The Communication Process

➢ Elements of the Communication Process

➢ Basic Forms of Communication
➢ Barriers to Effective Communication
 Elements of the Communication Process

Communication - the meaningful exchange of

information through messages

Elements of the process:

• Sender
• Message
• Channel
• Receiver
• Feedback
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 Elements of the Communication Process

SENDER
• Originates and sends the message
• Makes sure the message is perceived in the way he/she
intended it
• Example is a supervisor
sending a memo to a
subordinate employee

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 Elements of the Communication Process

MESSAGE
• Either words or body language that transmits meaning
• Two types:
• Verbal
• Non-verbal

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 Elements of the Communication Process

CHANNEL
• Means used to pass the message
• Examples are telephones,
computers, face-to-face
conversation, memos,
or email

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 Elements of the Communication Process

RECEIVER
• Ultimate destination of the sender’s message
• Example is a subordinate
employee receiving a memo
from his/her supervisor

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 Elements of the Communication Process

FEEDBACK
• Response a sender receives from the receiver of the
message
• Example is when a manager sends a memo to employees
to clean their office cubicles
• Feedback is when the employees clean their cubicles
 Basic Forms of Communication

Six forms of communication:

• Oral
• Written
• Formal
• Informal
• Verbal
• Non-verbal

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 Basic Forms of Communication

ORAL COMMUNICATION
• Transmitted through speech, where listening is a vital
component
• Listening is the skill of receiving a message and
interpreting its meaning—the facts or feelings
• Examples are face-to-face or phone conversations, public
speeches, and meetings
 Basic Forms of Communication

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
• Transmitted through writing
• Examples:
• Letters
• Memos
• Faxes
• Email
• Emoticons
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 Basic Forms of Communication

FORMAL COMMUNICATION
• Through the chain of command within an organization to
other members or outside of it
• Downward communication occurs when a superior
communicates with subordinates
• Upward communication occurs when subordinates
communicate with a superior
 Basic Forms of Communication

FORMAL COMMUNICATION
• Examples:
• Internal—memos, reports, meetings, written proposals
• External—letters,
written proposals,
news releases,
press conferences

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 Basic Forms of Communication

INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
• Transmitted outside authorized channels without regard
for the organization’s hierarchy
• Example is a grapevine
that develops among
workers, often called
as gossip or rumors

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 Basic Forms of Communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Transmission of messages in the form of spoken words
(oral)
• Examples:
• Telephone calls
• Meetings
• Voice mail
• Video conferences
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 Basic Forms of Communication

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Transmitted through actions and behavior rather than
words
• Four major categories:
• Body signals
• Object signals
• Space signals
• Time signals
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 Barriers to Effective Communication

LEVELS OF HIERARCHY
• When communication passes from top to lower
management, the message can get distorted
• Words added or deleted from the original message
• Senders not seeing the big picture so they tell only
what they feel is important
 Barriers to Effective Communication

AUTHORITY AND STATUS

• Position and rank create a barrier between superiors and
subordinates
• Example is when
management wants
only to hear good things
about the company
from employees

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 Barriers to Effective Communication

JARGON
• Vocabulary peculiar to a particular profession or group;
workers’ technical language
• Example is when a
computer programmer
tells a non-technical
co-worker to “nest”

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