International Affairs

41st Written
Conceptual Issues: Chapter- 01

Prepared by Md. Nayem Hossen, Department of IR, DU

Syllabus:
Introduction to International Affairs: Significance of international affairs, meaning an scope of international
affairs, linkage between international affairs and international politics
weMZ cÖkœ: hv co‡Z n‡e
37Zg: AvšÍR©vwZK [m¤úK©] I AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi 01. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© (International Relations/ International
g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? Affairs/ Global Affairs) Kx?
22Zg: µxov ZË¡ (Game Theory) m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| 02. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ (International Politics) Kx
03. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i ¸iæZ¡
04. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi Dcv`vbmg~n|
05. ˆewk^K ivRbxwZi cÖfveKmg~n|
06. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z wµovZ‡Ë¡i (Game Theory) ¸iæZ¡
I cÖ‡qvMG
07. AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’vi (International System) Askmg~n Kx Kx
08. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© D`viZvev` Kx?
09. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© D`viZvev` (Liberalism) I ev¯Íeev‡`i
(Realism) cv_©K¨ |

01. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i msÁv|

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© ej‡Z †evSvq GKwU †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ †`k I AvšÍR©vwZK msMV‡bi ms‡hvM Ges Av`vb cÖ`vb| Ab¨ A‡_©
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© n‡jv wØcvwÿK I eûcvwÿK AvšÍtivóªxq ZrciZvi mvaviY †ÿÎ|
1648 mv‡ji Peace of Westphalia Abymv‡i ejv hvq,
ÒInternational Relations is the management of diplomacy”
Aa¨vcK Palmer and Perkins AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †Kvb w¯’i msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z AvMÖnx bb| Zv‡`i g‡Z,
ÒInternational Relations is the transition of world community.”
Aa¨vcK KzBwgiwnU e‡jb,
Òwe‡k^i cÖavb cÖavb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `‡ji AvPi‡Yi Aa¨qbB AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i Av‡jvPbvfy³|Ó
Adi H Doctor Gi g‡Z,
ÒAvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© ivóªmg~‡ni wµqv, cÖwZwµqv I AvšÍtwµqv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|Ó
Thukidides e‡jb,
Òhvi kw³ Av‡Q †m hv Lywk Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †h `ye©j Zv‡K Aek¨B `y`©kv †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖmvwiZ nevi KviY: AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cwiwa:
K. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cwiea©b K. we‡k^i †gŠwjK mËv¸‡jvi ciivóªbxwZ
L. RvZxq kw³i aviYv L. AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb
M. D™¢~Z RwUj wek^ e¨e¯’v M. AvšÍR©vwZK NUbv
N. RvZxqZvev‡`i m¤úªmviY N. gvby‡li AvPvi AvPiY
O. ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv e„w× O. kw³mvg¨
P. e¨vcK cÖPviYv P. RvwZMZ MVb
 Q. AvšÍR©vwZK msMV‡bi msL¨v e„w× Q. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb
R. ciivóªbxwZ cwieZ©b R. ag©xq gZv`k©
S. †hŠ_ wbivcËv e¨e¯’v

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:

K. gvby‡li Kj¨vYKvgxZv
L. AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZeÜKZv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I †gvKv‡ejv
M. AvšÍR©vwZK mgvR MVb
N. iv‡óªi msNvZ Gov‡bv
O. kvwšÍc~Y© K~UbxwZi cÖ‡qvM
P. cwiewZ©Z wek^ e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv

02. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ (International Politics)

mvaviYZ AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© `y‡Uv‡K cÖvq GKB A‡_© e¨envi Kiv nq| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ AvšÍR©vwZK
m¤ú‡K©i AšÍf©y³ GKwU Ask| Gi cwiwa Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ivR‰bwZK| GUv wewfbœ iv‡óªi
ciivóªbxwZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wek^ mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i wek^‡K kvwšÍ I m¤úªxwZi
e܇b Ave× Kiv|
Hans Morgenthau Gi g‡Z,
ÒAvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ n‡jv ÿgZvi jovB‡q Rqjvf Kiv| ZvB me iv‡óªi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ ivRbxwZ|Ó
K J Holsti Gi g‡Z,
ÒThe political interrelation between states which are sponsored
by government is international politics.”
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi wbqš¿K/Dcv`vb:
1. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v
2. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`
3. wkí-mvg_©
4. mvgwiK kw³
5. RbmsL¨v
6. RvZxq PwiÎ I g‡bvej
7. K~U‰bwZK wbcyYZv

