7/12/2021 Bleaching of Pulp

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Methyl 3-Mercaptopropionate Huarong Chemical
PULP &PAPER GRADES
Sodium Sulphate
PULP &PAPER PROPERTIES Galata Chemicals produces MMP
WASTE PAPER GRADES Our focus is to provide the most

Galata Chemicals produces bulk MMP in the United

superior product and service to clients.
PAPER MAKING PROCESS
States. at 99.9% purity
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BLEACHING STAGES AND SEQUENCES

Unbleached pulps exhibit a wide range of brightness depending on the pulping process and fibrous
raw material used. The sulfite process produces the brightest pulp, up to 65% whereas Kraft, soda and
semi-chemical may produced pulp of only 15% brightness.
Methyl 3-

Mercaptopropionate
Holocellulose (Cellulose + hemi-cellulose) are inherently white and do not contribute to color. It is the
Galata Chemicals

produces MMP chromophoric group in lignin which are responsible for color.
Galata Chemicals produces

bulk MMP in the United

States. at 99.9% purity
galatachemicals.com
Two approaches are used in the chemical bleaching of pulps. One approach utilizes selective chemic‐
als that destroy some of the chromophoric group but do not attack lignin. The other approach is to al‐
most totally remove all lignin. The first approach provide around 70% brightness and retain high pulp
yield, while second approach provide 90% + brightness but reduces pulp yield.

SYMBOLS STAGE AMOUNT TIME pH CONSISTENCY TEMPERATURE DESCRIPTION

A Acid Wash To remove metal element from pulp

B Boron            
Hydride
NaBH4
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C Chlorination 5 -7% on 40 2 3 - 4% 20 - 25 0C Elemental
chlorine (Cl2) is an effective
pulp min de-lignifying agent. As it
breaks lignin
bonds, it adds chlorine atoms to the
lignin degradation
products, thus
producing significant amounts of
chlorinated organic
material.
For more

D Chlorine 0.6-1.0% 180 3.5 10 - 12% 60 - 80 0C Chlorine dioxide

(ClO2) is a highly
Dioxide on pulp min - selective chemical that can both de-
4.0 lignify
and brighten pulp. It oxidizes
lignin, but does not add chlorine
atoms
onto lignin fragments; however,
small amounts of elemental chlorine
and
other chlorine compounds formed
during the chlorine dioxide bleaching

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7/12/2021 Bleaching of Pulp
process react with degraded lignin to
form chlorinated organic compounds.
Methyl 3-

For more
Mercaptopropionate
Galata Chemicals produces
CD or C/D Chlorine and
chlorine dioxide added
MMP or D/C together
Galata Chemicals produces bulk MMP

in the United States. at 99.9% purity E Alkaline 3 -4% on 120 12 10 - 20% 45 - 95 0C To remove colored
components from
galatachemicals.com
Extraction pulp min partially bleached pulps that have
been rendered soluble
in dilute warm
alkali solution.
For more
OPEN EO Alkali extraction
reinforced with
oxygen

EP Alkali extraction
reinforced with
hydrogen peroxide

EOP Alkali extraction

reinforced with
oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

F Formamidine
Sulfinic Acid

H Sodium 1% on pulp 11- 3 - 15% 30 - 60 0C Sodium

hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an
Hypo- 11.5 inexpensive de-lignifying agent
chlorite formed by
mixing elemental chlorine
with alkali at the mill.
For more

M Chlorine
Monoxide
or
Hypochlorous

N Nitrogen
Compounds

O Oxygen 1-5 - 2.0% 60 >7 10 - 15% 85 - 95 0C Oxygen removes

lignin and modify
on pulp min other coloring components. In the
oxygen
delignification/bleaching
stage the pulp is treated with oxygen
in a
pressurized vessel at elevated
temperature in an alkaline
environment.
For more

P Peroxide 2 -3 % on 1 -2 10 - 30% 65 - 80 0C Hydrogen peroxide

(H2O2) is mainly
pulp hr used to brighten pulps in the final
bleaching stages. Peroxide is often
used at the end of a conventional
bleaching sequence to prevent the
pulp from losing brightness over time.
Preferred for mechanical and recycled
fiber.
For more

Paa Peracetic            
Acid,
CH3COOOH

Q Chelatin To control the

brightness restricting
and reversion effects of iron salts and
other heavy
metals in the pulp.

W Wash Pulp is washed

almost every bleaching
stage to remove reactants of
preceding stage.

X Xylanase Xylanase-based
enzymatic
pretreatment, in a TCF (Totally
Chlorine Free) sequence, results
in
easier bleaching and delignification of
the pulp, causing a
bleach-boosting
effect.

Y Sodium 0.5 - 1.2% 35- 5.5 5 - 8% 60 - 75 0C Reductive

bleaching. Good for
Hydrosulfite on pulp 60 recycled fibers.
min

Z Ozone 0.1 - 1.0% 2.5 5 - 15% <650C Ozone (O3) is

also an effective de-
on pulp lignifying agent. It also brightens the
pulp as well.
Ozone attacks the
cellulose fiber as well as the lignin.

ZD Ozone and
Chlorine Dioxide added
sequentially in same stage

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7/12/2021 Bleaching of Pulp
Bleaching sequences can be any combination of these stages. Lately selection
of bleaching sequence has largely being guided by environ‐
mental considerations.
In USA, Canada and Europe, use of elemental chlorine for bleaching is almost
stopped. Two categories of bleaching
sequences used are; ECF (Elemental Chlorine
Free) and TCF (Total Chlorine Free). ECF uses Chlorine Dioxide while TCF exclude
Chlorine Diox‐
ide. Read more about ECF from
Alliance for Environmental Technology, a group lobbying for ECF.

Environmental aspects of ECF & TCF  Chemical Woodpulp Bleaching

Pulp Bleaching Technology by Princeton University

Bleaching Battle: ECF Vs, TCF by Wire & Fabrics, India

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Other issue to consider in deciding bleaching sequence are

1. Type of Pulp: The high yield pulp which retain most of their lignin
are bleached by modifying the lignin instead of removing it.
Chemical pulp
where most of the lignin is already removed bleaching is performed by
removing the remaining lignin. Recycled fiber
are de-inked before any
bleaching.
2. Degree of Brightness: The bleaching sequence and number of stages
are mostly governed by the requirement of brightness
levels. A
simple CEH or DEH is enough to achieve 70 or below brightness. 4
to 5 stages are required for 80 -90 brightness and more stages
for >90
brightness.

Classical Bleaching Sequences

CEH

CEHH

CEHEH

CEHHD

CEHDH

CEDED

CEHDED

CEDH

ECF

DED

DEDED

(ZD)EopDD

ODEOPDD

TCF

OAPP

OZEPY

OXZEPY

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