TEST MARKS -40 TIME -45 MINS

QUES NO

ANSWER
 Each antibody is very specific and have a complementary shape to the
specific antigen .The antibodies may attach to the surface of the
bacteria to mark them, making it easier for the phagocytes to find and
ingest them, they may clump the bacteria together or they may
neutralise the poisonous proteins (toxins) that the bacteria produce.
2

ANSWER
ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Active immunity is the defence In passive immunity the

against a pathogen by antibody antibodies have not been

production in the body produced by the patient but

derived from an external

source
Active immunity is long passive immunity is

term defence short-term defence

memory cells are produced memory cells are not

produced
Example –(ANYONE) Example-–(ANYONE)

 Tetanus vaccine Anti tetanus /anti rabies

 Infection by a injection

pathogen and Mother ‘s milk for infants

(lactation)
 exposure to a disease
3

mechanical barriers-

skin –Forms a thick layer of keratin protein and doesn’t allow

pathogen entry.
Hairs in the nose-prevents entry of pathogens
Blood clotting in skin injury also prevents pathogen entry

Chemical barriers-
1)mucus -traps microorganisms and 2) stomach acid - kills
bacteria by denaturing its enzymes
4
5
5m
6
GIVE ADAPTATIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF THESE CELLS SHOWN BELOW

ciliated cells -These form the lining of the nose and windpipe, and the tiny cytoplasmic ‘hairs’, called
cilia.  Its flicking movement keeping up a stream of fluid (mucus) that carries dust and bacteria away
from the lungs.

Root hair cell-These cells absorb water and mineral salts from the soil. RITU MISHRA  The hair-like
projection on each cell penetrates between the soil particles and offers a large absorbing surface.

red blood cells – transport of oxygen .These cells are distinctive because they have no nucleus when
mature. They are tiny disc-like cells which contain a red pigment called haemoglobin that combines
with oxygen.

Muscle cell-contains many mitochondria which provides energy for its contractions .This helps in
movement .

6)