COMPUTATION OF

PRODUCTION
PARAMETERS IN
LIVESTOCK AND
POULTRY
 GENERAL
PRODUCTION
PARAMETERS
1.Weight Gain
2.ADG
3.FCR
4.Feed cost to produce per kg BW
1.Weight Gain= Final Wt- Initial Wt
Say, FW= 1.5kg and IW= 40 g
>> Convert values to 1 common unit
1,500g- 40g= 1, 460g
1.5kg- 0.040kg= 1.460kg
1.Weight Gain= Final Wt- Initial Wt

2. ADG= Weight Gain/ #of days fed

Say, Days Fed= 30days
1, 460g/ 30days= 48.67g/day
1.Weight Gain= Final Wt- Initial Wt
2.ADG= Weight Gain/ #of days fed
3.FCR= Total Feed Consumed/ Weight gain
Say, TFC= 3kg
3kg/1.460kg= 2.05 (no unit!)
>> means to gain 1kg BW, 2.05 kg Feeds
needs to be consumed
>> the lower numerical value, the better
 Production Indices for Hybrid Broiler
Character Unit Value

Weight at Kg 1.5-1.9
Marketing
Days to Market Days 42-49
Feed consumed Kg 3.5-3.8
during growing-
out
Feed Conversion Kg 2.0-2.4
1.Weight Gain= Final Wt- Initial Wt
2.ADG= Weight Gain/ #of days fed
3.FCR= Total Feed Consumed/ Weight gain
*FCR per life stage e.g brooding period,
fattening period etc >> consider feed
consumption per day and/or # of days per
period
1.Weight Gain= Final Wt- Initial Wt
2.ADG= Weight Gain/ #of days fed
3.FCR= Total Feed Consumed/ Weight gain
3kg/1.460kg= 2.05
Feed Efficiency (%)= Weight Gain/ Total
Feed Consumed X 100%
= 1.460/3 x 100%= 0.4867 x 100%
= 48.67%
1. Weight Gain= Final Wt- Initial Wt
2. ADG= Weight Gain/ #of days fed
3. FCR= Total Feed Consumed/ Weight Gain

4.Feed cost to produce per kg BW= FCR x

Feed cost/kg
Say, feed cost is Php 35.00
= FCR x Feed cost/kg
= 2.05 x Php 35.00= Php 71.75
1. Compute for the FCR and ADG of
fattening cattle using the following data:
Initial weight: 200 kg
Final weight: 650 kg
Total Feed Consumption: 6,000 kg grass
No. of fattening days: 300 days
1. FCR
= Total feed consumed/ Weight gain
= 6,000 kg/ (650-200kg)
= 6,000 kg/ 450kg
= 13.3

Feed Efficiency?
◦ADG
= Total weight gain/ # of days fed
= (650-200kg)/ 300days
= 450kg/ 300days
= 1.5kg/day
2. Compute for the FCR and feed cost to produce 1kg
body for this broiler flock with the following data:
◦Flock Population: 10,000 birds
◦Total Feed consumed: 600 sacks
◦Feed cost per bag: Php 1,250.00
◦Total Final Weight of the Flock at harvest: 20,000 kg
◦Total Initial Weight of Flock at start of cycle: 50,000
grams
◦Total Feeding days: 30
FCR= Total feed consumed
Weight gain (FW-IW)
= 600 sacks X50kg per sack
20,000kg- 50kg (50,000 grams )
= 30,000kg
19,950 kg
= 1.50 (does not have unit; kg will cancel out!)
Feed cost to produce 1 kg BW
= FCR X Feed cost per kg
= 1.5 x (Php 1,250/ 50kg)
= 1.5 x Php 25
= Php 37.50
Average Daily Weight Gain (kg/day)
CATTLE
Native – 0.50
crossbreed – 0.60
Purebreed – 0.75 and above
SWINE
0.39 – 0.56kg/day from birth to market
 Dressing Percentage
The ratio of the dressed/carcass weight of
birds/animals to its liveweight.
Dressing percentage head off for Ruminants
48% for chilled carcass
50% for unchilled carcass
Average Dressing Percentage, Head off for Swine
69% based on chilled weight
70% based on unchilled carcass
 Conception Rate
The number of pregnant females over the number of
females bred X 100%.
Say, out of 100 females cows bred, 80 get pregnant
= 80/ 100 x 100%= 80%
The average conception rate is 75% for large
ruminants (30% via AI in carabao)
80% in small ruminants and swine
 Mortality Rate
Death rate
The number of animals that died over the total number of
animals during the reference period.

