Submitted by- SUKHWINDER SINGH

ROLL NO.101988015

3MEE2

Submitted to –Dr. SK Mohapatra

Ans.1

New and Renewable Energy in Punjab

Energy production using fossil fuels is the major

contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere, which is perceived to be the main
cause for global warming. Evidences collated by
IPCC (IPCC, 2007a) clearly indicate that the
warming is having a deleterious effect on
ecosystems and its services across the globe.
Transitioning to a low-carbon energy economy is
a way out for mitigation of impacts of climate
change and energy generation through New and
Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) provide an
opportunity for such transition. Punjab has been
developing its renewable energy resources for
some time now and a status of these
developments is as under:
As of 2018, majority of the installed capacity in
the state comes from thermal sources. However,
renewables and clean power sources, such as
nuclear, hydro and other renewables constitute
the remaining. Further this could be increased if
Punjab were to leverage the power of biomass,
abundant in the state due to its large agricultural
sector. Of the installed capacity, 35% is owned by
the government of Punjab, 49% is privately
owned and 17% is centrally owned.
Sources of power in Punjab as percentage of
installed capacity (MW) as of March 2018

Solar energy
The state is endowed with vast potential of solar
energy estimated at 4-7 KWH/sqm of solar
insulation levels. About 894.9 MW of solar power
projects have been commissioned by 2020.
Additionally, under rooftop programme about 60.5
MW capacity Solar Power Plants have been
commissioned in the state at various important
Govt., Institutional, and Religious buildings
namely Punjab Raj Bhawan, Punjab Civil
Secretariat, Golden Temple, Wagah Border,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and
Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala.
Hydro-electricity:
During 2019-19 (RE) it is estimated that the total
availability of energy was 58914Mkwh. Out of
which Hydro plants generated 7210 Mkwh.
However it is estimated to increase by 2019-20 to
7300 Mkwh.

Large Biogas plants:

High rate Biomethanation Projects (biogas) based
on anaerobic digestion technology for Recovery of
Energy of about 1MW from Dairy Waste at
Haibowal, Ludhiana is operational since 2004.
Plans are on to increase the capacity of energy
generation from 1MW to 10 MW. Another Cattle
Dung based Power Project of similar capacity ~
1MW shall be installed at Jalandhar on Build,
Operate & Own (BOO) basis.
Power generation from Biomass/Agro-
residue and waste:

Biomass is defined as living or recently dead

organisms and any byproducts of those
organisms, plant or animal. In the context of
biomass energy, it refers to those crops, residues,
and other biological materials that can be used as
a substitute for fossil fuels in the production of
energy and other products. Punjab has the highest
potential for biomass power at 3172 MW, on
account of its large agriculture sector, much
higher than the installed capacity. However, the
installed capacity of biomass power has also
increased of 77.2% from 179 MW in 2017 to
317.10 MW in 2018.
An important constraint to the leveraging of
biomass power include fragmented nature of land
holdings, due to which plants need to collect the
straw from farm to farm during the season and the
stored fuel gets used through the year. However,
the fuel value of the stored straw decreases with
time. To overcome this issue, projects could
potentially establish stronger linkages by entering
into partnership with farmers to deposit their farm
residue in designated collection centres.
Alternatively, work may be done to develop
commercially viable small biomass power projects
that collect waste from smaller catchment areas.
Cogeneration with sugar mills, using sugarcane
bagasse as biomass could be another route.
Ans.2

Fossil fuel industry in India - Statistics &

Facts

For the economic growth, development and welfare

of nations, power acts as a crucial component. The
power sector in the south Asian country of India is
very diversified. Sources of power generation across
the country ranged from conventional fuels such as
coal, natural gas, crude oil to renewable sources such
as hydro, wind and nuclear power. The demand for
electricity in the country has increased rapidly and
was expected to grow further in the years to come.
From April 2018 to January 2019, a total of over one
trillion kilowatt hours of electricity was
generated across the nation. A major portion of
this electricity generation came from thermal
energy. The private sector had a strong grip on the
energy sector in 2019, amounting to an installed
energy capacity of around 167 thousand
megawatts. The industry, however, had been subject
to significant changes in the recent years to shift
focus to more renewable sources of energy.