03. AvšÍR©vwZK [m¤úK©] I AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? [*********]

i. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi mv‡_ mivmwi miKvi RwoZ| Avi AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i mv‡_ miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’v RwoZ|
ii. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i we‡kølK Norman D. Palmer and Howard C. Perkins e‡jb,
ÒAvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi †P‡q AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cwiwa A‡bK e¨vcK|
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i aviYvi Dci wbf©i K‡i n‡Z nq|Ó
iii. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i Av‡jvPbv n‡jv mvgwóK ev Macro cÿvšÍ‡i AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi Av‡jvPbv n‡jv e¨wóK ev Micro.
iv. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© A‡bKUv AivR‰bwZK welqvw` †hgb- mgvR, cÖwZôvb I cÖwµqvmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wKš` AvšÍR©vwZK
ivRbxwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ivR‰bwZK| GUv wewfbœ iv‡óªi ciivóª-m¤úwK©Z w`K wb‡qB cÖavbZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
v. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i g~j jÿ¨ wewfbœ iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úªxwZ I eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb Kiv| wKš` AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi g~j jÿ¨ ÿgZv
AR©b Ges wewfbœ iv‡óªi mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv|
vi. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e bxwZ wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| Avi AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ K‡i c‡ivÿfv‡e|
vii. `International Relations concern the relations or foreign affairs of nations. But International Politics deals only
with the political relations of states and focuses on how states collectively respond to the emerging global
issues.’... Hns J Morgenthau
viii. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© D‡ØM, AkvwšÍ I D‡ËRbvi c_ cwinvi K‡i me©`v GKwU kvwšÍi cwi‡ek Kvgbv K‡i| wKš` AvšÍR©vwZK
ivRbxwZ ¯^ivóªxq ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ KL‡bv KL‡bv Av`k© ev bxwZ‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i|
ix. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© GKwU mvgvwRK weÁvb| BwZnvm I ivóªweÁv‡bi mv‡_ AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© we‡klfv‡e wbf©ikxj| wKš` AvšÍR©vwZK
ivRbxwZ wewfbœ weÁv‡bi mgwó| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ Aa¨qb ev PP©v †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Dci mivmwi wbf©ikxj bq|

04. µxov ZË¡ (Game Theory) m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| [*****]

ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, mgibxwZ I GKai‡bi µxovwe‡kl Ges Gme †ÿ‡ÎI mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i wb‡Ri kw³ mvg_©¨, †UKwbK,
†KŠkj BZ¨vw`i mwVK Dcjwä; cÖwZc‡ÿi kw³, mvg_©¨, †UKwbK I Strategy Gi h_v_© g~j¨vqY Ges GB Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡ii
wfwˇZ mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvivi Dci| eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK we‡k^ GB Z‡Ë¡i ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© GB Z‡Ë¡i cÖ_g D™¢veb nq 1921 mv‡j divwm ivóªweÁvbx GÖwgj †evi‡ji gva¨‡g|
Robert Liber e‡jb,
ÒAvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi `i KlvKwl Ges ؇›Øi we‡kl we‡kølYx µxov ZË¡|Ó
A_©vr `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡ÿi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv djvdj †_‡K m‡e©v”PUv AR©bB µxovZ‡Ë¡i mdjZv|
D`vniY:
aiv hvK GKwU msKxY© iv¯Ív w`‡q A Ges B bv‡gi `ywU Mvwo gy‡LvgywL wecixZ w`K †_‡K AwZµg Ki‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î `ywU Mvox
AwZµg Kivi Rb¨ ci¯úi‡K RvqMv w`‡q AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b 4wU djvdj †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i-
i. A Mvwo RvqMv w`‡e , B Mvwo RvqMv w`‡e bv|
ii. B Mvwo RvqMv w`‡e, A Mvwo RvqMv w`‡e bv|
iii. `yRbB RvqMv w`‡q AwZµg K‡i|
iv. `yRbB RvqMv bv w`‡q gy‡LvgywL msNl© n‡e|
GLv‡b †`Lv hvq PviwU djvd‡ji g‡a¨Ñ
cÖ_g djvd‡jÑ A Mvwo ÿwZi wkKvi (chicken) n‡e
wØZxq djvd‡jÑ B Mvwo ÿwZi wkKvi (chicken) n‡e
PZz_© djvd‡jÑ DfqB ÿwZi wkKvi (chicken) n‡e
wKš` Z…Zxq djvd‡jÑ †KD ÿwZi wkKvi bv n‡q iv¯Ív AwZµg K‡i| A_©vr, Z…Zxq bs m¤¢vebvwUB µxov Z‡Ë¡i mdjZv|
g~j¨vqb:
†`Lv hvq, K bs djvd‡j A Mvwo RvqMv w`‡q ÿwZi wkKvi n‡q‡Q (wP‡Kb n‡q‡Q), L bs djvd‡j B Mvwo RvqMv w`‡q
ÿwZi wkKvi n‡q‡Q (wP‡Kb n‡q‡Q) Ges N bs djvd‡j Df‡qB RvqMv bv w`‡q Df‡qB ÿwZi wkKvi n‡q‡Q (wP‡Kb
n‡q‡Q)| wKš` M bs djvd‡j †KD ÿwZi wkKvi bv n‡q mgm¨vwUi mgvavb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| A_©vr, ÿwZi wkKvi bv n‡q
mgvavb Ki‡j Zv n‡e µxovZ‡Ë¡i mdjZv| ZvB, M bs djvdjwUB GB Z‡Ë¡i h_v_©Zv|
ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM:
µxov Z‡Ë¡i ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM N‡U 1962 mv‡ji wKDevb †ÿcYv¯¿ msK‡Ui mgq| hy³ivóª †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K ûuwkqvwi K‡i e‡j
hw` †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb †ÿcYv¯¿ bv mivq Zvn‡j hy³ivóª wKDevq cigvYy nvgjv Pvjv‡e| hw` †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb 13 w`‡bi
g‡a¨ †ÿcYv¯¿ bv mivZ Zvn‡j c„w_ex GKwU fqven †ÿcYv‡¯¿i hy× †`L‡Z †cZ| †mvwfqZ BDwbqbI †ÿcYv¯¿ mwi‡q †bq Avi
hy³ivóªI AvµgY †_‡K wd‡i hvq| A_©vr, wKDevi †ÿcYv¯¿ª msKU mgvav‡b µxov Z‡Ë¡i ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM N‡U|

05. AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’v (International System) Kx? [***]

AvaywbZ ivóª e¨e¯’vi ïiæ †_‡KB AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’vi D™¢e N‡U‡Q| ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’v
AbymiY Kiv nq| AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’v memgqB cvi¯úwiK Ø›Ø msNvZ Gwo‡q _vK‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’v
ivóªmg~‡ni cvi¯úvwiK m¤^Ü wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z Ggb †Kvb ivóª †bB †h m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wb‡Ri Dci wbf©i K‡i
wKsev Ab¨‡`i KvQ †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q wew”Qbœfv‡e evm Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K ivóªB cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e Aci iv‡óªi Dci
wbf©ikxj| Gfv‡e AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q cvi¯úvwiK wbf©ikxjZv|
c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡ji g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi e¨e¯’v M„nxZ nIqvi ci †_‡KB AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’vi m~ÎcvZ nq| AvšÍR©vwZK
e¨e¯’vi Askmg~nÑ
- cÖ_v [Custom] Ñ AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ [Treaties]
- mb` [Convention] Ñ †NvlYv [Declaration]
- †RvU [Alliance] Ñ msMVb [Organization]
- K~UbxwZ [Diplomacy]
06. eZ©gvb ˆewk^K ivRbxwZi cÖfveKmg~n Kx Kx?
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb welqmg~n‡K ˆewk^K ivRbxwZi cÖfveK e‡j| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ wbqwš¿Z nq
A‡bK¸‡jv cÖfveK Øviv| †hgb,
K. cwi‡ek [Climate] L. mš¿vmev` [Terrorism] M. evwYR¨ [Trade]
N. MYZš¿ [Democracy] O. wbivcËv [Security] P. R¦vjvbx [Energy]
Q. A¯¿ [Arms] R. eøy B‡Kvbwg [Blue Economy]
S. mvgwiK kw³ [Military power] T. cÖhyw³ [Technology]
[cÖwZwU c‡q‡›Ui mv‡_ 1 jvBb K‡i wjL‡Z cv‡ib| †hgb, cwi‡ek: cwi‡ek Bmy¨wU AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
_v‡K| ZvB‡Zv Dbœqbkxj Øxc †`k I Dˇii abx †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cwi‡ek wech©q wb‡q `iKlvKwl Pj‡Z _v‡K|

07. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íeev` ev e¯`Zš¿ev` (Realism) Kx?

