Test of Differences Between Means: ANOVA

Monday, October 5, 2020 8:30 PM

– t-tests are not recommended for comparing performance across

groups in a multiple-group design because of the increased
probability of a Type I error

Analysis of Variance or ANOVA

– The recommended statistical analysis for multiple group designs
– Interval/ratio data are used
– An inferential parametric statistical test for comparing the means of
three or more groups
– In addition to helping maintain an acceptable Type I error rate, the
ANOVA has the advantage over using multiple t tests of being more
powerful and thus less susceptible to a Type II error
– Uses f-test

 One-way ANOVA
– One-way Randomized ANOVA
– At least three groups that are independent of each other
– Data are on an interval-ratio scale
– The underlying distribution is normally distributed
– The variances among the populations being compared are
homogeneous
– The observations are all independent of one another
– Only one independent variable (IV)

Example:
Imagine that we conducted an experiment in which subjects
are asked to study a list of 10 words using rote rehearsal or
one of two forms of elaborative rehearsal. A total of 24
subjects are randomly assigned, 8 to each condition. We are
interested in the effects of rehearsal on memory

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Hence,

Lesson 5 Page 1
 One-way Repeated Measures ANOVA
– Measures are taken repeatedly on the same individuals
– Only one IV
– At least three groups
– Interval or ratio data

– Example:
Imagine that we conducted an experiment in which subjects
are asked to study a list of 10 words using rote rehearsal or
one of two forms of elaborative rehearsal. The same 8
subjects serve in each condition. We are interested in the
effects of rehearsal on memory

 Two-way ANOVA
– Allows us in one experiment to evaluate the effect of two
independent variable and the interaction between them

 Two-way Randomized ANOVA

– At least three groups that are independent of each other
– There are two independent variables
– Interval/ratio data

– Example:
A. Let’s assume a professor in physical education conducts an
experiment to compare the effects on nighttime sleep of
exercise intensity and of the time of day when the exercise is
done. The experiment uses fixed effects, 3x2 factorial design
with independent groups. There are three levels of exercise
intensity (light, moderate, and heavy) and two levels of time
of day (morning and evening)

B. Thirty-six college students in good physical condition are

randomly. Assigned to the six cells such that there are six
subjects per cell. The subjects who do heavy exercise jog for
3 miles, the subjects who do moderate exercise jog for 1 mile,
and the subjects in the light exercise condition jog for only
1mile. Morning exercise is done at 7:30 a .m., 4 whereas
evening exercise is done at 7:00 p.m. Each subject exercises
once, and the number of hours slept that night is recorded.

○ For the A variable (main effect): The time of day when

exercise is done does not affect nighttime sleep. The
population row means for morning and evening exercise
averaged over the different levels of exercise intensity
are equal

○ For the B variable (main effect): The different levels of

exercise intensity have the same effect on nighttime
sleep. The population column means for light, medium,
and heavy exercise intensity averaged over time of day
conditions are equal

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 ○ For the interaction between A and B: There is no
interaction between time of day and exercise intensity.
With any main effects removed, the population cell
means are equal

 Two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA

– At least three groups
– Measures are taken repeatedly on the same individuals
– Two independent variables
– Interval/ratio data

– Example:
Suppose we have an experiment in which there are two
independent variables: time of day at which subjects are
tested (with two levels: morning and afternoon) and amount
of caffeine consumption (with three levels: low, medium and
high). Subjects are given a memory test under all
permutations of these two variables. In other words, each
subject's performance is tested six times: after low, medium
and high doses of caffeine in the morning, and after low,
medium and high doses of caffeine in the afternoon

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