A First Course in Diffe

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Complete Solutions Manual to Accompany
A First Course in Differential

Equations
with Modeling Applications
ELEVENTH EDITION, METRIC VERSION
And
Differential Equations
with Boundary-Value Problems
© Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.
NINTH EDITION, METRIC VERSION
Dennis G. Zill
Loyola Marymount University,
Los Angeles, CA
Prepared by
Roberto Martinez
Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA
Metric Version Prepared by
Aly El-Iraki
Professor Emeritus, Alexandria University, Egypt
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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© 2018 Cengage Learning Ninth Edition, Metric Version

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Chapter 1
Introduction to Differential Equations
1.1 Definitions and Terminology
1. Second order; linear
2. Third order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx)4
3. Fourth order; linear
4. Second order; nonlinear because of cos(r + u)

5. Second order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx)2 or 1 + (dy/dx)2
6. Second order; nonlinear because of R2
7. Third order; linear
8. Second order; nonlinear because of ẋ2
9. Writing the differential equation in the form x(dy/dx) + y 2 = 1, we see that it is nonlinear
in y because of y 2 . However, writing it in the form (y 2 − 1)(dx/dy) + x = 0, we see that it is
linear in x.
10. Writing the differential equation in the form u(dv/du) + (1 + u)v = ueu we see that it is linear
in v. However, writing it in the form (v + uv − ueu )(du/dv) + u = 0, we see that it is nonlinear
in u.
11. From y = e−x/2 we obtain y = − 12 e−x/2 . Then 2y + y = −e−x/2 + e−x/2 = 0.
12. From y = 6
5 − 65 e−20t we obtain dy/dt = 24e−20t , so that

dy 6 6 −20t
+ 20y = 24e−20t + 20 − e = 24.
dt 5 5
13. From y = e3x cos 2x we obtain y = 3e3x cos 2x−2e3x sin 2x and y = 5e3x cos 2x−12e3x sin 2x,
so that y − 6y + 13y = 0.
1
Full file at
198 CHAPTER 4 HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
58. Writing cos2 x = 12 (1 + cos 2x) and applying D(D2 + 4) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D2 + 4)(D2 + 4) = D(D2 + 4)2 = 0.
Then
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + c3 x cos 2x + c4 x sin 2x + c5

yc
and yp = Ax cos 2x + Bx sin 2x + C. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
1 1
−4A sin 2x + 4B cos 2x + 4C = + cos 2x.
2 2
Equating coefficients gives A = 0, B = 1/8, and C = 1/8. The general solution is

1 1
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + x sin 2x + .
8 8
59. Applying D3 to the differential equation we obtain
D3 (D3 + 8D2 ) = D5 (D + 8) = 0.
Then
y = c1 + c2 x + c3 e−8x + c4 x2 + c5 x3 + c6 x4

yc
and yp = Ax2 + Bx3 + Cx4 . Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
16A + 6B + (48B + 24C)x + 96Cx2 = 2 + 9x − 6x2 .
Equating coefficients gives
16A + 6B = 2
48B + 24C = 9
96C = −6.
Then A = 11/256, B = 7/32, and C = −1/16, and the general solution is

11 2 7 1
y = c1 + c2 x + c3 e−8x + x + x3 − x4 .
256 32 16
60. Applying D(D − 1)2 (D + 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D − 1)2 (D + 1)(D3 − D2 + D − 1) = D(D − 1)3 (D + 1)(D2 + 1) = 0.
Then
y = c1 ex + c2 cos x + c3 sin x + c4 + c5 e−x + c6 xex + c7 x2 ex