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íeev` n‡jv cÖfvekvjx †Mvôx‡`i AvPi‡Yi mgwó| ev¯Íeev`xiv wek^vm K‡i †h, wek^ ivRbxwZ ÿgZv
wbwðZ Ki‡Z memgq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxqfv‡e msN‡l© wjß n‡q _v‡K|
ev¯Íeev` †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi Ggb we‡kl ivR‰bwZK AvPi‡Yi e¨vL¨v †`q, †h AvPi‡Yi d‡j ivóª ˆbwZKZv, Av`k©, mvgvwRK
cybM©Vb BZ¨vw` welqvewj‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q ïay †h †Kvb Dcv‡q RvZxq ¯^v_© cÖwZôv I RvZxq wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ bxwZ-
wba©viY K‡i _v‡K|
ev¯Íeev`xMY 03 fv‡M wef³:
K. K¬¨vwmK¨vj ev¯Íeev`x: Zviv gvby‡li AvPi‡Y wek^vmx
L. be¨ ev¯Íeev`x: ˆbivR¨g~jK ivóªe¨e¯’vq wek^vmx
M. be¨ K¬¨vwmK¨vj ev¯Íeev`x: gvby‡li AvPiY I iv‡óªi ˆbivR¨g~jK AvPi‡Y wek^vmx|
Jonathon Haslam Gi g‡Z ev¯Íeev`x ZË¡ PviwU †K›`ªxq cÖ¯Íve‡K wN‡iB AvewZ©Z nq:
1. e¨w³ ev ms¯’v bq, ivóªB GLv‡b cÖavb Kg©K
2. ivóª ˆbivR¨gq n‡e| iv‡óªi Dci AwaRvZxq †Kv‡bv KZ…©cÿ _v‡K bv|
3. AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi mKj Kg©KB AvZ¥¯^v_© AR©b K‡i
4. cÖwZwU ivóªB ÿgZv Pvq, hv‡Z Zviv myiÿv I wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
A_©vr, e¯`Zš¿ev`x/ ev¯Íeev`x‡`i g‡Z, AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Kvh©Z ˆbivR¨g~jK; cÖwZwU ivóª wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq K‡Vvi I cÖ‡qvR‡b mvgwiK c`‡ÿc‡K cÖavb¨ †`q|
08. D`viZvev` I ev¯Íeev‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb [*******]
D`viZvev` [Liberalism] ev¯Íeev` [Realism]
e¨w³ cÖwZôvb Ges Aeva e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i ¯^vaxbZv GwU Ggb GKwU ZË¡ hv `vwe K‡i we‡k^ ivRbxwZ
m¤^wÜZ gZv`k©| cwiPvwjZ nq cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK AvZ¥¯^v‡_©i wfwˇZ|
mvg¨ I gyw³i `k©b jvjb K‡i| iv‡óªi ¯^v_© nvwm‡ji `k©b jvjb K‡i|
D`vibxwZ Ggb GKwU ivR‰bwZK gZev` †hLv‡b e¨w³i ev¯Íeev` Ggb GKwU ivR‰bwZK gZev` †hLv‡b iv‡óªi
¯^vaxbZv iÿv K‡i I e¨w³i DbœwZ mvab Kiv‡K ¯^vaxbZv iÿv K‡i I iv‡óªi DbœwZ mvab Kiv‡K
ivRbxwZi g~j mgm¨v wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| ivRbxwZi g~j mgm¨v wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq|
D`vibxwZ‡Z e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q ev¯Íeev‡`i †ÿ‡Î †h †Kvb g~‡j¨ AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’v wU‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq ÿgZv _vK‡e wKš` GKB mv‡_ ÿgZv hv‡Z _vKv A_©vr RvZxq wbivcËv iÿv Ges mvgwiK kw³i
Ace¨envi bv nq †mwUI cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v _vK‡e| gva¨‡g ÿgZvi PP©v‡K mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
D`vibxwZ Ggb GKwU Rxeb `k©b hv gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK ev¯Íeev‡` ivóª me mgq Av‡cwÿKfv‡e ÿgZv I m¤ú`
mvgvwRK, ag©xq I A_©‰bwZK AvKvOÿvmg~n cÖwZdwjZ e„wׇZ g‡bv‡hvMx _vK‡e| KviY ÿgZv I m¤ú` e„w×
K‡i| †c‡j iv‡óªi RvZxq cÖwZiÿv I GKB mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨
iv‡óªi Dci cÖfve evo‡e|
mv¤úªwZK D`vniY: mv¤úªwZK D`vniY:
BD‡iv‡c cwi‡ek myiÿvq evBmvB‡Kj K~UbxwZ| AvBGm `g‡b wmwiqvq ivwkqvi Awfhvb