DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
Sivanath mamilla

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
 ESSAY – section II (iv)
Q. Floods and especially flash floods in urban
areas are growing natural/artificial hazards in
India.

• Essay: 800 words

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 FODDER

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• This fodder focuses on the widespread and
costly destruction caused by a lesser-
recognized threat: chronic urban flooding due
to city landscapes that cannot absorb or
otherwise manage rainfall.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 The Growing Threat of Urban
Flooding: A National Challenge

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Definition or introduction
• The inundation of property in a built
environment, particularly in more densely
populated areas, caused by rain falling on
increased amounts of impervious surfaces and
overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems.
• We can split the definition into three separate
components: urban flooding is
• (1) caused by rain that
• (2) falls on impervious surfaces and
• (3) overwhelms local storm water drainage
capacity
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
• Each of these components—heavy precipitation
(which is expected to become more frequent due
to climate change), increased urbanization, and
insufficient or outdated stormwater
infrastructure—presents a challenge in and of
itself. With urban flooding sitting at the
intersection of all three, it’s no wonder that this is
a complex problem.
• Urban areas are centres of economic activities
with vital infrastructure which needs to be
protected.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• Urban areas are also centres of economic activities
with vital infrastructure which needs to be protected
24x7.
• In most of the cities, damage to vital infrastructure has
a bearing not only for the state and the country but it
could even have global implications.
• Major cities in India have witnessed loss of life and
property, disruption in transport and power and
incidence of epidemics. Therefore, management of
urban flooding has to be accorded top priority.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• Indian cities have witnessed tremendous growth in the
last few decades, accompanied by a corresponding rise
in urban population.
• Unfortunately, infrastructure development has failed
keep pace with the economic and population growth,
resulting in mismanagement of resources.
• Changing rainfall patterns, due to both natural and
man-made causes, have only made the situation
worse. Cities' drainage infrastructure, coupled with soil
erosion, have proved ineffective in the face of intense
rainfall, making flash floods a common occurrence.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• Urban flooding is specific in the fact that the cause is a
lack of drainage in an urban area.
• As there is little open soil that can be used for water
storage nearly all the precipitation needs to be
transport to surface water or the sewage system.
• High intensity rainfall can cause flooding when the city
sewage system and draining canals do not have the
necessary capacity to drain away the amounts of rain
that are falling.
• Water may even enter the sewage system in one place
and then get deposited somewhere else in the city on
the streets.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Issues in Urban Flooding - INDIA

• Among the important cities of India, the average annual rainfall

varies from 2932 mm in Goa and 2401 mm in Mumbai on the
higher side, to 669 mm in Jaipur on the lower side.
• The rainfall pattern and temporal duration is almost similar in all
these cities, which receive the maximum rainfall from the south-
west monsoons.
• The average rainfall for the month of July in Mumbai is 868 mm
and this far exceeds the annual average rainfall of 611 mm in
London.
• Storm water drainage systems in the past were designed for rainfall
intensity of 12 – 20 mm.
• These capacities have been getting very easily overwhelmed
whenever rainfall of higher intensity has been experienced.
• Further, the systems very often do not work to the designed
capacities because of very poor maintenance.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• Encroachments are also a major problem in many cities and towns.
• Natural streams and watercourses have formed over thousands of years due to
the forces of flowing water in the respective watersheds.
• Habitations started growing into towns and cities alongside rivers and
watercourses.
• As a result of this, the flow of water has increased in proportion to the
urbanization of the watersheds.
• Ideally, the natural drains should have been widened (similar to road widening for
increased traffic) to accommodate the higher flows of storm water.
• But on the contrary, there have been large scale encroachments on the natural
drains and the river flood plains. Consequently the capacity of the natural drains
has decreased, resulting in flooding.
• Improper disposal of solid waste, including domestic, commercial and industrial
waste and dumping of construction debris into the drains also contributes
significantly to reducing their capacities.
• It is imperative to take better operations and maintenance actions.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Reasons