yc

Full file at
298 CHAPTER 5 MODELING WITH HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
57. Solving 12 q + 10q + 100q = 150 we obtain q(t) = e−10t (c1 cos 10t + c2 sin 10t) + 3/2. The
initial conditions q(0) = 1 and q (0) = 0 imply c1 = c2 = −1/2. Thus
1 3
q(t) = − e−10t (cos 10t + sin 10t) + .
2 2
As t → ∞, q(t) → 3/2.
58. In Problem 54 it is shown that the amplitude of the steady-state current is E0 /Z, where
√
Z = X 2 + R2 and X = Lγ − 1/Cγ. Since E0 is constant the amplitude will be a maximum
when Z is a minimum. Since R is constant, Z will be a minimum when X = 0. Solving
√
Lγ − 1/Cγ = 0 for γ we obtain γ = 1/ LC . The maximum amplitude will be E0 /R.
√
59. By Problem 54 the amplitude of the steady-state current is E0 /Z, where Z = X 2 + R2
and X = Lγ − 1/Cγ. Since E0 is constant the amplitude will be a maximum when Z is a
minimum. Since R is constant, Z will be a minimum when X = 0. Solving Lγ − 1/Cγ = 0
for C we obtain C = 1/Lγ 2 .
60. Solving 0.1q + 10q = 100 sin γt we obtain
q(t) = c1 cos 10t + c2 sin 10t + qp (t)
where qp (t) = A sin γt + B cos γt. Substituting qp (t) into the differential equation we find
(100 − γ 2 )A sin γt + (100 − γ 2 )B cos γt = 100 sin γt.
100
Equating coefficients we obtain A = 100/(100−γ 2 ) and B = 0. Thus, qp (t) = sin γt.
100 − γ 2
The initial conditions q(0) = q (0) = 0 imply c1 = 0 and c2 = −10γ/(100 − γ 2 ). The charge
is
10
q(t) = (10 sin γt − γ sin 10t)
100 − γ 2
and the current is
100γ
i(t) = (cos γt − cos 10t).
100 − γ 2
61. In an LC-series circuit there is no resistor, so the differential equation is
d2 q 1
2
L
+ q = E(t).
dt C
√
√
Then q(t) = c1 cos t/ LC + c2 sin t/ LC + qp (t) where qp (t) = A sin γt + B cos γt.
Substituting qp (t) into the differential equation we find

1 1
− Lγ 2 A sin γt + − Lγ 2 B cos γt = E0 cos γt.
C C
Equating coefficients we obtain A = 0 and B = E0 C/(1 − LCγ 2 ). Thus, the charge is

1 1 E0 C
q(t) = c1 cos √ t + c2 sin √ t+ cos γt.
LC LC 1 − LCγ 2

Full file at
398 CHAPTER 6 SERIES SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
From the last result and using ν = 3/2 we obtain
3J3/2 (x) = xJ5/2 (x) + xJ1/2 (x)

3
J5/2 (x) = J (x) − J1/2 (x)
x 3/2

3 2 sin x 2
= − cos x − sin x
x πx x πx

2 3 3 cos x
= − 1 sin x −
πx x2 x
From the last result and using ν = 5/2 we obtain
5J5/2 (x) = xJ7/2 (x) + xJ3/2 (x)

5
J7/2 (x) = J (x) − J3/2 (x)
x 5/2

5 2 3 sin x 3 cos x 2 sin x
= − − sin x − − cos x
x πx x2 x πx x

2 15 6 15
= − sin x − − 1 cos x
πx x3 x x2
33. (a) To find the spherical Bessel functions j1 (x) and j2 (x) we use the first formula in (30),

π
jn (x) = J
2x n+1/2
with n = 1 and n = 2,

π π
j1 (x) = J (x) and j2 (x) = J (x) .
2x 3/2 2x 5/2
Then from Problem 32 we have

√ sin x sin x cos x
J3/2 (x) = 2πx − cos x so j1 (x) = −
x x2 x
and

√ 3 sin x 3 cos x 3 1 3 cos x
J5/2 (x) = 2πx − − sin x so j2 (x) = − sin x −
x2 x x3 x x2
(b) Using a graphing utility to plot the graphs of

j1 (x) and j2 (x), we get the red and blue graphcs
in the figure to the right.