Coal production had been the focus of the

government to meet energy demands of the world’s
second largest population. In 2018, primary energy
consumption in the country was dominated by coal.
Coal amounted to over 75 percent of India’s energy
supply in 2019 and over 50 percent of the installed
capacity. According to the Central Electricity
Authority, renewable sources of energy were
expected to generate half of the country’s power by
2030, the other half however, was still expected to
be generated through coal.

Natural gas and crude oil had been equally important

fossil fuels along with coal. Natural gas could lead the
way for a gradual transition from high carbon-
intensive sources as the country aims to cut
emissions. The installed natural gas capacity in India
was around 25 thousand megawatts in 2019. Unlike
coal, the power sector was not the leading consumer
for natural gas within the nation - it was the fertilizer
industry instead. Due to its abundant availability as
well as its economic benefits, the natural gas sector
had been an attractive investment area for the Indian
government as well as foreign players. In 2018, the
petroleum and natural gas sector had FDI inflows of
around 24 million U.S. dollars. The per capita natural
gas consumption in the country was exponentially
below the global average in 2019, giving way to
infrastructure and economic opportunities to increase
the share of natural gas in India’s energy mix.

In 2013, net crude oil and petroleum product imports

made India the fourth largest consumer and net
importer of oil related products. The transportation
industry was one the major drivers for this demand.
Despite having an onshore production volume of
over 17 million metric tons in 2017, the crude oil
import volume into the country increased by over
five percent that year. The government aimed to cut
the oil imports dependence by more than 60 percent
by the year 2022. However, falling domestic
production due to ageing fields and foreign
competition, the policies and initiatives had been
struggling to give satisfactory results.

The fossil fuel industry in India was likely to face

some competition from renewable energy sources

in the near future. The government had

introduced taxes on fossil fuels, but on the other

hand, subsidizes bulk purchases. A majority of the

coal consumption came through power plants to

generate electricity, whereas oil and natural gas

were mainly used by the transportation industry.

Climate change and climate action are likely to

influence the dependency on fossil fuels. Fossil

fuel combustion in India was responsible for about

seven percent of global carbon dioxide emissions.
The gas sector was estimated to emerge as the

leading energy supplier across the country going

forward. Gas was anticipated to fuel the robust

economic growth in the country.

Ans-4

Fire Tube Boiler

The Fire tube boiler is intended for transmitting
hot-gases using heat source as well as cycle.
These gases flow through pipes with a water-filled
drum. This procedure efficiently transmits the
heat from the hot gas to the water, which
efficiently produces steam. The main features of
fire tube boilers include a simple design, easy to
operate as well as the low cost to purchase. These
boilers are extremely flexible in producing the
average to low degrees of force with the capacity
as well as skilled to be arranged in different
designs.

Types of Fire Tube Boilers

1.Cornish boiler
 2.Lancashire boiler
3.Locomotive boiler
4.Scotch marine boiler
5.Admiralty-type direct tube boiler
6.Horizontal return tubular boiler
7.Immersion fired boiler
8.Vertical fire-tube boiler

1.Cornish boiler
Cornish Boiler is a fire tube boiler. It was first
adapted by Richard Trevithick’s and, first installed
at Dolcoath mine in the year of 1812. This boiler
has a long horizontal cylinder with a single large
flue containing the fire. Cornish boiler design has
similarity with the Lancashire Boiler. But if you
consider the performance then Lancashire boiler
will be ahead. Cornish boiler can produce steam at
the rate of 6500 kg/hr and can take maximum
steam pressure of 10.5 bar. But in case of
Lancashire Boiler can produce steam at the rate of
9000kg/hr and can take maximum steam
pressure of 16 bar.
2. Lancashire boiler - Lancashire Boiler is a
horizontal type and stationary fire tube boiler. ...
This is an internally fired boiler because
the furnace uses to present inside the boiler.
This boiler generates low-pressure steam and it
is a natural circulation boiler.

