
is exerted on a magnetic material brought into a magnetic field. The force is a non-contact force because the magnet
and the material do not have to touch each other.
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 ACTIVITY: 13.3 DRAWING A MAGNETIC FIELD LINE WITH THE HELP OF A COMPASS NEEDLE

AIM: Mapping of Magnetic Lines of Force

CONCEPT: A pictorial representation that gives the direction

of the magnetic field at various points in a magnetic field is
called a map of the magnetic field

MATERIAL: Compass, Bar Magnet, Drawing Paper

PROCEDURES
1. Take a small compass and a bar magnet.
2. Place the magnet on a sheet of white paper fixed on
a drawing board, using some adhesive material.
3. Mark the boundary of the magnet. Place the compass near the north pole of the magnet.
4. How does it behave?
5. Mark the position of two ends of the needle. Now move the needle to a new position such that its south pole
occupies the position previously occupied by its north pole.
6. In this way, proceed step by step till you reach the south pole of the magnet.
7. Join the points marked on the paper by a smooth curve.
8. Repeat the above procedure and draw as many lines as you can.
9. Observe the deflection in the compass needle as you move it along a field line.
10. Record your observations.

OBSERVATION
You will get a pattern. These lines represent the
magnetic field around the magnet. These are
known as magnetic field lines. The deflection
increases as the needle is moved towards the
poles.

CONCLUSION
Magnetic field is a quantity that has both
direction and magnitude. The direction of the
magnetic field is taken to be the direction in
which a north pole of the compass needle
moves inside it. Therefore it is taken by
convention that the field lines emerge from
north pole and merge at the south pole. Inside
the magnet, the direction of field lines is from
its south pole to its north pole. Thus the magnetic field lines are closed curves.

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE

Lines of force are closed and continuous curves
Outside the magnet the lines of force are directed from the south pole towards the south pole of the magnet
But within the magnet the magnetic lines are directed from the south pole towards the north pole
Lines of force repel each other
Lines of force never intersect
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 ACTIVITY: 13.4 SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
AIM: A simple electric circuit in which a straight copper wire is placed parallel to and over a compass
Needle. The deflection in the needle becomes opposite when the direction of the current is reversed.

CONCEPT: The magnetic effect of electric current means that the flow of an electric current through a conductor
produces a magnetic field around it

MATERIAL: Thick Copper Wire, Piece of Wire, Switch, Battery 1.5v, Compass

PROCEDURES
1. Take a long straight copper wire, two or three cells of 1.5 V each, and a plug key.
2. Connect all of them in series. Place the straight wire parallel to and over a compass needle.
3. Plug the key in the circuit.
4. Observe the direction of deflection of the north pole of the needle.
5. Replace the cell connections in the circuit as shown in Fig. 13.5 (b).
6. Observe the change in the direction of deflection of the needle.
7. Record your observation

OBSERVATION
If the current flows from north to
south, as shown in Fig. 13.5 (a), the
north pole of the compass needle
would move towards the east.
When we replace the cell
connections in the circuit as shown
in Fig. 13.5 (b). This would result in
the change of the direction of
current through the copper wire,
that is, from south to north. You
will see that now the needle moves
in opposite direction, that is,
towards the west [Fig. 13.5 (b)]. It
means that the direction of magnetic field produced by the electric current is also reversed.

CONCLUSION
SNOW Rule: As per this experiment if we make an electric circuit by joining a straight wire connected to a battery and
a plug and then place a magnetic compass needle parallel to an under the wire. Now if we switch the circuit on so that
the current from the wire flows from South to North direction, we will observe that the magnetic compass needle gets
averted towards the west. Now if we change the direction of the current from North to South direction the magnetic
compass gets averted towards the East. Thus, according to this SNOW Rule, When the current flows through a
conductor from South to North then the magnetic needle placed beneath it, gets averted to the west, thereby proving
that flow of electric current produces a magnetic field. This is because the compass needles work as a small bar
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magnet, so when this magnetic needle is brought near another magnetic property surrounding then the like poles will
repel, thereby the needle gets deflected.
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 ACTIVITY: 13.5 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT THROUGH A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR

AIM: Magnetic field due to a Current through a Straight Conductor

CONCEPT: The Magnetic field lines around a straight conductor carrying current are concentric circles whose centres
lie on the wire. The direction of magnetic field lines can be determined using Right-Hand Thumb Rule

MATERIAL
Battery 12v, rheostat, Key ??, ammeter, Thick Copper Wire, rectangular cardboard, iron filings

PROCEDURES
1. Take a battery (12 V), a variable resistance (or a rheostat), an ammeter (0–5 A), a plug key, and a long straight
thick copper wire.
2. Insert the thick wire through the centre, normal to the plane of a rectangular cardboard. Take care that the
cardboard is fixed and does not slide up or down.
3. Connect the copper wire vertically between the points X and Y in series with the battery, a plug and key.
4. Sprinkle some iron filings uniformly on the cardboard. (You may use a salt sprinkler for this purpose.)
5. Keep the variable of the rheostat at a fixed position and note the current through the ammeter.
6. Close the key so that a current flows through the wire.
7. Ensure that the copper wire placed between the points X and Y remains vertically straight.
8. Gently tap the cardboard a few times.
9. Observe the pattern of the iron filings.
10. How can the direction of the magnetic field be found?
11. Place a compass at a point (say P) over a circle. Observe the direction of the needle.
12. Show the direction by an arrow. Does the direction of magnetic field lines get reversed if the direction of
current through the straight copper wire is reversed ? Check it.

OBSERVATION
You would find that the iron filings align themselves showing a pattern of concentric circles around the copper wire
(Fig. 13.6). These concentric circles represent the magnetic field lines.
The direction of the north pole of the compass needle would give the direction of the field lines produced by the
electric current through the straight wire at point P.

CONCLUSION
Intensity of magnetic field due to current carrying conductor depends on:
1)Amount of current flowing through conductor If the current flowing conductor increases, then deflection of needle
of magnetic compass placed near conductor also increases and vice versa. 2) Distance from conductor
If magnetic compass is placed near the current carrying conductor, the deflection of needle of magnetic compass is
large but if placed away from current carrying conductor, the deflection will be small.
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 ACTIVITY: 13.6 MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY A CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR COIL.

AIM: Magnetic field produced by a current carrying circular coil.

CONCEPT: The magnetic field produced in a circular current carrying conductor is the same as that of the magnetic
field due to a straight current carrying conductor and the current carrying circular loop will behave like a magnet.

MATERIAL: Rectangular cardboard, coil, battery, rheostat, Key, iron filings

PROCEDURES

1. Take a rectangular cardboard having two holes.

2. Insert a circular coil having large number of turns through them, normal to the plane of the cardboard.
3. Connect the ends of the coil in series with a battery, a key and a rheostat.
4. Sprinkle iron filings uniformly on the cardboard. Plug the key.
5. Tap the cardboard gently a few times.
6. Note the pattern of the iron filings that emerges on the cardboard.

OBSERVATION
On tapping, you will observe that the iron fillings arrange themselves around the wire in concentric circles.
On careful observation you will find that the magnetic lines of force produced at every point of the wire are circular
near the wire and straight at the centre of the coil. The strength of magnetic field is more at the centre of the coil
because all the lines of force aid each other at the centre of the coil.

CONCLUSION
The magnetic field produced in a circular current carrying
conductor is the same as that of the magnetic field due to a
straight current carrying conductor and the current carrying
circular loop will behave like a magnet.

The magnetic field lines in a current carrying circular loop

would be in the shape of concentric circles, and at the centre
of the circular wire, field lines will become straight and
perpendicular to the plane of coil.
The direction of magnetic field in a circular loop can be
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