Full file at
498 CHAPTER 7 THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
31. f (t) = 2 − 2U (t − 2) + [(t − 2) + 2]U (t − 2) = 2 + (t − 2)U (t − 2)

2 1
L {f (t)} = + 2 e−2s
s s
t 2 1
L e f (t) = + e−2(s−1)
s − 1 (s − 1)2
32. f (t) = t − tU (t − 1) + (2 − t)U (t − 1) − (2 − t)U (t − 2) = t − 2(t − 1)U (t − 1) + (t − 2)U (t − 2)

1 2 1
L {f (t)} = 2
− 2 e−s + 2 e−2s
s s s
t 1 2 1
L e f (t) = − e−(s−1) + e−2(s−1)
(s − 1)2 (s − 1)2 (s − 1)2
33. The graph of

∞
f (t) = −1 + 2 (−1)k+1 U (t − k) = −1 + 2U (t − 1) − 2U (t − 2) + 2U (t − 3) − · · ·
k=1
is
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
One way of proceeding to find the Laplace transform is to take the transform term-by-term
of the series:
1 2 2 2
L {f (t)} = − + e−s − e−2s + e−3s − · · · ←− geometric series
s s s s
For s > 0,
1 2 −s 1 2 e−s
L {f (t)} = − + e − e−2s + e−3s − · · · = − + ·
s s s s 1 + e−s
e−s − 1
=
s (1 + e−s )
Alternatively, since f is a periodic functions it can also be defined by

−1, 0 ≤ t < 1
f (t) = where f (t + 2) = f (t).
1, 1 ≤ t < 2,

Full file at
698 CHAPTER 12 BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
I. If λ = 0 then X = 0 and X(x) = c1 x+c2 . Also Y −Y = 0 and Y (y) = c3 cosh y+c4 sinh y
so
u = XY = (c1 x + c2 )(c3 cosh y + c4 sinh y).
II. If λ = −α2 < 0 then X − α2 X = 0 and Y + (α2 − 1)Y = 0. The solution of the first
differential equation is X(x) = c5 cosh αx + c6 sinh αx. The solution of the second differential
equation depends on the nature of α2 − 1. We consider three cases:
(i) If α2 − 1 = 0, or α2 = 1, then Y (y) = c7 y + c8 and
u = XY = (c5 cosh αx + c6 sinh αx)(c7 y + c8 ).
√ √
(ii) If α2 − 1 < 0, or 0 < α2 < 1, then Y (y) = c9 cosh 1 − α2 y + c10 sinh 1 − α2 y and

u = XY = (c5 cosh αx + c6 sinh αx) c9 cosh 1 − α2 y + c10 sinh 1 − α2 y .
√ √
(iii) If α2 − 1 > 0, or α2 > 1, then Y (y) = c11 cos α2 − 1 y + c12 sin α2 − 1 y and

u = XY = (c5 cosh αx + c6 sinh αx) c11 cos α2 − 1 y + c12 sin α2 − 1 y .
III. If λ = α2 > 0, then X + α2 X = 0 and X(x) = c13 cos αx + c14 sin αx. Also,
√ √
Y − (1 + α2 )Y = 0 and Y (y) = c15 cosh 1 + α2 y + c16 sinh 1 + α2 y so

u = XY = (c13 cos αx + c14 sin αx) c15 cosh 1 + α2 y + c16 sinh 1 + α2 y .
16. Substituting u(x, t) = X(x)T (t) into the partial differential equation yields a2 X T −g = XT ,
which is not separable.
17. Identifying A = B = C = 1, we compute B 2 − 4AC = −3 < 0. The equation is elliptic.
18. Identifying A = 3, B = 5, and C = 1, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 13 > 0. The equation is

hyperbolic.
19. Identifying A = 1, B = 6, and C = 9, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 0. The equation is parabolic.
20. Identifying A = 1, B = −1, and C = −3, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 13 > 0. The equation is
hyperbolic.
21. Identifying A = 1, B = −9, and C = 0, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 81 > 0. The equation is

hyperbolic.
22. Identifying A = 0, B = 1, and C = 0, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 1 > 0. The equation is

hyperbolic.
23. Identifying A = 1, B = 2, and C = 1, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 0. The equation is parabolic.

