vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx

ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
chtxf.kr-II

22
fVIi.kh

vkO;wg dk izfrykse
rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx

vkb, ,d mnkgj.k ysa

nks isu rFkk 5 dkWfi;k¡ [kjhnus ds fy,] vfHkuo 120 #- [kpZ djrk gS tcfd 'kkUruq] 4
isu rFkk 3 dkWfi;ksa ij 100 #- [kpZ djrk gSA ge vkO;wg }kjk] ,d isu rFkk 1 dkWih dk
ewY; Kkr djus dk iz;Ru djsaxsA ekuk 1 isu dk ewY; x #- rFkk 1 dkWih dk ewY; y #-
gSA mijksDr lwpuk dks vkO;wg :i esa bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
LM2 5OP LMxOP = LM120OP
N4 3Q NyQ N100Q
bls ge bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa % A X = B
2 5 x  120 
tcfd A =  4  , X =   rFkk B =  
 3  y 100 
LM x OP
gekjk mn~ns'; X = y Kkr djuk gSA
NQ
X Kkr djus ds fy,] gesa ,d vkO;wg A−1 Kkr djuk gS ftlls X = A−1 B

;g vkO;wg A−1 , vkO;wg A dk izfrykse dgykrk gSA bl v/;k; esa ge bl izdkj ds vkO;wg
ds izfrykse Kkr djus dk iz;Ru djsaxsA ge vkO;wg fof/k ls jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks
gy djuk Hkh lh[ksaxsA

xf.kr 61
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
mís';
chtxf.kr-II
bl ikB ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %
• vkO;wg ds vo;o dk milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• ,d vkO;wg ds vo;o ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr dj djuk
fVIi.kh • ,d vkO;wg dk lg[k.Mt Kkr djuk
• vO;qRØe.kh; rFkk O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg dh igpku rFkk mUgsa ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• ,d vkO;wg dk izfrykse] ;fn bldk vfLrRo gS] Kkr djuk
• jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks vkO;wg :i AX = B; esa iznf'kZr dj djuk rFkk
• vkO;wg fof/k ls jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks gy djuk
iwoZ Kku
• lkjf.kd dh /kkj.kk
• vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd
• ,sls vkO;wg ftudk lkjf.kd 'kwU; gS
• vkO;wg dk ifjorZ
• vkO;wg ds vo;o dk milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M
22.1 ,d oxZ vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd
ge igys gh i<+ pqds gSa fd izR;sd oxZ vkO;wg ds lkFk ,d lkjf.kd lEcfU/kr gSA fdlh fn,
LM2 5OP 2 5
x, vkO;wg A = 4 3 ds fy, 4 3 bldk lkjf.kd gksxkA
N Q
bls ge A }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA

LM1 3 1 OP
blh izdkj vkO;wg A = M2 PP
4 5 , dk laxr lkjf.kd
MN1 −1 7 Q
1 3 1
A = 2 4 5 gSA
1 −1 7

,d oxZ vkO;wg A, vO;qRØe.kh; dgykrk gS ;fn bldk lkjf.kd 'kwU; gS vFkkZr~ A = 0

,d oxZ vkO;wg A, O;qRØe.kh; dgykrk gS ;fn bldk lkjf.kd 'kwU;srj gS vFkkZr~ A ≠ 0

62 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
mnkgj.k 22.1. Kkr dhft, fd vkO;wg A vO;qRØe.kh; gS ;k O;qRØe.kh; tcfd ekWM;
~ y
w - VI

LM−6 −3OP LM1 2 3 OP chtxf.kr-II

(a) A = (b) A = M0 1 2
P
N4 2Q MN1 4 1PQ
− 6 −3
gy % (a) ;gk¡ ij A = 4 2
fVIi.kh

= (–6)(2) – (4)(–3)
= – 12 + 12 = 0

∴ vkO;wg A vO;qRØe.kh; gSA

1 2 3
(b) A = 0 1 2
1 4 1

1 2 0 2 0 1
;gk¡ =1 −2 +3
4 1 1 1 1 4
= −7 + 4 −3
= −6 ≠ 0
∴ fn;k x;k vkO;wg O;qRØe.kh; gSA

mnkgj.k 22.2. x dk eku Kkr dhft, ftlls fn;k x;k vkO;wg A vO;qRØe.kh; gS %

LM1 −2 3 OP
MM x
A= 1 2 1
−3PQ
P
N 2
gy % ;gk¡ ij
1 −2 3
A = 1 2 1
x 2 −3
2 1 1 1 1 2
=1 +2 +3
2 −3 x −3 x 2
= 1(−6 − 2) + 2(−3 − x) + 3(2 − 2 x)
= − 8 − 6 − 2x + 6 − 6x
= − 8 − 8x
∴ A vO;qRØe.kh; gS]

xf.kr 63
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI ∴ A =0

chtxf.kr-II A = −8 − 8 x = 0
;k x = −1
vr% x dk vHkh"V eku –1 gSA
1 6 
mnkgj.k 22.3. fn;k gS A =   . fn[kkb, fd
fVIi.kh 3 2 
A = A′ tcfd A′ vkO;wg A ds ifjorZ dks n'kkZrk gSA