• 1.Climate change (increased episodes of high intensity

rainfall in short time) - heavy downpours or
cloudbursts
• 2.Rapid Urbanization
• 3.floodplians encroachment and unregulated
construction in wetlands floodplains and low lands
• 5.overburdened drainage
• 6. Ignoring natural topography and hydro
geomorphology

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• 7.man made disaster
• 8.overlooking environment regulations - (EIA
2020 )for big projects
• 9.Decrease in vegetation
• 10.Decrease in number of water bodies

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• 12. The urban areas have registered higher
temperatures than rural surroundings. The Urban
Heat Island (UHI) effect is making an impact on
the rainfall patterns in the city. Due to high
temperature in urban areas as compared to rural
surroundings, cooler rural air converges towards
urban area with low pressure
• 13.Sudden release or failure to release water
from dams
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Urban Flood Risk in India

• There has been an increasing trend of urban flood

disasters in India over the past several years whereby
major cities in India have been severely affected.
• The most notable amongst them are Hyderabad in
2000, Ahmedabad in 2001, Delhi in 2002 and 2003,
Chennai in 2004, Mumbai in 2005, Surat in 2006,
Kolkata in 2007, Jamshedpur in 2008, Delhi in 2009 and
Guwahati and Delhi in 2010.
• A special feature in India is that we have heavy rainfall
during monsoons. There are other weather systems
also that bring in a lot of rain. Storm surges can also
affect coastal cities/ towns.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Past decade
• 2000 Akshardham temple and common wealth
game village
• 2013 Northindia floods(urban areas)
• 2015 Chennai floods
• 2020 Assam floods (urban areas)
• 2020 Mumbai floods
• 2020 Hyderbad floods

• Note :Urban Floods are separated from coastal

and riverine floods
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
• Musi floods
• Yamuna floods
• Godavari
• Krishna
• Damodar
• kosi

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Impact

• Breakdown of public services – socio-

economic impact
• Inundation from hours to several days.
• temporary relocation of people,
• damage to civic amenities,
• deterioration of water quality

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• Risk of epidemics :Flood waters circulate
untreated solid waste and faecal matter
around squatter settlements, which leads to
outbreaks of malaria, dengue, diarrhoea , etc
for a much longer time than the season of
rainfall.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
Have we learnt from the disasters?

• Gurugram
• Amaravathi
• Cities which are expected to be intense in
economical activity and dense in population
are being planned in ecologically sensitive
areas.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 What we need to do
• Prepare a safety kit which should include a
torch, sheets/ blankets, waterproof clothing,
battery-operated radio, bottled water, first-aid
kit, medication, personal valuables and
personal documentation.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Institutional mechanism -NDMA
• As a part of its mandate, the National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA) has made efforts
to prepare the National Guidelines on
Management of Urban Flooding.
• Mumbai floods of July 2005 turned out to be an
eye-opener. Realizing that the causes of urban
flooding are different and so also are the
strategies to deal with them, NDMA has for the
first time decided to address urban flooding as a
separate disaster, delinking it from floods
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
• As a new post-2015 framework for disaster
risk reduction was adopted in Sendai in March
2015 taking in account lessons learned during
the 2005-2015 period, gaps identified and
future challenges

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 world where natural disasters do not
respect national borders
• India is taking a leading role in strengthening
regional cooperation among South Asian
countries for reducing disasters.
• Coalition on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
(CDRI)
• Coalition on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
(CDRI) formed last year will conduct country-
specific and global activities, and also serve as a
platform for facilitating investment in disaster-
resilient infrastructure systems.
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
• India is one of the participating countries and works
closely with the United Nations International Strategy
for Disaster Reduction,
• Recebt seminar - 'Bringing about Greater Cohesion in
International Response to Disasters' organized by the
National Institute of Disaster Management.
• It is with this goal that Prime Minister announced the
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) at
the UN Climate Action Summit in September 2019.
• It is envisaged as a global partnership that aims to
promote resilience of new and existing infrastructure
systems to climate and disaster risks

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• As of September 2020, 16 countries are
members of CDRI. CDRI has the United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, the
United Nations Development Programme, the
World Bank and the Asian Development Bank,
as its knowledge and development partners.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Policy : Draft National Forest Policy in
the year 2018.
• The policy proposes to restrict schemes and projects which interfere with
forests that cover steep slopes, catchments of rivers, lakes, and
reservoirs, geologically unstable terrain and such other ecologically
sensitive areas
• The draft policy suggests that the ecologically sensitive catchment areas
shall be stabilized with suitable soil and water conservation measures, and
also by planting suitable trees and grass-like bamboo
• It also suggests setting up of two national-level bodies
• —National Community Forest Management Mission(CFM) and National
Board of Forestry (NBF)—for better management of the country’s
forests.

