INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND

ITS APPLICATIONS

for General Chemistry 2/Grade 12 (STEM)

Quarter 3/Week 1.a-d

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 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit (SLK) in General Chemistry 2

provides an insight on how chemistry works as discipline of
science. It will be your aid as you learn new ideas and
enrich your existing knowledge about Chemistry concepts.

Learners are expected to learn from this kit and use

this with utmost care while learning from the discussions
and tasks which they can apply in their everyday activities.

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 Lesson 1: Kinetic Molecular Model

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
K – explain the kinetic molecular model;
S – compare the particle motion of solid, liquid and gas
A – relate kinetic molecular models on explaining the properties
of matter

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
- use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids
and solids (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)
- describe the types of intermolecular forces (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-
c-100)

I.WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST
Directions. Read the statement carefully and identify the
answer from the box. Write your answer on your notebook.

Resilience Fluorine
Thermal expansion Cation
Styrene Crystallinity
Termination Refractive index
Tensile strength Ethene

________1. The ability of the plastic to resist abrasion and

wear.
________2. The extent to which the polymer expands or
contracts when heated or cooled.
________3. The extent to which the polymer chains are
arranged in a regular structure instead of a random
fashion.
________4. It is an addition polymerization that contains a
positively charge.

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________5. It is the last step in polymerization reaction.
________6. The monomer of polystyrene or also known as
styrofoam.
________7. The halogen that is present in Teflon.
________8. The extent to which the plastic affects light as it
passes through the polymer.
________9. The force it takes to stretch the plastic in one
direction.
________10. It is the monomer of polyethylene.

II.WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION:

Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter

Every particles of matter are in constant random motion,
that according to the kinetic molecular theory or model. In other
words, all particles of matter regardless of the state (solid, liquid,
and gas) posse’s kinetic energy, KE. The average kinetic energy,
which is related to the particles' average speed, is proportional to
the absolute temperature. Comparing the speed of the particles of
the different states, solid is the slowest followed by liquid, and then
gas particles are the fastest (see Figure 1.). Notice that in terms of
order gas tends to be disorder than the liquid and solid. In addition,
you might say that particles of solid are not in motion, by molecular
studies solid particles are vibrating and the frequency of it cannot
be notice by the naked eye.

Figure 1. Molecular representation of the particles at different states.

Source: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn

Assumptions in Kinetic Molecular Model or Theory of Gas

Since gas possess the highest kinetic energy among different
stats of matter, gases will be highlighted. For the kinetic molecular

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theory of gases, the are 5 assumptions.
1. Particles are in constant, random straight motion
2. Volume of individual particles is zero and are separated by
great distances
3. Particles can collide to the wall or to each other very rapidly
and elastic
4. No forces exist between particles
5. Total energy remains constant

Speed of Gases
Gases can be described in terms of their speed. The higher
the speed the more kinetic energy it poses. In addition, speed of
gases can be affected by temperature. Figure 2, shows the
different speeds or velocity of O2 gas at constant temperature. The
speed or velocity follow the Boltzmann distribution and can be
describe by vp or most probable speed and vrms or root-mean-
square speed. The vp or most probable speed is speed of the largest
number of molecules and vrms is the defined as the square root of
the average velocity-squared of the molecules in a gas.

Figure 2. The Boltzmann distribution of the different speed of the gas

Source: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-
content/uploads/sites/887/2015/04/23212106/CNX_Chem_09_05_MolSpeed11.jpg

If we compare the speed of the gas to its molar mass, the

lighter the gas the higher the speed (see Figure 3). As seen in figure
3, the speed of H2 (2.16 g/mol) gas is much faster than He (4.00
g/mol). In addition, the most probable speed of the gas decreases
as the molar mas decreases. This is due to the more particles shifts
to higher speed due to lower molar mass. If we compare the speed
of the same gas at different temperature, the higher the
temperature the higher the speed (see Figure 4). As seen in Figure
4, the most probable speed of 1200K is much higher than 900K.