1 6 
gy % ;gk¡ ij A =  
3 2 
1 3 
vr% A′ =  
6 2 
1 6
vc A = = 1 × 2 − 3 × 6 = −16 ...(1)
3 2
1 3
rFkk A' = = 1× 2 − 3 × 6 = −16 ...(2)
6 2

(1) rFkk (2) ls] A = A′ oxZ vkO

22.2 oxZ vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M
 a11 a12 a13 
vkO;wg A =  a21 a22 a23  ij fopkj dhft,A
 a31 a32 a33 
A dh ioha iafDr rFkk josa LrEHk dks NksM+dj] izkIr lkjf.kd] vo;o aij dk milkjf.kd dgykrk
gS rFkk bls Mij }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA
vo;o aij dk lg[k.M Cij bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gS%
Cij = (−1)i+ j M ij
mnkgj.kkFkZ, M23 = a23 dk milkjf.kd
a11 a12
=
a31 a32
rFkk C23 = a23 dk lg[k.M
2+3
= ( −1) M 23

= ( −1) M 23
5

a11 a12
= − M 23 = −
a31 a32

64 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
 2 5 ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
mnkgj.k 22.4. vkO;wg A =   ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr dhft,A
 6 3 chtxf.kr-II
gy %
M 11 (2 dk milkjf.kd) = 3; C11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = (−1) 2 M 11 = 3

M 12 (5 dk milkjf.kd) = 6; C12 = (−1)1+2 M 12 = (−1)3 M 12 = − 6

fVIi.kh
M 21 (6 dk milkjf.kd) = 5; C21 = (−1) 2+1 M 21 = (−1)3 M 21 = − 5

M 22 (3 dk milkjf.kd) = 2; C22 = (−1) 2+ 2 M 22 = (−1) 4 M 22 = 2 mnkgj.k 5.5

 −1 3 6 
mnkgj.k 22.5. vkO;wg A =  2 5 −2  ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr
 4 1 3 
dhft,A
5 −2
gy % ;gk¡ ij M 11 = = 15 + 2 = 17; C11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = 17
1 3
2 −2
M 12 = = 6 + 8 = 14; C12 = (−1)1+ 2 M 12 = − 14
4 3
2 5
M 13 = = 2 − 20 = − 18; C13 = (−1)1+3 M 13 = − 18
4 1
3 6
M 21 = = 9 − 6 = 3; C21 = (−1) 2+1 M 21 = − 3
1 3
−1 6
M 22 = = (−3 − 24) = − 27; C22 = (−1) 2+ 2 M 22 = − 27
4 3
−1 3
M 23 = = (−1 − 12) = − 13; C23 = (−1) 2+3 M 23 = 13
4 1
3 6
M 31 = = ( − 6 − 30) = −36; C31 = ( − 1)3+1 M 31 = −36
5 −2
−1 6
M 32 = = (2 − 12) = − 10; C32 = (−1)3+ 2 M 32 = 10
2 −2

−1 3
rFkk M 33 = = ( −5 − 6) = − 11; C33 = ( −1) 3+ 3 M 33 = − 11
2 5

xf.kr 65
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
chtxf.kr-II
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.1
1. fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa ds lkjf.kdksa ds eku Kkr dhft, %
 4 5 6
0 6  
(a) A =   (b) B =  −1 0 1 
fVIi.kh 2 5  2 1 2 
2. Kkr dhft, fd fn;s x;s vkO;wg O;qRØe.kh; gS vFkok vO;qRØe.kh;%
 1 −1 2 
3 2  
(a) A =   (b) Q =  2 3 1 
 −9 −6   4 5 −1
3. fuEu vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds mi lkjf.kd Kkr dhft,%
 3 −1 0 6
(a) A =   (b) B =  
7 4  2 5
4. (a) fuEu vkO;wg A dh nwljh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd Kkr dhft,%

 1 2 3
A =  −1 0 4 
 −2 −3 1 
(b) fuEu vkO;wg A dh rhljh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds mi lkjf.kd Kkr dhft,%

 2 −1 3 
A =  5 4 1 
 −2 0 −3
5. fuEu vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M Kkr dhft,%
3 −2   0 4
(a) A=  (b) B =  
9 7   −5 6 
2 0 1
6. (a) vkO;wg A =  −1 3 0  dh nwljh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M Kkr dhft,%
 4 1 −2 

(b) fuEu vkO;wg dh igyh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M Kkr dhft,%

 2 −1 5 
A =  6 4 −2 
 −5 −3 0 

66 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
 2 3  −2 3  ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
7. ;fn A =   rFkk B =   rks lR;kfir dhft, fd
 4 5  7 4 chtxf.kr-II
(a) A = A′ rFkk B = B ′ (b) AB = A B = BA

22.3 oxZ vkO;wg dk lg[k.Mt

2 1 2 1
ekuk A =   ,d vkO;wg gSA rc A = fVIi.kh
5 7  5 7
ekuk vo;o aij ds Mij rFkk Cij Øe'k% milkjf.kd vkSj lg[k.M gSaA rc
M11 = 7 = 7; C11 = ( −1)1+1 7 = 7
M 12 = 5 = 5; C12 = ( −1)1+ 2 5 = − 5
M 21 = 1 = 1; C21 = ( −1) 2+1 1 = − 1
M 22 = 2 = 2; C22 = ( −1) 2+ 2 2 = 2
ge A ds izR;sd vo;o ds LFkku ij blds lg[k.M dk foLFkkfir djrs gSa] rks