Full file at
798 CHAPTER 13 BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS IN OTHER COORDINATE SYSTEMS
so
A0 = 0, A1 + B1 = 0, C1 + D1 = 75,
and
An + Bn = 0, Cn + Dn = 0, for n > 1.
When r = 2
ˆ 2π
1
A0 + B0 ln 2 = 60 cos θ dθ = 0
2π 0
ˆ
2π 0, n>1
1
An 2n + Bn 2−n = 60 cos θ cos nθ dθ =
π 0 60, n=1
ˆ ∞
n −n 1
Cn 2 + Dn 2 = 60 cos θ sin nθ dθ = 0, n = 1, 2, . . . ,
π 0
so
1 1
B0 = 0, 2A1 + B1 = 60, 2C1 + D1 = 0,
2 2
and
An 2n + Bn 2−n = 0, Cn 2n + Dn 2−n = 0, for n > 1.
Whe have A0 = 0 and B0 = 0, and solving the nonhomogeneous systems for n = 1,
A1 + B1 = 0 C1 + D1 = 75
1 1
B1 = 60
2A1 + 2C1 + D1 = 0
2 2
yields A1 = 40, B1 = −40, C1 = −25, and D1 = 100. Finally, solving the homogeneous
systems
An + Bn = 0 Cn + Dn = 0
An 2n + Bn 2−n = 0 Cn 2n + Dn 2−n = 0
gives An = Bn = Cn = Dn = 0 for n > 1. The solution is then

u(r, θ) = A1 r + B1 r−1 cos θ + C1 r + D1 r−1 sin θ

= 4 − r − 40r−1 cos θ + −25r + 100r−1 sin θ

1 4
= 40 r − cos θ − 25 r − sin θ.
r r
14. We solve
∂ 2 u 1 ∂u 1 ∂2u
+ + = 0, 0 < θ < π, a < r < b,
∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂θ2
u(a, θ) = θ(π − θ), u(b, θ) = 0, 0 < θ < π,
u(r, 0) = 0, u(r, π) = 0, a < r < b.

Full file at
898 CHAPTER 14 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS
By writing the boundary condition x = 0 as
u(0, t) = u0 − u0 U (t − 1)
its transform is
u0 u0 −s
U (0, s) = − e
s s
u0 u0 −s
c1 = − e
s s
√ √
e− sx e− sx
U (x, s) = u0 − u0 e−s
s s
√ √
−1 e− sx
−1 e− sx
−s
u(x, t) = u0 L − u0 L e
s s
by entry 3 of Table 14.1.1 and the inverse form of the second translation theorem that:

x x
u(x, t) = u0 erfc √ − u0 erfc √ U (t − 1)
2 t 2 t−1
or ⎧
⎪ x
⎪
⎪u erfc √ , 0<t<1
⎨ 0 2 t
u(x, t) =

⎪
⎪ x x
⎪
⎩u0 erfc √ − u0 erfc √ , t > 1.
2 t 2 t−1
18. The Laplace transform with respect to t of the partial differential equation gives
d2 U √ √ 50
− sU = −50 so U (x, s) = c1 e− sx
+ c2 e sx
+ .
dx2 s
The boundary condition

50
lim u(x, t) = 50 implies lim U (x, s) =
x→∞ x→∞ s
so we take c2 = 0. Thus
√ 50
U (x, s) = c1 e− sx
+ .
s
The transform of the boundary condition at x = 0 is
100 −5s 100 −10s
U (0, s) = e − e .
s s
Since
100 −5s 100 −10s 50
e − e = c1 +
s s s
we have
50 100 −5s 100 −10s
c1 = − + e − e
s s s

