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F (U) Kuk With The, - F (U K, J 1,, K and Investigate The Implications
F (U) Kuk With The, - F (U K, J 1,, K and Investigate The Implications
F (U) Kuk With The, - F (U K, J 1,, K and Investigate The Implications
|f (uj )| = kuj k, j = 1, · · · , k.
Furthermore,
° °
° uj1 ujm °
° °
° kuj k + · · · + kuj k ° = m, ∀{j1 , · · · , jm } ⊂ {1, · · · , k}.
1 m
Remarks. The following figure is an example of the triangle equality case under
maximum norm.
u1
u2
Our proofs are based on applications of the Hahn-Banach Theorem [1]. Here
we quote a corollary of the Hahn-Banach Theorem as a lemma.
3
1
L1 = span{u2 , · · · , uk }, v1 = u1 .
ku1 k
1
d1 = dist(v1 , L1 ) = dist(u1 , L1 ) > 0.
ku1 k
Let
1 ku1 k ku1 k
f1 = h= h= h.
d1 dist(u1 , L1 ) dist(u1 , span{u2 , · · · , uk })
Then f1 ∈ X ∗ and
ku1 k 1
kf1 k = , f1 (uj ) = 0, ∀j = 2, · · · , k, f1 (u1 ) = h(ku1 kv1 ) = ku1 k.
dist(u1 , L1 ) d1
Define
Lm = span{uj , j ∈ {1, · · · , k} \ {m}}, m = 2, · · · , k.
kum k
kfm k = , fm (uj ) = 0, ∀j ∈ {1, · · · , k} \ {m}, fm (um ) = kum k.
dist(um , Lm )
Now let
f = f1 + · · · + fk .
4 YIFEI PAN AND MEI WANG
Then f ∈ X ∗ and
f (uj ) = kuj k for j = 1, · · · , k.
|f (uj )| = kuj k, j = 1, · · · , k.
Consequently,
f (u∗j ) = f (eiθj uj ) = eiθj f (uj ) = eiθj e−iθj kuj k = kuj k = ke−iθj uj k = ku∗j k.
The following example shows that Theorem 1 and Corollary 1 may not hold if
the vectors are linearly dependent.
Example 1. Let X = R2 with the Euclidean norm. Let u1 = (1, 0), u2 = (0, 1)
and u3 = (1, 1). If there were a functional f ∈ X ∗ such that |f (uj )| = kuj k for
j = 1, 2, 3, then f (ui ) = ±1 for i = 1, 2. By linearity |f (u3 )| = |f (u1 + u2 )| =
√
|f (u1 ) + f (u2 )| = 0 or 2, which contradicts |f (u3 )| = ku3 k = 2. Therefore
|f (uj )| = kuj k may not exist for linearly dependent uj ’s.
5
The triangle inequality implies that the equality holds. Consequently, by applying
the above result to subsets of the uj ’s we obtain
uj
Consider wj = kuj k for j = 1, · · · , k. Then f (wj ) = kwj k = 1. Applying the
above result to the wj ’s we have
° ° ° °
°X k ° °X k ° Xk
° uj ° ° °
° °=° w °= kwj k = k,
° ° ° j °
° j=1 kuj k ° ° j=1 ° j=1
and
° °
° uj1 ujm °
° °
° kuj k + · · · + kuj k ° = kwj1 + · · · + wjm k = kwj1 k + · · · + kwjm k = m
1 m
for any {j1 , · · · , jm } ⊂ {1, · · · , k}. This completes the proof of Proposition 1. ¤
Remark. Notice that our result is consistent with [2], where the sharpness of the
triangle inequality was discussed thoroughly and extensively.
then
kf k > 1.
The example below illustrates that, when a functional f with |f (uj )| = kuj k
for k linearly independent vectors exists (Theorem 1) and the triangle equality
P P
k uj k = kuj k holds (ref. (2) in Proposition 1), f is not necessarily of norm
one. As indicated in Proposition 1, kf k = 1 is a very restricted condition. In fact
the corresponding kf k in X can be arbitrarily large.
Example 2. Let
n o
X = C0 = u = (a1 , a2 , · · · ) = (an ) : an ∈ K, lim an = 0 , k(an )k = max |an |.
n→∞ n
(X , k · k) is a complete normed vector space (Banach space) with the dual space
( ∞
)
X
X ∗ = C0∗ = `1 = f = {α1 , α2 , · · · } = {αn } : αn ∈ K, |αn | < ∞
n=1
where
∞ ∞
¡ ¢ X X
f (u) = f{αn } u(an ) = αn an , kf k = |αn |.
n=1 n=1
For k > 0 and a1 , · · · , ak such that 0 < a1 < a2 < · · · < ak , let
© ª
f = 1, 0, · · · , 0 , r, r2 , r3 , · · · ∈ C0∗ = `1 .
| {z }
k−1 times
f (uj ) = aj = kuj k, ∀j = 1, · · · , k.
Furthermore,
° °
°X k ° X k
° °
kuj k = aj , ∀j = 1, · · · , k, ku1 +· · ·+uk k = a1 +· · ·+ak =⇒ ° °
uj ° = kuj k.
°
° j=1 ° j=1
However
∞
X 1
kf k = |αn | = > 1.
1−r
n=1
Thus
|f (u)| < kf k, ∀u with kuk = 1,
|f (u)|
< kf k, ∀u ∈ X \ {0}.
kuk
References
[1] Zeidler, E. (1995) Applied Functional Analysis: Main Principles and Their Applications.
Applied Mathematical Sciences Vol. 109. Springer-Verlag, New York.
[2] Mitani, K., Saito, K., Kato, M. and Tamura, T., On sharp triangle inequalities in
Banach spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 336 (2007) 1178-1186.