While in transit, average mortality rate of calves is 5% while

that of adult cow is 2%
Birth to weaning in goats is 10% while 5% in sheep
3-5% per batch in broilers
10-12% per year in the laying period of layer hens
 SPECIFIC
PRODUCTION
PARAMETERS
Market Age (for fattened hogs)
5 to 6 months old (150-180 days)
Market weight is 70-92 kg
slaughter of swine may be done upon reaching 5-6 months
or market weight

Number of Pigs weaned/sow/year

The total number of pigs weaned from every sow in one-year
period
An acceptable goal is 20 pigs weaned per sow per year
 Performance Characteristics of Commercially
Raised Crossbred and Hybrid Philippine swine
Character Unit Low High Ave
Litter size at birth ( born alive) Head 8-13 10.36 9.17
Litter size at weaning Head 7.46 9.51 8.23
Piglet weaned at weaning Kilo 5.9 8.04 7.0
Age at weaning Days 23.58 32.35 28.71
Farrowing/sow index Number 2.11 2.44 2.29
Farrowing interval Days 149.52 173.09 159.31
Piglets weaned/sow/year Head 10.41 20.39 15.27
Farrowing rate % 54.88 83.01 74.55
Farrowing Index/ Sow Index
Number of times a sow farrows in a year
4-5 times in two years
= 365 days
Pregnant days + Lactation Period + Dry Period
= 365________
114 + 30 + 7
= 365/ 151
= 2.41 >> meaning the farrows twice a year and
currently pregnant
 Performance Characteristics of Commercially
Raised Crossbred and Hybrid Philippine swine
Character Unit Low High Ave
Litter size at birth ( born alive) Head 8-13 10.36 9.17
Litter size at weaning Head 7.46 9.51 8.23
Piglet weaned at weaning Kilo 5.9 8.04 7.0
Age at weaning Days 23.58 32.35 28.71
Farrowing/sow index Number 2.11 2.44 2.29
Farrowing interval Days 149.52 173.09 159.31
Piglets weaned/sow/year Head 10.41 20.39 15.27
Farrowing rate % 54.88 83.01 74.55
Real Scenario
◦Pregnancy: 114 days
◦Lactation Period : 30 days
◦Dry period: 30 days
SI= 365/ (114+30+ 30)
= 365/174
= 2.09
Real Scenario
◦Pregnancy: 114 days
◦Lactation Period : 45 days
◦Dry period: 30 days
SI= 365/ (114+45+ 60) LOST DAYS!
= 365/219
= 1.67 >> farrowed once and pregnant ~2 mo,
2wk before the year ends
How to increase Sow index?
1. Early weaning
2. Offer creep feed
3. Diet modification/ supplementation for
sows
How to increase Sow index?
◦Pregnancy: 114 days
◦Lactation Period : 21 days
◦Dry period: 7 days
SI= 365/ (114+21+ 7)
= 365/142
= 2.57!
Layer
Average daily water consumption
240-320 liter (60-80 gal) per 1000 birds during the
laying period
Average Egg production (Laying Efficiency)
70-80%
Feed per 100 eggs
A layer can consume 11 to 12 kg of feeds for every
100 eggs it produces
Management Practices
Brooding – 0 to 5 weeks
Growing - 6 to 15 weeks
Length of Production cycle
First Production cycle – 12 to 18 months
Second production cycle – 18-28 months
Length of Production Cycle
12 to 18 months of laying
Sexual Maturity
51/2 to 6 months of age
Determination of Egg Production
Efficiency
a. Percent Hen-Day Egg Production
 A short term day-to-day measure of efficiency.
 It is the number of eggs collected in one day expressed as
a percentage of the number of layers in the house in that
day
b. Hen-housed Basis
 Measures the long-term productivity and profitability
 This is a measure of egg productivity related to the number
of layers in the house at the start of the laying period
 For example:
Day Hen-House Hen-Day
Number of EP (Egg Number of EP ( Egg
layer produced for Layer produced for
the day) (%) the Day)(%)
1 100 50 100 50
2 99 49 99 49
3 99 49 99 49
4 95 40 95 40

% Hen-Housed = 188egg/(100x4) x100% = 47%

% Hen-Day = 188/(1x100)+(2x99)+(1x 95) x 100%
= 188/393 = 47.8%
Approximate Feed Consumption Average Egg production (Egg
of Egg Type Chicken Laying Efficiency Ratio)
Age (Week) Daily Age of Layer in Laying Efficiency
Requirement Month Ratio (%)
(Gram per Bird) 1-4 0
0-4 10-15 5 5
6 18
5-8 20-30
7 50
9-12 33-43
8 80
13-15 44-54 9 85
10 88
17-20 55-65
11 86
21-24 73-83
12 83
25-40 120-130 13 80
14 77
41-52 115-120
15 74
53-64 110-115
16 71
17 68
Grade Classification for Eggs
Size Weight In terms of quality, eggs are
Range ( classified as Philippine Grade A
to Philippine Grade D.
Grams per
Each quality has its specific
Egg) descriptions
Extra large 62 and
and jumbo above
Large 55-61