3.Locomotive boiler
A locomotive boiler is a device that is used to
create steam from water by using heat energy.
This is a horizontal drum axis, multi-tubular,
natural circulation, artificial draft, forced
circulation, medium pressure, solid fuel fired fire
tube boiler that has an internal fire furnace.
 Locomotive boiler

4.Scotch marine boiler-

Scotch Marine Boiler Definition: Scotch
marine boiler is a fire tube boiler that works is to
produce steam from water and it is mainly used at
marine.

5.Admiralty-type direct tube boiler- Extensively

used by Britain, before and in the early days of
ironclads, the only protected place was below
the waterline, sometimes under an armoured
deck, so to fit below short decks, the tubes were
not led back above the furnace but continued
straight from it with keeping the combustion
 chamber in between the two. Hence the name,
and considerably reduced diameter, compared
to the ubiquitous Scotch or return tube boiler. It
was not a great success and its use was being
abandoned after the introduction of stronger
side armouring – “the furnace crowns, being
very near the water-level, are much more liable
to over-heating. Further, on account of the
length of the boiler, for an equal angle of
inclination, the effect on the water-level is much
greater. Finally, the unequal expansion of the
various parts of the boiler is more pronounced,
especially at the top and bottom, due to the
increased ratio between the length and the
diameter of the boiler; the local strains are also
more severe on account of the comparatively
feeble circulation in long and low boilers.” All
these also resulted in a shorter life. Also, the
same length of a combustion chamber was
much less effective on a direct tube than on a
return tube boiler, at least without baffling

6. Horizontal return tubular boiler-

Extensively used by Britain, before and in
the early days of ironclads, the only protected
place was below the waterline, sometimes under
an armoured deck, so to fit below short decks, the
tubes were not led back above the furnace but
continued straight from it with keeping the
combustion chamber in between the two. Hence
the name, and considerably reduced diameter,
compared to the ubiquitous Scotch or return tube
boiler. It was not a great success and its use was
being abandoned after the introduction of stronger
side armouring – “the furnace crowns, being very
near the water-level, are much more liable to
over-heating. Further, on account of the length of
the boiler, for an equal angle of inclination, the
effect on the water-level is much greater. Finally,
the unequal expansion of the various parts of the
boiler is more pronounced, especially at the top
and bottom, due to the increased ratio between
the length and the diameter of the boiler; the local
strains are also more severe on account of the
comparatively feeble circulation in long and low
boilers.” All these also resulted in a shorter life.
Also, the same length of a combustion chamber
was much less effective on a direct tube than on
a return tube boiler, at least without baffling .

7.Immersion fired boiler-

The immersion fired boiler is a single-pass fire-
tube boiler that was developed by Sellers
Engineering in the 1940s. It has only firetubes,
functioning as a furnace and combustion chamber
also, with multiple burner nozzles injecting
premixed air and natural gas under pressure. It
claims reduced thermal stresses, and lacks
refractory brickwork completely due to its
construction.

8.Vertical fire-tube boiler-

A vertical fire-tube boiler or vertical
multitubular boiler is a vertical boiler where the
heating surface is composed of multiple small fire-
tubes, arranged vertically.[1]
These boilers were not common, owing
to drawbacks with excessive wear in service. The
more common form of vertical boiler,[2] which was
very similar in external appearance, instead used
a single flue and water-filled cross-tubes. Another
form used horizontal fire-tubes, even where this
added complexity, such as the Cochran boiler.

