MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE –Hydraulics 5

MOST EFFICIENT SECTIONS FORCES ON PIPES
x=y1+y2 ∑ 𝐅⃗ = ∑ 𝛒𝐐𝒗
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃗ ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃗
𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝛒𝐐𝒗 𝒊𝒏
d y1 y2
b=2d b 1. Three horizontal pipes are connected to meet at a common joint. The first
pipe whose diameter is 600mm caries a flow of 3m3/s. The second pipe
connected to the joint has a diameter of 450mm and carries 2/3 of the
Rectangular Trapezoidal discharge from the first pipe. The third pipe carries the remaining discharge
(half-square) and has a diameter of 300mm. If a pressure gage placed onto the first pipe
gives a reading of 225kPa, determine the force needed to hold the three-
pipe connection in place.
90°

N-sided Channel
Triangular
(half of a 2N-sided polygon)
x=2y
y y
y 60°

Most Efficient of all Most Efficient of all

Trapezoid Sections Circular Sections
(semi-hexagon)

For Minimum Seepage

d 𝛉
𝜽 𝐛 = 𝟒𝐝 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐
b

SITUATION. An open channel is to carry a steady flow of 2m3/s at a slope of

0.005. If the channel is made of material that has an n-value of 0.014, design SITUATION: The water jet on the figure moving at 20m/s is split so that 1/3 of
the dimensions of: the water moves towards A. Assuming ideal flow and diameter of the jet is
1. Most-efficient rectangular section 25mm, determine the magnitude and the direction of the hydrodynamic force if:
2. Most-efficient triangular section. 1. The splitter is stationary
3. Most-efficient trapezoidal section. 2. The splitter is moving 5m/s along the direction of flow.

SITUATION. A trapezoidal channel has left side slope of 3V:2H and right-side
slope of 2V:1H. If the open channel is to carry 10m3/s with a mean velocity of
2.8m/s.
4. Determine the depth of the most-efficient trapezoidal channel if the flow is
steady.
5. If the given discharge is obtained when the flow condition is critical, what
is the corresponding critical depth of the channel considering most-
efficient channel design?

FORCES ON VANES
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐅 ⃑⃑⃑⃑𝟏 − ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐇𝐃 = 𝛒𝐐(𝐯 𝐯𝟐 )

SITUATION. A rectangular jet of water flowing in the atmosphere is to be

deflected. If the water jet has length and thickness of 40mm and 15mm WATER HAMMER
respectively and a velocity of 18m/s, find the force required to hold the vane in - Also called Hydraulic Shock.
place - is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid (usually a liquid but sometimes
1. If the jet is flowing horizontally and hits a fixed vertical plate at right angle. also a gas) in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum
2. If the jet hits a fixed curved vane and is deflected as shown. Assume that change).
the vane is frictionless.
Celerity
𝐸𝐵
For RIGID pipes: 𝑐=√
𝜌

𝐸𝐵
For NON-RIGID pipes: 𝑐=√ 𝐸𝐵 𝑑
𝜌(1+ )
𝐸𝑡

Time for pressure wave to travel, T

𝑇 = 2𝐿/𝑐

For 𝒕𝒄 = 𝟎, instantaneous closure

Ph = ρcv
SITUATION. A horizontal jet of water 50mm diameter strikes a curved vane
with a velocity of 20m/s and is deflected through 1350 from its original direction. For 𝒕𝒄 < 𝑻, rapid closure
Neglecting friction, compute the magnitude and direction resultant force: Ph = ρcv
3. If the vane is stationary.
4. If the vane is moving 8m/s along the direction of the jet. For 𝒕𝒄 > 𝑻, slow closure
5. If the vane is moving 10m/s against the direction of the jet. 2L
Ph = ρ [ ] v
tc
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

SITUATION. A 500-mm diameter non-rigid pipe of length 2.2km with a thickness

of 10mm is to carry water flowing at 1.0 m³/s. Use Ew = 2.07x109 Pa for water
and Es = 200000 MPa for steel.
1. Determine the celerity in m/s.

2. Find the water hammer pressure developed for the following conditions:
a. Time of closure = 3 seconds
b. Time of closure = 6 seconds

3. Determine the composite bulk modulus of water.