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Periodicity
3.1) Periodic table
in the periodic table the elements are arranged in order of
increasing the number of protons

elements with similar chemical and physical properties are

arranged in a vertical columns called groups , there are 18
groups and certain groups have their own names

groups name

Group number recommended name

1 Alkali metals

2 alkaline earth metals

15 Pnictogens
16 chalcogens
17 halogens

18 noble gas

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the horizontal rows of elements called period and there are 7

periods and each period number is equal to quantum number of
that period for example Calcium is in period 4 so has four
energy levels.

non metal gains electrons from a chemical reaction whereas

metals lose electrons in a chemical reaction

valence electron can be found from the group number for

example elements in groups 17 has 7 valence electrons

Periodicity 1
 3.2) Periodic trends
electron are located in the atomic orbitals where are regions
of space that is a high probability of finding an electron.

we can not simply find out the atomic radius of an element,

in terms of finding out the atomic radius of an element we
need to find combine to non-metallic atomic chemically bonded
together and then distance between two nuclei going to be d
and to find out the bonding atomic radius we use formula:

1
d
2
the bonding atomic radius terms also sometimes called the
covalent radius

the non metallic atoms that bond together, they for a

diatomic compound

non-bonding atomic radius is happening when two argon gaseous

atoms form together but not chemically combine and therefore
they make a non-bonding atomic radius and it also called van
der Waals' radius

the differences between van der Waals' and covalent radius is

shown in the picture bellow:

Periodicity 2
 effective nuclear charge is
equal to weak force or the
force between protons and
electrons and because there
are inner electrons which
acts as shield, therefore
will make the nuclear
charge less effective so
therefore we calculate the
actual or effective nuclear
charge with: z-s, which S
here is the amount of inner
electrons

inner electron is equal to all energy level from the ground

state will one behind the outer shell or valence electrons.

atomic radius

Periodicity 3
 going from left to right the atomic radii decreases, because
the effective nuclear charge increases. So, if the effective
nuclear charge increases therefore the atomic radius
decreases.

Ionization energy: minimum amount of energy required to

remove an electron from a gaseous atom from its ground state.

the ionization energy increases when we go from left to

right and decreases from up to down in the periodic table

electron affinity: energy required to remove an electron from

an anion.

electron affinity increases from left to right and from

the down to the up

electronegativity: a property that help us to understand the

bonds, ability to pull electron from the bonds.

electronegativity is not a force

the ability of nuclei to pull electrons is

electronegativity

electronegativity is related to the amount of protons

the angel of water molecule is 104.5 degrees

The type of bond for water molecules is covalent bond

electronegativity increases from down to the up and also

increases from left to the right

it increases from left to the right because effective

nuclear charge increases therefore the electronegativity
also increases.

Oxidation: loses electron

Metals present oxidation reaction

when lose electron it becomes cation

Periodicity 4
 Oxidation reaction doesn't always involve oxygen

Reduction: gains electron

non-metals present reduction reaction

when it gains electron it becomes anion

Periodicity 5