Difference between Boiler Mountings and

Accessories
1. Boiler Mounting are primarily intended for
the safety. Boiler Accessories are used to increase
the efficiency.
2. A boiler cannot work without mounting. A boiler
can work without accessories.
3. Mountings are mounted on the body of the
boiler itself. Accessories are installed with the
boilers to increase their efficiency.
4. Examples of Boiler Accessories: Pressure
Gauge, Safety Valves, Fusible Plug etc. Examples
of Boiler Mountings: Feed Pump, Injector,
Economiser etc.

Boiler Mountings
Regular accidents and boiler break down can
happen due to improper maintenance and
cleaning. Without boiler mounting one can
damage boiler and its surrounding with one
mistake followed by a series of events. During
cargo operation there is a increased demand for
steam and so the mountings help operate the
boiler with more and ease and safety. Boiler
mountings include:

1 ) Safety Valves
Safety valves are fitted on every boiler to avoid
over pressurizing. Normally three safety valves
are fitted on the boiler with one on the super
heater and rest two on steam drum. In no
condition these valves be less than two in number
and must lift at a pressure 3% above boiler
working pressure irrespective of boiler types.
A steam valve is made up of cast iron body with
two independent valves fitted on the valve seat.
These valves are connected to a lever by means
of a pivot held tight to its position by spring. The
spring force keep the valve sit shut on the valve
seat under normal condition. When the upward
pressure exceeds the downward spring force; the
valve is lifted and excess steam is released to the
atmosphere.
 Steam Stop valve
2 ) Steam Stop valve
A steam stop valve is connected to the boiler to
stop and regulate steam flow from boiler to the
distribution lines. Main steam stop valve on boiler
is kept shut to avoid back-flow of steam to the
boiler. The flange of the steam stop valve is bolted
on top of the steam drum. Valve main body is
made of cast iron while the valve seat is made
from gun metal. The spindle on one end is
connected to the valve while the other end to the
handle wheel passing through ( yoke / Gland nut
) and gland packing. The valve is operated by
rotating the hand wheel. Rotating hand wheel in
turn rotate the spindle which move the valve up
allowing path for steam to flow.
3 ) Vent Valve
Vent valve is installed on the boiler shell to vent
air from steam drum during starting of boiler.
These vent valves also comes handy during boiler
shut down as it let fresh air to enter the boiler
drum avoiding its collapse under pressure. A vent
valve can also be used to release / dump moist
steam at start.

Boiler
Pressure gauge ( Boiler Mountings )
4 ) Pressure Gauge
Pressure gauge are fitted to the steam drum and
super heater to indicate steam pressure inside.
These gauge are fitted on the front top of the
boiler shell and represent pressure in bar. A
bourdon tube of closed cross section is attached
to the steam space on one end through siphon
tube. The tube itself contain water to avoid steam
to enter into the pressure gauge. The pointer is
connected to the threaded gear attached to the
spindle. When pressure is applied to the bourdon
tube it becomes circular turning the spindle. This
cause the pointer to move along with the gear;
representing the boiler pressure.
Boiler Gauge Glass ( water level indicator )
5 ) Water Level Indicator
A pair of water level indicator is installed directly
to the boiler shell with an additional remote
reading gauge installed at convenient position.
They are installed directly on the front end of all
boiler types; showing water level in boiler drum.
It consist of a glass tube with three independent
cock ( Steam cock, water cock and drain cock ).
Steam and water cock separates the glass tube
with boiler steam and water respectively. Drain
cock on other hand used to drain water from glass
tube. A metal ball is provided on the water side of
the gauge glass to avoid subsequent accident and
water loss; by water flashing off steam in event of
glass rapture / failure.
Under normal condition both steam and water
cock is open allowing water and steam pressure to
balance. In event of incorrect reading we need to
blow through; by closing the water cock and
opening drain cock. A strong blow will indicate the
steam cock is clear; now repeat the process with
steam cock closed and water cock opened. Strong
blow of steam with hissing sound indicate the
water cock is clear. Now close the drain cock and
let water fill in; slowly open the steam cock
equalizing the pressure.
6 ) Feed Check Valve
A feed check valve is a non return valve type fitted
on the boiler shell just below the normal water
level. It regulates the flow of feed water restricting
possible back flow to the feed pump. These valves
are usually fitted with extended spindle for remote
operation. The inlet and outlet point of these
valves are exposed to different pressure. When
the feed pump is operational; sufficient pressure
is build at the inlet point of the valve. When the
inlet pressure is more than the outlet point the
valve lift allowing water to pass to the boiler.

