ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Sample Problem:
The researcher wanted to know whether three different learning modality can affect
mean scores on their General Mathematics Final Exam. 30 students actively
participated in the study with 10 students in each learning modality. The table below are
the scores of the students subjected on the study.

Student Online Digital Printed

Learning Learning Learning
Module Module Module
1 85 79 91
2 98 78 96
3 94 81 95
4 88 82 93
5 86 83 92
6 80 85 88
7 79 85 87
8 78 88 85
9 75 92 84
10 71 94 82

STEP 1: CALCULATE THE MEAN AND THE OVERALL MEAN

Student Online Digital Printed

Learning Learning Learning
Module Module Module
1 85 79 91
2 98 78 96
3 94 81 95
4 88 82 93
5 86 83 92
6 80 85 88
7 79 85 87
8 78 88 85
9 75 92 84
10 71 94 82
Group Mean ( X M ) 834 893 847
=83.4 =89.3 =84.7
10 10 10
Overall Mean ( X́ ) 834+893+ 847
=85.8
30

STEP 2: SET UP THE NULL AND ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the mean exam scores of
the different learning modality.

Alternate Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the mean scores of the
different learning modality.

STEP 3: CALCULATE THE SUM OF SQUARES

A. Calculate the Sum of Squares Total (SST)

Student ( X n) Total Mean ( X́ ) 2

( X n− X́ )
71 85.8 219.04
75 85.8 116.64
78 85.8 60.84
78 85.8 60.84
79 85.8 46.24
79 85.8 46.24
80 85.8 33.64
81 85.8 23.04
82 85.8 14.44
82 85.8 14.44
83 85.8 7.84
84 85.8 3.24
85 85.8 0.64
85 85.8 0.64
85 85.8 0.64
85 85.8 0.64
86 85.8 0.04
87 85.8 1.44
88 85.8 4.84
88 85.8 4.84
88 85.8 4.84
91 85.8 27.04
92 85.8 38.44
92 85.8 38.44
93 85.8 51.84
94 85.8 67.24
94 85.8 67.24
95 85.8 84.64
 96 85.8 104.04
98 85.8 148.84
SUM OF SQUARES TOTAL (SST) 1,292.8

B. Calculate the Sum of Squares Within Groups (SSW)

Online Learning Module

Student Xn XM ( X n−X M )
2

1 85 83.4 2.56
2 71 83.4 153.76
3 75 83.4 70.56
4 78 83.4 29.16
5 79 83.4 19.36
6 80 83.4 11.56
7 86 83.4 6.76
8 88 83.4 21.26
9 94 83.4 112.36
10 98 83.4 213.16
Summation ( Σ )=¿ 640.4
Mean = 64.04

Digital Learning Module

Student Xn XM ( X n−X M )
2

1 91 89.3 2.89
2 82 89.3 53.29
3 84 89.3 28.09
4 85 89.3 18.49
5 87 89.3 5.29
6 88 89.3 1.69
7 92 89.3 7.29
8 93 89.3 13.69
9 95 89.3 32.49
10 96 89.3 44.89
Summation ( Σ )=¿ 208.1
Mean = 20.81

Printed Learning Module

Student Xn XM ( X n−X M )
2
 1 82 89.3 53.29
2 84 89.3 28.09
3 85 89.3 18.49
4 87 89.3 5.29
5 88 89.3 1.69
6 91 89.3 2.89
7 92 89.3 7.29
8 93 89.3 13.69
9 95 89.3 32.49
10 96 89.3 44.89
Summation ( Σ )=¿ 252.1
Mean = 25.21

SSwithin =640.4+208.1+252.1=1100.6

C. Calculate the Sum of Squares Between Groups (SSB)

SSbetween =( ( 83.4−85.8 )2+ ( 89.3−85.8 )2+ ( 84.7−85.8 )2 ) × 10

SSbetween =( 5.76+12.25+1.21 ) ×10=192.2
SStotal=SS between + SSwithin

1292.8=192.2+1100.6

STEP 4: CALCULATE THE DEGREES OF FREEDOM (df)

n=total number of data sets

k =number of groups

A. Calculate the Degrees of Freedom Total (DFT)

df total =n−1
df total =30−1
df total =29

B. Calculate the Degrees of Freedom Within Groups (DFW)

df within=n−k
df within=30−3
df within=27

C. Calculate the Degrees of Freedom Between Groups (DFB)

df between =k−1
df between =3−1
df between =2

df total =df within + df between

29=27+2

STEP 5: CALCULATE THE MEAN SQUARES

A. Calculate the Mean Squares Between (MSB)

SS between
MS between =
df between

192.2
MS between =
2

MS between =96.1

B. Calculate the Mean Squares Within (MSW)

SSwithin
MS within=
df within

1100.6
MS within=
27

MS within=40.76

STEP 6: CREATE A SUMMARY TABLE AND CALCULATE F-STATISTIC

MSbetween
F=
MS within

96.1
F= =2.358
40.76

Source of Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Squares F-Statistic

Variation Freedom (MS)
Within 1100.6 27 40.76 2.358
Between 192.2 2 96.1
Total 1292.8 29
 STEP 7: LOOK UP FROM F TABLE

The F-Statistic for this one-way ANOVA is

2.358. To determine if this is a statistically
significant result, we must compare this to the F-
critical value found in F-distribution table with
the following values:
 a (significance level) = 0.05
 DF1 ( df between ¿=2
 DF2 (df within ¿=27

We find that the F critical value is 3.3541

CONCLUSION:

Since the F statistic in the ANOVA table is less than the F critical value in the F
distribution table, we accept the null hypothesis. This means that we don’t have
sufficient evidence to say that there is a statistically significant difference between the
mean scores of the different learning modality.