B=
LM 7 −5OP ...(1)
N Q
− 1 2
(1) esa izkIr lg[k.Mksa ds vkO;wg B dk ifjorZ gS%

B′ = M
L 7 −1OP ...(2)
N −5 2 Q
vkO;wg B′ vkO;wg A dk lg[k.Mt dgykrk gS rFkk bls Adj A }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA
bl izdkj fn, x, vkO;wg A dk lg[k.Mt ml vkO;wg dk ifjorZ gksrk gS ftlds
vo;o fn, x, vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds laxr lg[k.M gksrs gSaA
vkO;wg A ls Adj A Kkr djus ds fu;e
(a) vkO;wg ds izR;sd vo;o dks mlds lg[k.M ls foLFkkfir dhft, rFkk lg[k.Mksa dk
vkO;wg izkIr dj yhft,A
(b) (a) esa izkIr vkO;wg dk ifjorZ Kkr dj yhft,A

mnkgj.k 22.6. vkO;wg A = 2

LM−4 5 OP dk lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft,A
N −3Q
−4 5
gy % lkjf.kd A=
2 −3
ekuk fd Aij vo;o aij. dk lg[k.M gSA
∴ A11 = ( −1)1+1 ( −3) = − 3 A21 = ( −1) 2 +1 (5) = − 5
A12 = ( −1)1+2 (2) = − 2 A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 ( −4) = − 4

xf.kr 67
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI A ds izR;sd vo;o dks mlds lg[k.M ls foLFkkfir djus ij] izkIr vkO;wg
chtxf.kr-II LM−3 − 2 OP ...(1)
N −5 − 4 Q
∴ Adj A =
LM−3 −5 OP
N −2 −4 Q
fVIi.kh
LM 1 −1 2 OP
mnkgj.k 22.7. vkO;wg A = M−3 PP
4 1 dk lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft,A
MN 5 2 −1 Q
gy %
1 −1 2
lkjf.kd A= −3 4 1
5 2 −1

ekuk A ds vo;o Aij dk lg[k.M aij gSA

1+1
4 1 1+ 2
−3 1
rc A11 = ( −1) 2 −1 = ( −4 − 2) = −6 ; A12 = ( −1) 5 −1
= − ( 3 − 5) = 2

−3 4 2 +1 −1 2
A13 = ( −1)1+ 3 = ( −6 − 20) = −26 ; A21 = ( −1) = − (1 − 4 ) = 3
5 2 2 −1
1 2 1 −1
A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 = ( −1 − 10) = −11 ; A23 = ( −1) 2 + 3 = − ( 2 + 5) = −7
5 −1 5 2

−1 2 1 2
A31 = ( −1) 3+1 = ( −1 − 8) = −9 ; A32 = ( −1) 3+ 2 = − (1 + 6) = −7
4 1 −3 1

3+ 3 1 −1
rFkk A33 = ( −1) = ( 4 − 3) = 1
−3 4
A ds vo;oksa ds LFkku ij muds lg[k.Mksa dks fy[kus ij izkIr lg[k.Mksa dk vkO;wg
LM−6 2 −26 OP LM −6 3 −9 OP
MM 3 −11 −7 PP vr% Adj A = M 2
MN−26
−11 −7 PP
N −9 −7 1 Q −7 1 Q
fVIi.kh% ;fn n dksfV dk oxZ vkO;wg A gS] rks A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A| In
tcfd In n dksfV dk ,dkad vkO;wg gSA

68 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
tk¡p % ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
LM 2 4OP
ekuk A = −1 3
chtxf.kr-II
(1)
N Q
2 4
rc | A| = ;k |A| = 2 × 3 − ( − 1) × (4) = 10
−1 3
;gk¡ ij] A11=3; A12=1; A21= − 4 rFkk A22=2 fVIi.kh

∴
LM3 −4OP
Adj A =
N1 2 Q
2 4  3 −4  10 0  1 0
vc A (AdjA) =  = = 10  = A I2
 −1 3  1 2  0 
10  0 1 

LM3 5 7 OP
(2) iqu% ekuk A = M2 −3 1 PP
MN1 1 2 Q
rc A = 3( − 6 − 1) − 5 (4 − 1) + 7 (2+3) = − 1
;gk¡ ij A11 = − 7; A12= − 3; A13=5
A21= − 3; A22= − 1; A23=2
A31=26; A32=11; A33= − 19