Feed Check Valve; Cross Section ( Boiler

Mountings )
7 ) Fusible Plug
A fusible plug is the threaded gunmetal cylinder
with conical plug and tappet hole drilled into it.
This This hole is then filled with an alloy of low
melting point such as tin. The plug can be of either
fire actuated or steam actuated type fitted over
the combustion chamber.

Boiler acessories
The following are the important accessories of the
boiler are: Feed water pump Injector Pressure
reducing valve Economiser Air pre heater Super
heater Steam drier or separator Steam trap 1.
Feed water pump: the feed water pump is used
to feed water to the boiler.

Ans-3
The types of water tube boilers include the
following.
 Simple Vertical Boiler
 Stirling Boiler
 Babcock and Wilcox Boilers
1) Simple Vertical Boiler
This is one type of water tube boiler. In this type
of boiler, the axis of direction is perpendicular with
respect to the position. The major components of
this boiler include ash pit, grate, feed check tap,
fire hole, firebox, cross box, hand hole, fusible
plug, water gauge, cylindrical shell, steam space,
manhole, pressure gauge, steam stop tap, safety
tap, chimney.
In this type of boiler, using the fire hoke fuel is
added into the grate which destroys by fire to
generate the warm gases. Ash pit is for collecting
the ash which is converted from the fuel. Hot
gases increase high and supply their heat toward
the water within the cross box, then moves out
using the chimney.

Simple Vertical Boiler

When the water heats up and generates vapor as
a result of water heating then collects at the
boiler’s vapor space. Vapor is gathered until an
assured force is conquered & vapor moves out to
activate engine or turbine. These boilers are used
in steam power-driven vehicles as well as mobile
machines like railway steam engine, steam
tractor, Steam shovels, and steam cranes.
2) Stirling Boiler
The Stirling boiler is one type of water tube boiler,
used for generating steam (50,000 kg steam/hour
and 60 kgf /cm2 pressure) in the large area of the
stationary plant. This type of boiler consists of 3
steam drums as well as 2 mud drums. The steam
drums are located on the top section of the boiler
whereas mud drums are located on the base of the
arrangement. The steam drums and mud drums
are connected through bent tube banks.

Stirling Water Tube Boiler

When the tubes are turned then the mechanical
pressures due to pipes extension throughout
heating cannot influence the system. The two
drums as well as tubes are designed of steel which
will support the total system.
The arrangement of the Stirling boiler is enclosed
with brickwork. Here, the arrangement of bricks
will avoid the heat dissipation in the surroundings
3) Babcock and Wilcox Boilers
This is a horizontal straight water tube boiler; it
has a steam drum which is made of steel. The two
ends of the drum are associated with a series of
two end headers with short riser pipes. These are
disposed at 15o0 angle to the horizontal axis of
the steam drum. The disposed of the arrangement
of tubes assists in the supply of water, and the
water level in the drum is indicated with a water
level indicator.

Babcock and Wilcox

Boiler
The fire door in the water boiler will be located at
the bottom and the fuel will be supplied through
this door and burns in a grate. The burning fuel
will generate the hot gases that are forced in the
grate to supply upward with baffle plates. At the
bottom of the water boiler, mud collector is
located for removing the mud particles using blow
down a cock. Therefore, a nonstop water
circulation from the steam drum toward the water
tubes is maintained by convective currents
because of the difference in concentration and it
is called as normal circulation.
fuel feeding method Types of Fuel
Feed systems of a petrol engine:
 Gravity Feed.
 Pressurized Feed.
 Vacuum system.
 Pump Feed.
 Fuel injection system.
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