A First Course in Diffe

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Complete Solutions Manual to Accompany

A First Course in Differential

NINTH EDITION, METRIC VERSION

Metric Version Prepared by

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Download full file from buklibry.com

© 2018 Cengage Learning Ninth Edition, Metric Version

Cengage Learning products are represented in

Purchase any of our products at your local college

READ IMPORTANT LICENSE INFORMATION

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Introduction to Diﬀerential Equations

1.1 Deﬁnitions and Terminology

1. Second order; linear

2. Third order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx)4

3. Fourth order; linear

4. Second order; nonlinear because of cos(r + u)

6. Second order; nonlinear because of R2

7. Third order; linear

8. Second order; nonlinear because of ẋ2

11. From y = e−x/2 we obtain y = − 12 e−x/2 . Then 2y + y = −e−x/2 + e−x/2 = 0.

198 CHAPTER 4 HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

D(D2 + 4)(D2 + 4) = D(D2 + 4)2 = 0.

and yp = Ax cos 2x + Bx sin 2x + C. Substituting yp into the diﬀerential equation yields

Equating coeﬃcients gives A = 0, B = 1/8, and C = 1/8. The general solution is

59. Applying D3 to the diﬀerential equation we obtain

16A + 6B + (48B + 24C)x + 96Cx2 = 2 + 9x − 6x2 .

Equating coeﬃcients gives

Then A = 11/256, B = 7/32, and C = −1/16, and the general solution is

60. Applying D(D − 1)2 (D + 1) to the diﬀerential equation we obtain

D(D − 1)2 (D + 1)(D3 − D2 + D − 1) = D(D − 1)3 (D + 1)(D2 + 1) = 0.

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298 CHAPTER 5 MODELING WITH HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

60. Solving 0.1q + 10q = 100 sin γt we obtain

q(t) = c1 cos 10t + c2 sin 10t + qp (t)

(100 − γ 2 )A sin γt + (100 − γ 2 )B cos γt = 100 sin γt.

Equating coeﬃcients we obtain A = 0 and B = E0 C/(1 − LCγ 2 ). Thus, the charge is

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398 CHAPTER 6 SERIES SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

From the last result and using ν = 3/2 we obtain

3J3/2 (x) = xJ5/2 (x) + xJ1/2 (x)

From the last result and using ν = 5/2 we obtain

5J5/2 (x) = xJ7/2 (x) + xJ3/2 (x)

Then from Problem 32 we have

(b) Using a graphing utility to plot the graphs of

Download full file from buklibry.com

498 CHAPTER 7 THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

31. f (t) = 2 − 2U (t − 2) + [(t − 2) + 2]U (t − 2) = 2 + (t − 2)U (t − 2)

32. f (t) = t − tU (t − 1) + (2 − t)U (t − 1) − (2 − t)U (t − 2) = t − 2(t − 1)U (t − 1) + (t − 2)U (t − 2)

33. The graph of

Alternatively, since f is a periodic functions it can also be deﬁned by

Download full file from buklibry.com

698 CHAPTER 12 BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

u = XY = (c5 cosh αx + c6 sinh αx)(c7 y + c8 ).

17. Identifying A = B = C = 1, we compute B 2 − 4AC = −3 < 0. The equation is elliptic.

18. Identifying A = 3, B = 5, and C = 1, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 13 > 0. The equation is

19. Identifying A = 1, B = 6, and C = 9, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 0. The equation is parabolic.

21. Identifying A = 1, B = −9, and C = 0, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 81 > 0. The equation is

22. Identifying A = 0, B = 1, and C = 0, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 1 > 0. The equation is

23. Identifying A = 1, B = 2, and C = 1, we compute B 2 − 4AC = 0. The equation is parabolic.

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798 CHAPTER 13 BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS IN OTHER COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Whe have A0 = 0 and B0 = 0, and solving the nonhomogeneous systems for n = 1,