LM−7 −3 OP 26

Adj A = M P
−3 − 1 11
∴
MN 5 2 − 19 PQ

LM3 5 7 O L−7 − 3 26 O
vc (A) (Adj A) = M2
M
−3 1PP M−3 − 1 11 P
P
MN1 1 2 PQ MN 5 2 − 19 PQ

LM−1 0 0 OP
1 0 0 LM OP
=M 0 PP
−1 0 = ( 1) 0 1 0 = |A|I
− MM PP
MN 0 0 −1 0 0 1Q 3
N Q
LM−7 −3 26 OP LM3 5 7 OP
rFkk (Adj A) A = M −3 −1 11 PP MM2 −3 1 PP
MN 5 2 −19 Q N1 1 2 Q
LM−1 0 0 1 0 0 OP LM OP
=M0 PP
−1 0 = −1 0 1 0 = |A|I MM PP
( )
MN 0 0 −1 0 0 1 Q 3
N Q
xf.kr 69
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI fVIi.kh% ;fn vkO;wg ,d vO;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gS vFkkZr~ |A|=0 , rc A (Adj A) = O
chtxf.kr-II
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.2
1. fuEu vkO;wgksa ds lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft, %

fVIi.kh
LM2 −1OP LMa b OP LM cosα sin α OP
(a)
N3 6 Q (b)
Nc d Q (c)
N− sin α cos α Q
2. fuEu vkO;wgksa ds lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft, %
LM 1 2 OP LMi −i OP
(a)
N2 1 Q (b)
Ni i Q
izR;sd n'kk esa LFkkfir dhft, fd A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A|I2.
3. lR;kfir dhft,
A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A| I3, tcfd vkO;wg A gS

LM 6 8 −1OP LM2 7 9 OP
(a) M
MN−3 2 0 PPQ (b) M P
0 5 4 0 −1 2
MN3 −7 4PQ

LMcosα − sinα 0 OP LM 4 −6 OP
1

(d) M
1P
(c) M PP
sin α cosα 0 −1 −1
MN 0 0 1 Q MN−4 11 − 1 PQ

22.4 vkO;wg dk izfrykse

vkO;wg A ij fopkj djsa A = c d

LMa b OP
N Q
LM x yOP
;fn lEHko gks rks ge ,d vkO;wg B = u v Kkr djsaxs
N Q
rkfd AB = BA = I

vFkkZr~
LMa b OP LM x yOP = LM1 0OP
Nc d Q Nu v Q N0 1Q
;k
LMax + bu ay + bv OP = LM1 0OP
Ncx + du cy + dvQ N0 1Q
nksuksa i{kksa dh rqyuk djus ij izkIr gksxkA
ax + bu = 1, ay + bv = 0
cx + du = 0, cy + dv = 1

70 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
x, y, u, v, ds fy, bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ij izkIr gksrk gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
d −b −c a chtxf.kr-II
x= , y= ,u= ,v=
ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc
a b
ijUrq 'krZ ;g gS fd ad − bc ≠ 0 , vFkkZr~ c ≠0
d

LM d −b OP fVIi.kh

B=M PP
ad − bc ad − bc
∴ MM −c a
P
N ad − bc ad − bc Q

bl izdkj B=
1 LM
d −b OP
N
ad − bc − c a Q
fVIi.kh% ge tk¡p djds ns[k ldrs gSa fd BA = I bl izdkj gesa ,d vkO;wg B izkIr gqvk

B=
1 LM
d −b OP 1
Adj A
N
ad − bc − c a Q =
A ...(1)

bl izdkj izkIr vkO;wg B dks A−1 }kjk fy[krs gSa rFkk vkO;wg A dk ;g xq.kkRed izfrykse ¼O;qRØe½
gSA
bl izdkj ;fn ,d fn, x, oxZ vkO;wg A ds fy, ,d vkO;wg B dk vfLrRo lEHko
gS rkfd AB = BA = I, rc B vkO;wg A dk xq.kkRed izfrykse dgykrk gSA
fVIi.kh% /;ku nhft, fd ;fn ad − bc = 0 vFkkZr~ |A| = 0 rks (1) ds nk;sa i{k dk vfLrRo
ugha gS rFkk B (= A−1 ) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA blh dkj.k ls ge A dks O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg
pkgrs gSa ftlls A dk xq.kkRed izfryksEk vfLrRo esa gks tk,A vr% dsoy O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg
dk xq.kkRed izfrykse gksrk gSA B Hkh O;qRØe.kh; gS rFkk A = B −1.

mnkgj.k 22.8. vkO;wg A dk izfrykse Kkr dhft,A

tcfd A = 2 −3
LM4 5 OP
N Q
gy % A = 2 −3
LM4 5 OP
N Q
∴ |A| = − 12 − 10 = − 22 ≠ 0
∴ A−1 laHko gSA

vc
LM−3 −5OP
Adj A =
N −2 4 Q
xf.kr 71
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI 3 5 
chtxf.kr-II 1 1  −3 −5  22 22 
∴ A−1 = adj A = = 
A −22  −2 4   1 −2 
11 11 

fVIi.kh% tk¡p djds nsf[k, fd AA-1 = A-1A = I

fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 22.9. vkO;wg A dk O;RqØe Kkr dhft,
LM3 2 −2 OP
tcfd A = M1 −1 6
P
MN5 4 −5PQ
LM3 2 −2O
6P
gy % A= 1
MM5 −1
P
−5PQ
N 4
∴ |A| = 3(5 − 24) − 2( − 5 − 30) − 2(4 + 5)
= 3( − 19) − 2( − 35) − 2(9)
= − 57 + 70 − 18
= −5 ≠ 0
∴ A−1 lEHko gSA
ekuk Aij vkO;wg A ds aij vo;oksa ds lg[k.M gSaA
−1 6
rc A11 = ( −1)1+1 = 5 − 24 = − 19 ,
4 −5
1 6
A12 = ( −1)1+ 2 = − ( −5 − 30) = 35
5 −5
1+ 3 1 −1
A13 = ( −1) = 4 + 5 = 9,
5 4
2 −2
A21 = ( −1) 2 +1 = − ( −10 + 8) = 2
4 −5
3 −2
A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 = − 15 + 10 = − 5 ,
5 −5
3 2
A23 = ( −1) 2 + 3 = − (12 − 10) = − 2
5 4
2 −2
A31 = ( −1) 3+1 = 12 − 2 = 10 ,
−1 6