Medium 48 – 54

Small 41-47

Very small Below 41

or peewee
 Standard Quality for Individual Chicken Eggs
Quality Grade
Factor A B C D
Shell Clean Clean Moderate stained Moderate stained
Unbroken Unbroken Unbroken Unbroken
Normal shape Normal shape Slightly abnormal shape Maybe abnormal shape
Air cell 3/10 cm or less in ½ cm less in 1 cm or less in depth May be over 1 cm in depth
depth depth
Practically Practically Maybe loose or bubbly Maybe loose or bubbly
regular regular
White Clear, firm (72 Clear may be Clear may be weak (31-59 May be weak and watery, small
Haugh units or reasonably firm Haugh units) cloth or spots present ( less than 31
higher) (60-70 Haugh) Haugh units)

Yolk Outline slightly Outline may be Outline may be well Outline may be well defined
defined round fairly well defined
and firm defined

Free from defects Round and firm May be slightly enlarged May be enlarged and flattened
and flattened
Free from Practically free from May show clearly visible
defects defects with slight embryonic development but no
embryonic development blood. May show other serious
defect
Calf Crop
The number of calves weaned over the number of
breeders exposed to bull X 100%.
First five years: 65%
Fifth year : 75%
Tenth year: 85%

Calf Drop
The number of calves born (alive, still born, and dead) over the
number of breeders exposed to bull X 100%.
The average calf drop is 65%
Pasture and Forage
Animal Unit
For each class stock, animal unit equivalents are
assigned based on sex, age and activity.
These equivalents are averages based on the
concept of a 350 kilograms head of cattle (or 400 kg
carabao) being one animal unit.
The animal unit equivalents commonly used are
as follows:
Class/type of animal Animal Unit equivalent
Cow/bull or heifer ( above 1.00
3 years of age)
Bull/heifer or steer ( 2-3 0.75
years of age)
Bull/heifer or steer (1-2 0.75
years of age)
Calf ( under 1 year of age) 0.25
Horse 1.00
Sheep or goat 0.20
Carrying Capacity
Refers to the number of animals that a unit area of pasture can
support safely and economically for a given period of time.
This is based on the average of lowest herbage yield of the
pasture
The equation is also expressed in terms of animal unit per
hectare
For improved pasture, 2-4 animal unit per hectare is suggested
For native grassland, 1.0 A.U. Per hectare is recommended
How many hectares of native pasture will be
needed to support the following animal
populations: (2 points each)
a. 50 horses
b. 200 goats
c. 40 calves
Assuming 1 A.U/1 hectare native grassland
a. 50 horses
50 horses X 1 A.U/1 hectare native grassland= 50 A.U/
1 hec= 50 hectares

b. 200 goats= 1A.U/5 goats= 40 A. U. = 40 hectares

Or 200 goats X 0.20 AU/hec= 40 hectares

c. 40 calves= 1 A.U/ 4 calves= 10 A.U.= 10 hectares

Or 40 calves x 0.25 AU/ hec= 10 hectares
Stocking Rate
The number of animals per unit area of pastures
and is expressed as animal units per hectare
(AU/h)
What is the stocking rate in the
following situations:
a. 10 bulls in 10 hectares of native
grassland
b. 20 calves in 5 hectares of native
grassland
a. 10 bulls in 10 hectares of native grassland=
10A.U./10 hec= 1AU/hec

b. 20 calves in 5 hectares of native grassland= 20

calves=1AU/4 calves= 5 AU/ 5 hec= 1AU/hec
Or 20 calves X 0.25 AU/ 5 hec= 5 AU/ 5 hec=
1AU/hec
THANK YOU!
◦ On January 1, 75 heifers and cows were synchronized to
come to heat. Of these, three went back to heat. On
September 30, 65 calves were born alive, 3 were still
born and two were mummified. March of the following
year, only sixty calves were weaned.
◦ Compute for the following:
◦ a. Conception Rate
◦ b. Calf Drop
◦ c. Calf Crop
◦ D. Mortality rate from birth to weaning
Express answer up to two decimal points.
◦What is the ADG of a feeder cattle which was
fed for six months (180 days), when it was
acquired at 150 kg and sold at 350kg? It was fed
with 4 kg of dried grass per day? Express answer
up to two decimal points.
•Compute for the hen-housed and hen-day production using the
following data:

Day No. of layer No. of eggs

chickens collected
1 500 482
2 498 480
3 485 478
4 480 465
5 478 460
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
FORAGE ANALYSIS