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 the

Figure 3. Graph shows the speed distribution of different gas. Figure 4. Different speed of gas with different temperature

Source: https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/68415/ Source: https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_general-

BolzDist-MW.gif?revision=1 chemistry-principles-patterns-and-applications-
v1.0/section_14/607904f6f82718b5ad0cca212f4c5d67.jpg

Real Gas and Intermolecular Forces

Based on the assumption number 4 of the kinetic molecular
theory above, gases have no intermolecular forces. These gases
are called an ideal gas. However, some gases have intermolecular
forces between them and are called real gas. Experimental data
found that the volume of real gas is much lower compared to ideal
gas. Moreover, the difference is pronounced at a higher pressure
or decreasing temperature. This due to intermolecular forces exist
and the pressure is increase or lowers the temperature, the particles
are close to each other and experience intermolecular forces.
Figure 5 show the difference between ideal and real gases.

Figure 5. The difference between ideal and real gas.

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/gases-and-kinetic-molecular-theory-ap/ideal-gas-laws-
ap/a/non-ideal-behavior-of-gases

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Types of Intermolecular Forces

Dispersion (London) Forces (for non-polar substances)

The intermolecular force primarily responsible for the
condensed states of nonpolar substances is the dispersion force (or
London force, named for Fritz London, the physicist who explained
the quantum-mechanical basis of the attraction). Dispersion forces
are caused by momentary oscillations of electron charge in atoms
and, therefore, are present between all particles (atoms, ions, and
molecules). Picture one atom in a sample of argon gas. Averaged
over time, the 18 electrons are distributed uniformly around the
nucleus, so the atom is nonpolar. But at any instant, there may be
more electrons on one side of the nucleus than on the other, so the
atom has an instantaneous dipole. When far apart, a pair of argon
atoms do not influence each other. But when close together, the
instantaneous dipole in one atom induces a dipole in its neighbor.
The result is a synchronized motion of the electrons in the two atoms,
which causes an attraction between them. This process occurs with
other nearby atoms and, thus, throughout the sample. At low
enough temperatures, the attractions among the dipoles keep all
the atoms together. Thus, dispersion forces are instantaneous
dipole-induced dipole forces. Figure 6 depicts the dispersion forces
among nonpolar particles.

Figure 6. Dispersion forces among nonpolar particles. Separated He atoms have even
distribution of electron and are nonpolar. An instantaneous dipole in one atom induces a
dipole in its neighbor. These partial charges attract the atoms together. This process
takes place among atoms throughout the sample.

Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/P2CF2JBZAY8/maxresdefault.jpg

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Dipole-dipole Forces
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar
molecules (molecules that possess dipole moments). In polar
molecules the electrons are unevenly distributed because some
elements are more electronegative than others. The partial
negative side of one molecule is attracted to the partial positive
side of another molecule. This type of force is stronger than the
dispersion forces because polar molecules have a permanent
uneven distribution of electrons. The nature of attraction is
electrostatic and can be understood in terms of Coulomb’s law:
The larger the dipole moment, the stronger the attraction.

Figure 7. Polar molecules and dipole-dipole forces. In a solid or a liquid, the polar molecules are close enough for
the partially positive pole of one molecule to attract the partially negative pole of a nearby molecule. The
orientation is more orderly in the solid (left) than in the liquid (right) because, at the lower temperatures required
for freezing, the average kinetic energy of the particles is lower. (Interparticle spaces are increased for clarity).

Source: https://switkes.chemistry.ucsc.edu/teaching/CHEM1B/Fall13/HANDOUTS/lects24_Fall13_HO1.pdf

The Hydrogen Bond

A special type of dipole-dipole force arises between
molecules that have an H atom bonded to a small, highly
electronegative atom with lone electron pairs. The most important
atoms that fit this description are N, O, and F. The H-N, H-O, and H -
F bonds are very polar, so electron density is withdrawn from H. As
a result, the partially positive H of one molecule is attracted to the
partially negative lone pair on the N, O, or F of another molecule,
and a hydrogen bond (H bond) form. Thus, the atom sequence that
allows an H bond (dotted line) to form is -B:····H-A-, where both A
and B are N, O, or F (see Figure 8).

Figure 8. The hydrogen bond in water molecule. The partially negative Oxygen atom is attracted to a partially
positive H atom in water molecule.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/hydrogen-bonding/
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Ion-Dipole Forces
When an iron and a nearby polar molecule (dipole) attract
each other, an ion-dipole force result. The most important example
takes place when an ionic compound dissolves in water. The ions
become separated because the attractions between the ions and
the oppositely charged poles of the H2O molecules overcome the
attractions between the ions themselves.