72 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
3 −2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
A = (−1)3 + 2 = − (18 + 2 ) = −20
32
1 6 chtxf.kr-II
3 2
vkSj A33 = ( −1) 3+ 3 = −3 − 2 = −5
1 −1
LM−19 35 9 OP LM−19 2 10 OP fVIi.kh
∴ bl izdkj lg[k.Mksa dk vkO;wg = M
MN 10 −20 −5PPQ MM 9 −2 PP
2 −5 −2 ∴ AdjA= 35 −5 −20
N −5 Q
19 −2 

1 1 M
L−19 2 10 OP  5 5   −2 

−5 M P
∴ −1
A = . Adj A = 35 −5 −20 =  −7 1 4
A
MN 9 −2 −5 PQ  −9 2 1 
5 5 

fVIi.kh% tk¡p djds ns[ksa fd A-1A = AA-1 = I3

mnkgj.k 22.10. ;fn A = 2 −1 rFkk B=

LM1 0 OP LM−2 1 OP gks]
N Q
−1
N 0 −1Q
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
rks Kkr dhft, % (i) (AB) (ii) B A (iii) D;k (AB) =B A ?

gy % (i)
LM1 0 OP LM−2 1 OP
AB =
N2 −1Q N 0 −1Q
L−2 + 0 1 + 0OP = LM−2 1OP
= M
N−4 + 0 2 + 1Q N−4 3Q
−2 1
vc |AB| = = − 6 + 4 = − 2 ≠ 0.
−4 3
∴ ( AB ) −1 lEHko gSA
vkb;s AB dks C ls fu:fir djrs gSa
ekuk Cij ljf.kd C ds vo;o cij ds lg[k.M gSa
rc C11= ( − 1)1+1 (3) = 3 C21 = ( − 1)2+1 (1) = − 1
C12= ( − 1)1+2 ( − 4) = 4 C22 = ( − 1)2+2 ( − 2) = − 2

LM3 −1 OP
Adj (C) =
N4 −2 Q
 −3 1
1 1 3 −1  
Adj ( C ) = 2
−1
C = = 2
C −2  4 −2   
 −2 1

xf.kr 73
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI  −3 1
−1 −1  2
chtxf.kr-II C = (AB) = 2 
 −2 1
(ii) vc B −1 A−1 Kkr djus ds fy, igys B −1 Kkr djsaxsA

vc B = 0
LM−2 1 OP ∴ B = −2 1
= 2−0 = 2 ≠ 0
fVIi.kh N −1Q 0 −1
∴ B −1 lEHko gSA
ekuk Bij vkO;wg B ds vo;o bij ds lg[k.M gSa
rc B11 = ( − 1)1+1 ( − 1) = − 1 B21 = ( − 1)2+1 (1) = − 1
B12 = ( − 1)1+2 (0) = 0 rFkk B22 = ( − 1)2+2 ( − 2) = − 2

L
∴ Adj B = M
−1 −1O
P ∴ B = . AdjB = M
1 1 L −1 − 1 O 
P
 −1
= 2
−1
−1 
2
N 0 − 2 Q B 2 N 0 − 2 Q 0 
−1 

L1 0 O
rFkk A = M2 −1P ∴ A =
1 0
N Q 2 −1
= 1 −0 = −1 ≠ 0

∴ A−1 lEHko gSA

ekuk Aij vkO;wg A ds vo;o aij ds lg[k.M gS
rc A11 = ( − 1)1+1 ( − 1) = − 1 A21 = ( − 1)2+1 (0) = 0
A12 = ( − 1)1+2 (2) = − 2 rFkk A22 = ( − 1)2+2 (1) = 1

∴
LM −1 0OP ⇒ A −1 = 1 Adj A = 1
−1 0
=
1 0 LM OP LM OP
Adj A=
N − 2 1Q A −1 −2 1 2 −1 N Q N Q
 −1 −1   −1 1  −3 1
1 0   −1 0 + 
B A = 2
−1 −1
2  = 2 2 = 2 2
vc   2 −1    
0 −1   0 − 2 0 + 1   −2 1
(iii) gk¡]
 −3 1
 2
(AB) =B A = =  2
−1 −1 −1

 −2 1
−1 −1 −1
∴ (AB) = B A

74 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
ns[kksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.3 chtxf.kr-II
1. ;fn lEHko gks rks fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa dk izfrykse Kkr dhft, %
LM1 3OP LM−1 2 OP LM2 −1OP
(a)
N2 5Q (b)
N −3 −4 Q (c)
N1 0 Q
2. ;fn lEHko gks rks fuEu vkO;wgksa ds izfrykse Kkr dhft, % fVIi.kh