• Public-Private Participation: The Draft policy stated that Public-private

participation models will be developed for undertaking afforestation and
reforestation activities in degraded forest areas and forest areas available
with forest development corporations and outside forests

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• It also suggested for the strengthening of the
participatory forest management approach for
which a National Community Forest
Management (CFM) Mission will be launched.
• The objective of the proposed policy is to
safeguard the ecological and livelihood security
of people, of present and future generations,
based on sustainable management of the forests
for the flow of ecosystem services.
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
• The Policy continues with the target of having 33% of
India’s geographical area under forest and tree cover
and in the hills and mountainous regions, the aim will
be to maintain two-thirds of the area under forest and
tree cover.
• The policy also calls for “promotion of trees outside
forests and urban greens”, while stating that it will be
taken up in “mission mode”.
• It emphasized on integrating climate change concerns
into forest management while noting that forests acts
as a natural sink of carbon dioxide thereby assisting in
climate change mitigation.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• At present, about 21.54 percent of India’s
land, which is about 70 million hectares, is
under forest cover.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Afforestation
• The central government has several afforestation
programmers among which the main one is the
Green India Mission (GIM), which is also one of
the eight missions under the country’s National
Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
• Launched in 2014, the GIM’s broad objective is to
increase the forest and tree cover by five million
hectares, as well as to increase the quality of
existing forest and tree cover in another five
million hectares forest/non-forest lands in 10
years.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Afforestation techniques
• The Miyawaki method, also called the Potted
Seedling Method, is an afforestation technique
that uses native species to create dense,
multilayered forests.
• A central tenet in creating these forests is its use
of indigenous species for plantations.
• The overall density of the forest is beneficial in
lowering temperature, making soil nutritious,
supporting local wildlife and sequestration of
carbon.
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
• One of the main points developed is the
necessity to increase public awareness, to
enhance disaster preparedness for effective
response and to “build back better” in
recovery rehabilitation and reconstruction.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
Civil society

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Civil society
The Centre for Environmental Research & Education (CERE)

• CERE’s Urban Afforestation Project aims to

increase the green cover in Indian cities and
also help companies, organizations and
individuals reduce their carbon footprint.
Most importantly, CERE will constantly
undertake carbon calculations to determine
the carbon sequestration value of the entire
program over time.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Technology interevention
• Integrated Urban Flood Management in India
– Technology Driven Solutions' aims to change
this situation by leapfrogging from the
current, poorly managed state to a highly
efficient, technology-driven automated end-
to-end management of urban floods.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• The project aims to develop solutions by taking into
account all the ground conditions including clogging,
sewerage in drains, and space constraints. It also
proposes to develop a real time flood forecasting
model, which gets inputs from sensors placed at
different parts of the city. The flood situation can be
displayed on a computer screen using the geographical
information systems (GIS), in real time.
• The system will also incorporate appropriate
algorithms to expedite operational decisions, and
enable faster communication to the stakeholders using
mobile phone and internet.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
The underground reservoir protecting
Tokyo from floods

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
• It has been called Japan’s underground
Parthenon, a cavernous complex charged with
protecting Tokyo and surrounding areas from
catastrophic flooding — a risk experts warn is
growing as climate change advances.

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH
Thank you – use fodder wisely

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
Till when we let our cities drown?

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
 Please read this
• https://m.sakshi.com/telugu-
news/telangana/minor-girl-become-orphan-
after-mother-died-1322544

DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI

,ANDHRA PRADESH
DUNLIN EDUCATORS(sivanath) , TIRUPATI
,ANDHRA PRADESH