Figure 9. The ion dipole interaction. Notice that the cation is attracted to a partially negative end of a
dipole and that of the anion is attracted to a partially positive end of a dipole.

Source: http://brainfuse.com/curriculumupload/1224057898133.html

Summary
A schematic diagram below to determine the type of
intermolecular forces that exist between molecules.

Figure 10. Schematic diagram for determining intermolecular forces in a substance

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III.WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST:

Directions: Mark check (/) on the box if the substance is

polar/nonpolar, has Ion-dipole Forces, London Dispersion, Dipole-
Dipole, and Hydrogen Bonding Forces.
London
Polar/Non Ion-dipole Dipole- Hydrogen
Substance Dispersion
polar Forces Dipole Bonding
Forces

SYNOPSIS ANSWER KEY

This Self-Learning Kit tackles about

the Intermolecular Forces which are
attractive forces that act between
molecules or particles in the solid or liquid
states.
Learners are expected to learn and
develop their knowledge about
Chemistry and apply it in real-life
situations.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Pre-activity/Pre-test
1. Resilience
ROSEWIN P. ROCERO is Senior High School teacher of
2. Thermal expansion
Sta. Catalina Science High3. School. She is a part-time
Crystallinity
instructor of NORSU –4. Cation
Bayawan-Sta. Catalina
Campus. She earned her Bachelor of Science in
5. Termination
6. Styrene
Biology from NORSU Main Campus and she is
currently finishing her 7. Fluorine
post-graduate studies in
8. Refractive index
Master of Arts
10 in Science 9.
Teaching.
Tensile strength
10. Ethene
Evaluation/Post-test
1. Ion-dipole Forces
 Lesson 2: Properties of Liquids and Intermolecular
Forces

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
K – explain properties of liquids and solids using kinetic molecular
model
S – draw the kinetic molecular models
A – relate kinetic molecular models on the compounds
used at home

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
- describe the following properties of liquids and explain the effect
of intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension,
viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-102)
- explain the properties of water based on its molecular structure
and intermolecular forces (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-103)

I.WHAT HAPPENED
Pre-activities/Pre-test

Complete the diagram below by checking the type of

intermolecular forces from the given substances.

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II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:

We have discussed in lesson the one the types of

intermolecular forces that exist between particles of matter. This
time we will discuss the properties of liquids that were observed as
a consequence of the interactions of particles that make up the
liquid.

Surface Tension

Surface tension is the measure of the elastic force in the

surface of a liquid. It is the amount of energy required to stretch or
increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area. It is manifested as
some sort of skin on the surface of a liquid or in a drop of liquid.
Figure 1 shows manifestations of surface tension.

Figure 1. An insect that floats on water due to surface tension.

Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/surface-tension-definition-and-experiments-2699204

Molecules within a liquid are pulled in all directions by

intermolecular forces (see Figure 2). Molecules at the surface are
pulled downward and sideways by other molecules, not upward
away from the surface. These intermolecular forces tend to pull the
molecules into the liquid and cause the surface to tighten like an
elastic film or “skin”.

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 Figure 2. The intermolecular forces of attraction cause the surface tension.

Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/search/surface+tension

Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces also have high

surface tension. Water, as a result of H-bonds, which are strong
intermolecular forces have high surface tension. The image below
shows a manifestation of the high surface tension of water.
Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. The greater

the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows. It is expressed in units of
centipoise. The table below gives viscosities of liquids of some pure
substances. Water has viscosity of 1 centipoise or 0.001 Pa/s at 20˚C.
Substances with lower viscosities include carbon tetrachloride and
benzene. Glycerol has a resistance to flow of more than a thousand
times greater than water.
Table 1. Viscosities of liquids of selected substances.

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 Viscosity decreases as temperature increases: hot
molasses flows much faster than cold molasses. The
viscosities of some familiar liquids in the table below were
measured at 20˚C, except for lava (ranges between 700 to
1200˚C).

Vapor pressure

Vapor pressure is independent of the amount of liquid

as well as the surface area of the liquid in contact with the
gas. Like any gas sample, the molecules in the gaseous
state over its liquid create a pressure. The greater the
number of gaseous particles, the greater the pressure
exerted by the gas. The pressure exerted by the gas in
equilibrium with a liquid in a closed container at a given
temperature is called the equilibrium vapor pressure or
simply vapor pressure of the liquid. The equilibrium vapor
pressure is the maximum vapor pressure of a liquid at a
given temperature and that it is constant at a constant
temperature. It increases with temperature (see Figure 3).