LM1 0 2 OP LM3 −1 2 OP
(a) MM24 1 3
P2P (b) M
5 2 4
P
N 1 Q NM1 −3 −2QP
(a) vkSj (b) ds fy, tk¡p djds nsf[k, fd A−1 A = AA−1 = I

LM1 2 3 OP 2 −1 0 LM OP
A= M PP MM PP
3. ;fn 0 −1 4 rFkk B= 1 4 3 gks] rks lR;kfir dhft, fd
MN3 1 5 Q 3 0 −2 N Q
−1
( AB ) = B −1 A −1

LM 1 −2 3OP
A= M
MN−2 2 1PPQ ( A′) Kkr dhft,A
4. ;fn 0 −1 4 gks] rks −1

LM0 1 1OP 1M
Lb + c c − a b − aOP
5. ;fn A= M1 0 1P rFkk B = 2 M c − b c + a a − bP
MN1 1 0PQ MNb − c a − c a + bPQ
gks] rks n'kkZb, fd ABA−1 ,d fod.kZ vkO;wg gSA

LMcos x − sin x 0OP

;fn φ( x ) = M sin x cos x 0P gks] rks n'kkZb;s φ ( x )  = φ ( − x ) .
−1
6.
MN 0 0 1PQ
L 1 tan x O
;fn A = M − tan x 1 P gks] rks n'kkZb;s fd A ′ A =
L cos 2 x − sin 2 x O
MN sin 2 x cos 2 x PQ
−1
7.
N Q
LMa 1+bbc OP −1
8. ;fn A = c
MN a PQ gks] rks n'kkZb;s fd aA =(a + bc + 1) I − aA 2

xf.kr 75
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI LM−1 2 0OP
chtxf.kr-II ;fn A = M−1 1 1P gks] rks n'kkZb;s fd A = A
−1 2
9.
MN 0 1 0PQ
1M
L−8 1 4OP
10. ;fn A = 9 M 4 −4 7P gks] rks n'kkZb;s fd A = A′ −1
fVIi.kh MN 1 −8 4PQ
22.5 jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dk gy
fiNyh d{kkvksa esa vkius nks ;k rhu vKkr pjksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ¼;qxir lehdj.k½ dks gy
djuk lh[kk gSA ,sls lehdj.k fudk;ksa dks gy djus ds fy, vkius foyksiu fof/k dk iz;ksx
fd;k FkkA tc pjksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gS rks foyksiu djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA
vki ,d oSdfYid fof/k] Øsej fu;e ls ,sls lehdj.k fudk;ksa dks gy djuk Hkh igys gh lh[k
pqds gSaA
vc ge ,d vU; fof/k] tks vkO;wg fof/k dgykrh gS] dh ppkZ djsaxs tks cM+h la[;k esa vKkr
pjksa ds lehdj.k fudk; dks gy djus esa iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA lqxerk ds n`f"V dks.k ls]
ge nks ;k rhu pjksa esa lehdj.k fudk; ysaxsA
22.5.1 vkO;wg fof/k
bl fof/k esa] igys ge lehdj.k fudk; dks vkO;wg :i AX = B, esa O;Dr djrs gSa tcfd A xq.kkad
vkO;wg dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn fn;k x;k lehdj.k fudk; gS
a1x + b1y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2
rks bldk vkO;wg :i gS %
LMa OP LM x OP = LMc OP
1 b1 1

Na Q N y Q Nc Q
2 b2 2

La b O L x O
1 1 Lc O
;gk¡ ij A = Ma b P , X= M y P rFkk B = Mc P
1

N Q NQ 2 2 N Q 2

;fn fn;k x;k lehdj.k fudk; gS a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1] a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2]

a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3 rks bl dk vkO;wg :i gS%

LMa 1 b1 c1 OPLM x OP LMd OP

1

MMaa
2 b2
P M
c y = d
P M P
c PQ MN z PQ MNd PQ
2 2

N 3 b3 3 3

76 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
LMa 1 b1 c1 OP LM x OP LMd OP 1
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
A= M P MM z PP MMd PP
a b2 c , X = y rFkk B= d chtxf.kr-II
tcfd
MNa c PQ
2 2 2

3 b3 3 NQ N Q 3

gy Kkr djus ls igys ge ;g tk¡p djsaxs fd xq.kkad vkO;wg A O;qRØe.kh; gS ;k ughaA

fVIi.kh% ;fn A vO;qRØe.kh; gS] rc |A|=0. vkSj A−1 dk vfLrRo ugha gSA blfy, ;g fofèk
fVIi.kh
iz;ksx ugha dh tk ldrhA

LMa
lehdj.k AX = B ij fopkj dhft, tcfd A = a b , X = y rFkk B = c
1 b1 OP LM x OP LMc OP
1

2 2 N
2 Q NQ N Q
tc |A| ≠0, vFkkZr~ a1b2 − a2b1≠ 0 ge lehdj.k AX = B dks nksuksa vksj A−1 ls xq.kk djrs gSaA
∴ −1
A−1 (AX) = A B
⇒ ( A−1 A) X = A−1 B
⇒ IX = A−1 B ( Q A−1 A = I)
⇒ X = A−1 B

