Kaye Yra A.

Espinosa
BSGE 2-1

LESSON 1
ANALYSIS

From 1899, 1935, 1973 up to 1987 constitutions, based on your understanding, which
is the best constitution of the Philippines?

The Philippines' finest constitution is the 1987 Constitution, which was updated
based on prior constitutions. This indicates that, even if it still has defects, it is still a
good document since, among other things, it was revised to rectify what was lacking
and incorrect in prior constitutions. In its preamble, the mentioned constitution
emphasizes the term "to construct a decent and compassionate society" and the
"blessings of independence and democracy." It helped a lot in achieving the freedom
that the Filipinos sought since it was added to the constitution in order to continue
fighting for the democracy that had been taken away from them since the Marcos
administration.

ABSTRACTION

Best description:
Under Marcos' dictatorship in the Philippines, this picture portrays how the 1973
constitution was constructed. The dog represents the Constitutional Convention, where
laws are drafted. They seemed to be servants, like a dog that solely obeys its master's
commands, in this case, late President Ferdinand Marcos. This was the time when
Marcos sought to amend the constitution to allow him to become Prime Minister and
remain in that position for the rest of his life, as seen in this artwork, which references to
the constitution's phrase "Marcos Forever."
Kaye Yra A. Espinosa
BSGE 2-1

APPLICATION
WrIte an essay on how to apply your constitutional rights. Justify your answer with valid
reason.
Individual, communal, civil, political, economic, and social rights, as well as cultural
rights, can all be defined as human rights. It lets a person to live with dignity and serenity,
free from the atrocities that abusive organizations or individuals may inflict. However, the
truth remains that human rights breaches are widespread throughout the world.
A Filipino citizen still has several rights under the Bill of Rights, including the right
to privacy, freedom of speech, expression, and the press, freedom of assembly, freedom
of religion, right to travel, and many others. As a Filipino citizen, we have numerous rights,
but they are accompanied by constraints and duties. For example, we have the right to
freely express our opinions and thoughts without censorship or restraint, but this right
expires when one begins to infringe the rights of another person or the values of society
as a whole. Defamation, more especially libel and slander, is an example of this scenario
in which you might be sued if proven guilty.
As a human, you will be able to protect yourself if you know your rights. If you are
unaware of your rights, you will never be able to find a way out if you are in danger. If you
want to accomplish a lot in life, you should learn more about rights so that you are not
distracted. And, as long as it is not unlawful, you have the freedom to do anything you
choose. Therefore, it is important to be aware of your legal rights. Things will be easier
for us if we understand our rights. And we'll be able to recognize when people treat us
unfairly and speak up for our rights. However, if we don't know, our people are free to do
whatever they believe is right. Even if we can see that this is incorrect since we will not
be aware of our rights. Know your rights whether you're at work, at home, in prison, or
anywhere else.
Kaye Yra A. Espinosa
BSGE 2-1

LESSON 2
ANALYSIS

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988. What is the essence of CARL?

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 provides landowners with equity
in terms of income and possibilities, empowers landowner beneficiaries to have equitable
land ownership, increases agricultural production and productivity, employs more
agricultural employees, and puts a stop to land ownership conflicts. The Philippines would
be able to benefit more from its agricultural potential as a result of this law, as well as
uplift Filipinos working in the agricultural industry, who have long been impoverished and
dissatisfied.

How does the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) help the famers?

The Department of Agrarian Reform, being the lead agency in the implementation
of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program pursuant to RA 6657 has these goals:
1. Security of land tenure provided to landless farmers through land distribution and
leasehold arrangements (Land Tenure Improvement)
2. Legal intervention provided to ARBs (Agrarian Justice Delivery)
3. Support services implemented, facilitated and coordinated for delivery to ARBs
(Support Services Delivery)

ABSTRACTION

Formalization of the administration of land rights has been promoted as a pre requisite
for economic development. Perceived benefits include increased tenure security and
improved access to credit, thereby providing the incentive and ability for farmers to invest
in making improvements to the land. Formal administration is proposed as a means to
facilitate a land market, allowing land to move towards its "highest and best use", thus
helping farmers become more productive and consequently improved their lives.
Kaye Yra A. Espinosa
BSGE 2-1

This political cartoon clearly implies the subject of land ownership and the ongoing
conflicts in our country's agricultural reform program's execution. The fundamental
challenge with this agricultural reform program, as seen in the image, is that private
landowners, particularly large landowners, are firmly opposed to the CARP, despite
multiple conversations and discussions. Landowners are opposed to this policy because
they believe it undervalues their property. There are still tensions in agrarian reform and
in rural regions of the Philippines, particularly when it comes to resolving land ownership
disputes between private landowners and beneficiaries or farmers. As a result, despite
their critical role in our society, farmers and agricultural laborers remain one of our nation's
lowest and most disadvantaged sectors.

APPLICATION
Write an essay on agrarian reform as a dying issue.
Agrarian reform is essential to rural democratization and the enjoyment of basic
human rights by the land-dependent rural poor. The possession of enormous swaths of
land by regional rural elites serves as their ticket to political office in Philippine society,
which is molded by a land-based power system. They are able to maintain their influence
through cultivating patron-client ties. Secure tenure rights to and management of land
also imply access to basic human rights to food and livelihood. As a result, agrarian reform
emphasizes land ownership as a human right that is protected by international treaties
and regulations.

The Philippine government was only able to distribute 57 percent of the intended
land under CARP's original ten-year mandate; nevertheless, the program was extended
for another 10 years in 1998. Budget limits on the expenses of land acquisition and
distribution, including landowner compensation, a lack of an accurate property registration
system, and widespread corruption in the DAR were mentioned as important causes for
the CARP's delayed implementation. Although land reform resulted in considerable
improvements, the advantages to the peasants were restricted to those who benefited
from land redistribution, and the degree of success was determined by a variety of
circumstances, including the quality of support services obtained by farmers. CARP was
neither completely effective nor a total failure in this regard, because the government was
unable to adequately cover and distribute targeted land, nor offer the support services
required to boost farmers' productivity and revenue.

The government's agrarian reform program is only partially effective in breaking up

land monopolies due to poor government execution, inherent legal loopholes, significant
landowner resistance, weak farmers' organizations, and the New People's Army's
continued advocacy of its own agricultural revolution. This is why poverty persists in many
rural places. The establishment of an agricultural reform movement has greatly
contributed to the government's agricultural reform program's partial success. The plight
of Filipino farmers has been at the forefront of the country's major challenges. Despite
the fact that the government has set goals and outcomes for the agricultural reform
program, there is still a lack of execution, manifestation, and popular support for this
initiative.