Figure 3. A graph shows the vapor pressure with respect to temperature. Notice as the
temperature increases the vapor pressure increases.

Source: https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/vpvst.gif

When temperature is high, more molecules have

enough energy to escape from the liquid. At a lower

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temperature, fewer molecules have sufficient energy to
escape from the liquid.
Ethyl alcohol and water have very low vapor
pressures. Both liquids have the strong dipole-dipole
interaction called hydrogen bonding. Acetone is polar but
does not have H-bonding. Its vapor pressure is of
intermediate value. Pentane is a nonpolar substance, and
its vapor pressure is high compared to those of water and
ethyl alcohol.

Table 2. Viscosities of liquids of selected substances.

When liquids evaporate, the molecules have to have

sufficient energy to break the attractive forces that hold
them in the liquid state. The stronger these intermolecular
forces are, the greater the amount of energy needed to
break them.
For some substances with weak intermolecular forces,
the energy requirement is easy obtained from collisions
with other molecules and absorption of energy from the
surroundings. Many molecules can vaporize, resulting in a
high vapor pressure. For molecules with strong
intermolecular forces, gathering enough energy may not
be as easy, and register low vapor pressures.

Boiling point

The boiling point is the temperature at which the

vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure.

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The normal boiling point is the temperature at which the
liquid converts to a gas when the external pressure is 1 atm.
The normal boiling point of water is 100 ˚C.
Table 3. Boiling point of selected substances

Molar Heat of Vaporization

The boiling point is related to molar heat of

vaporization: the higher ΔHvap, the higher the boiling point.
The boiling points of substances often reflect the strength
of the intermolecular forces operating among the
molecules. At the boiling point, enough energy must be
supplied to overcome the attractive forces among
molecules before they can enter the vapor phase.
Table 4. Boiling point of selected substances

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III.WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST:

Directions: Read the questions and write your answer on

your notebook.
1. At 50 ° C the vapor pressure of ethanol is 0.30 atm, acetic
acid is 0.08 atm, water is 0.12 atm, and acetone is 0.84
atm.
A. Arrange these substances in order of increasing rates
of evaporation.
B. Arrange these substances in order of increasing boiling
point temperature.
C. Arrange these substances in order of increasing
intermolecular forces.

2. In terms of intermolecular forces, explain why we see this

general trend in boiling points, for compounds of
equivalent formula mass. How does the presence of a
dipole moment affect the strength of intermolecular
interactions?

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 DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, Ph.D, Ed.D, TM

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

ROSELA R. ABIERA
LR Manager

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian

ROSEWIN P. ROCERO
Writer

GERALD T. UBAG
Lay-Out Artist

ALPHA QA TEAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING
NILO JAY A. BAYBAY

BETA QA TEAM
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO
SEGUNDINO B. DELES JR.
VERONICA A. RECTO
MANASSES V. JABALDE
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING

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SYNOPSIS ANSWER KEY

This Self-Learning Kit tackles

about the Intermolecular Forces
which are attractive forces that act
between molecules or particles in
the solid or liquid states.
Learners are expected to learn
and develop their knowledge about
Chemistry and apply it in real-life
situations.
Pre-activity/Pre-test
1. Ion-dipole Forces
2. Hydrogen Bonding
3. Dipole-Dipole
4. London Dispersion
Post-test
A. Lowest Rate - acetic acid,
ABOUT THE AUTHOR water, ethanol, acetone -
Highest Rate
B. Lowest
ROSEWIN P. ROCERO is Senior High Boiling
SchoolPoint -
teacher
acetone, ethanol, water,
of Sta. Catalina Science High School. She is a part-
acetic acid - Highest Boiling
time instructor of NORSU –Point
Bayawan-Sta. Catalina
Campus. She earned herC.Bachelor of- Science
Lowest IMF acetone,in
Biology from NORSU Main Campus
ethanol, water,and she
acetic is –
acid
Highest IMF
currently finishing her post-graduate studies in
Master of Arts in Science Teaching.

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