A −1
=
1 b2 LM OP
− b1
, ge izkIr djrs gSa%
Q a1b2 − a2b1 − a2 N a1 Q
X=
1 b2 LM OP LM OP
− b1 c1
a1b2 − a2b1 − a2 N a Q Nc Q
1 2

b c −b c 
LM OP LM b c − b c OP =  a b − a b 
2 1 1 2
x 1
=
2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
∴
NQ
y a1b2 − a2b1 N−a c + a c Q  −a c + a c 
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2

 a1 b2 − a2 b1 
b2 c1 − b1c2 a1c2 − a2 c1
vr% x = a b − a b rFkk y = a b − a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

mnkgj.k 22.11. vkO;wg fof/k }kjk jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk;

4 x − 3 y = 11 U|
3 x + 7 y = −1|W
V ...(i)

dks gy dhft,A
gy % bl fudk; dks vkO;wg :i esa bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

LM4 −3OP LM x OP = LM11OP

N3 7 Q N yQ N−1Q ...(ii)

xf.kr 77
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI L
A= M
4 −3O L xO L 11O
chtxf.kr-II
;gk¡ ij]
N3 7 PQ , X = MN yPQ , rFkk B = MN−1PQ
vr% (ii) cu tkrk gS
AX = B ...(iii)
4 −3
vc | A| = = 28 + 9 = 37 ≠ 0
fVIi.kh 3 7
D;ksafd |A| ≠ 0, A−1 lEHko gSA
dFku (iii) ds nksuksa i{kksa dks ck;ha vksj ( A−1 ) ls xq.kk djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
−1
A−1 (AX) = A B
( A−1 A )X = A−1 B
vFkkZr~ IX = A−1 B
X = A−1 B
1
vr% X= ( Adj A) B
A

;k
LM x OP = 1 LM 7 3OP LM11OP = 1 LM 77 − 3 OP
N yQ 37 N−3 4Q N−1Q 37 N−33 − 4Q
;k
LM x OP = 1 LM 74 OP ;k LM x OP = LM 2 OP
N yQ 37 N−37Q N yQ N−1Q
∴ x = 2, y = – 1 fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; dk 'kwU;srj] vf}rh; gy gSA

mnkgj.k 22.12. vkO;wg fof/k ls fuEu lehdj.k fudk; dks gy dhft, %

x + 2 y + 3z = 14 U|
x − 2 y + z = 0V
2 x + 3y − z = 5 |W
gy % fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; dks vkO;wg :i esa fy[krs gq,]
LM1 2 3 OP LM x OP LM14OP
MM21 −2 1
P M P M P
y = 0
−1PQ MN z PQ MN 5 PQ
... (i)
N 3
tks fd AX = B, ds :i esa gS] tcfd
LM1 2 3 OP x LM OP 14 LM OP
A= M PP MM PP MM PP
1 −2 1 , X = y rFkk B = 0
MN2 3 −1 Q z NQ 5 N Q
∴ X = A−1 B ...(ii)
78 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
;gk¡ ij |A| = 1 (2 − 3) − 2 ( − 1 − 2) +3 (3+4) ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
= 26 ≠ 0 chtxf.kr-II
∴ A dk lEHko gSA
−1

 −1 11 8 
vc Adj A = 3 −7 2 
7 1 −4 
fVIi.kh
−1 1
∴ (ii) ls gesa izkIr gqvk X = A B = A Adj A. B

1
−1 11 8LM OP LM14OP
X =
26
3 −7 2
MM PP MM 05 PP
7 1 −4 N QN Q
1
26LM 1 OP LM OP LM xOP LM1OP
=
26 MM
52 = 2
PP MM PP ;k MM yzPP = MM23PP
78 N3 Q NQ NQ NQ
bl izdkj x =1, y = 2 rFkk z = 3 fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; dk gy gSA
22.6 lehdj.k fudk; dh laxrrk dk fud"k ¼dlkSV h½
ekuk AX = B nks ;k rhu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk ,d fudk; gS rc gekjs ikl fuEu fud"k
¼dlkSVh½ gS %
(1) ;fn |A | ≠ 0, rks lehdj.k fudk; laxr gS rFkk bldk ,d vf}rh; gy
gS tks gesa X= A−1 B ls izkIr gksrk gSA
(2) ;fn |A| = 0, rks fudk; laxr ;k vlaxr gks ldrk gSA ;fn fudk;
laxr gksxk rks bldk ,d vf}rh; gy ugha gksxkA blds vfrfjDr ;fn
(a) (Adj A) B ≠ O, rc fudk; vlaxr gksxk
(b) (Adj A) B = O, rks fudk; laxr gksxk vkSj blds vuUr gy
gksaxsA
fVIi.kh% ;g fud"k'n' esa 'n' lehdj.k fudk; ds fy, Hkh lR; gSA
vc ge mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk bls lR;kfir djrs gSaA
5x + 7y = 1
(a)
2 x − 3y = 3
5 7
;g fudk; laxr gS rFkk bldk ,d vf}rh; gy gS D;ksafd 2 −3 ≠ 0

;gk¡ ij vkO;wg lehdj.k gS

LM5 7 OP LM x OP = LM1OP
N2 −3Q N yQ N3Q
xf.kr 79
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI vFkkZr~ AX = B ... (i)
chtxf.kr-II LM5 7 OP
tcfd A = 2 −3 , X = y rFkk B = 3
LM x OP LM1OP
N Q NQ NQ
;gk¡ ij] |A| = 5 × ( − 3) − 2 × 7 = − 15 − 14 = − 29 ≠ 0
1 1  −3 −7 
rFkk A −1 = Adj A = L (ii )
fVIi.kh A −29  −2 5
(i) ls X = A −1 B

LM 24 OP
LMx OP = 1 LM−3 − 7OPLM1 OP = M 29 P
vFkkZr~ Ny Q −29 N−2 5 QN3Q M− 13 P [(i) rFkk (ii) ls]
N 29 Q
24 −13 fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; dk gy gSA
vr% x= , rFkk y =
29
29
3x + 2 y = 7
6x + 4y = 8
vkO;wg :i esa] fudk; dks bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
LM3 2OP LM x OP = LM7OP
N 6 4 Q N y Q N8 Q
;k AX = B

tcfd A= M
L3 2OP , X= LM x OP rFkk B = LM7OP
N6 4 Q N y Q N8 Q
;gk¡ ij] |A| = 3 × 4 − 6 × 2 = 12 − 12 = 0

Adj A = M
L 4 −6OP
N −6 3 Q
4 −6  7   −20 
rFkk (Adj A) B =  = ≠O
 −6 3  8   −18 
vr% fn;k x;k lehdj.k fudk; vlaxr gSA
3x − y = 7 UV
(c)
9 x − 3 y = 21 W
LM3 −1OP LM x OP = LM 7 OP
N9 −3Q N yQ N21Q
;k AX =B,

80 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
LM3 −1OP LM x OP
tcfd A = 9 −3 ; X = y rFkk B = 21
LM 7 OP ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
N Q NQ N Q chtxf.kr-II
3 −1
;gk¡ ij] |A| = = 3 × ( −3) − 9 × ( −1) = − 9 + 9 = 0
9 −3
L
Adj A = M
−3 1O  −3 1 7  0 
N−9 3PQ rFkk (Adj A)B = 
 −9 3  21 = 0  = O
    fVIi.kh
vr% fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; ds vuUr gy gSaA
vkb, vc ge ,d vU; jSf[kd lehdj.k ysa tgk¡ fd
|A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B ≠ O.
fuEu lehdj.k fudk; dks yhft,
x + 2y + z = 5
2x + y + 2z = − 1
x − 3y + z = 6
vkO;wg :i esa] ;g lehdj.k fudk; bl izdkj gS
LM1 2 1 OP LM x OP LM 5 OP
MM21 1
PM P M P
2 y = −1
1PQ MN z PQ MN 6 PQ
N −3
vFkkZr~ AX = B

LM1 2 1 OP LM x OP LM 5 OP
A= M P MM z PP MM 6 PP
tgk¡ fd 2 1 2 , X = y rFkk B= −1
MN1 −3 1PQ NQ N Q
1 2 1
vc |A| =
2 1
2 =0 (QC1 = C3 )
1 −3 1

LM 7 −5 3 OP LM 5 OP
(Adj A ) B = M
MN−7 5 −3PQ MN 6 PPQ
P M
rFkk 0 0 0 −1 [Adj A dh Lo;a tk¡p dhft,]

LM 58 OP
= M P
0 ≠O
NM−58QP
xf.kr 81
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI ∴ |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A ) B ≠ O,
chtxf.kr-II LM xOP 1  58 

MM yzPP = | A| ( Adj A) B = 1
0
0  tks fd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
NQ  −58 

vr% lehdj.k fudk; dk dksbZ gy ugha gSA

fVIi.kh bl izdkj ge ikrs gSa fd ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B ≠ O rks lehdj.k fudk; dk dksbZ gy ugha
gks xkA
ge bu ifj.kkeksa dks lkjka'k :i esa ns jgs gSa%
(i) ;fn |A| ≠ 0 rFkk (Adj A) B ≠ O rks lehdj.k fudk; dk 'kwU;srj vf}rh; gy
gks xkA
(ii) ;fn |A| ≠ 0 rFkk (Adj A) B = O, rks lehdj.k fudk; dk fujZFkd gy gksxkA
(iii) ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B = O, rks lehdj.k fudk; ds vuUr gy gksaxsA
(iv) ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B ≠ O, rks lehdj.k fudk; dk dksbZ gy ugha gksxkA
¼vlaxr fudk;½

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.4

1. vkO;wg izfrykseu fof/k }kjk fuEu esa izR;sd lehdj.k fudk; dks gy dhft, %
(a) 2 x + 3y = 4 (b) x+ y = 7
x − 2y = 5 3x − 7 y = 11
2. vkO;wg izfrykseu fof/k }kjk fuEu esa izR;sd lehdj.k fudk; dks gy dhft, %
(a) x + 2y + z = 3 (b) 2 x + 3 y + z = 13
2 x − y + 3z = 5 3x + 2 y − z = 12
x+y−z=7 x + y + 2z = 5
(c) − x + 2 y + 5z = 2 (d) 2x + y − z = 2
2 x − 3 y + z = 15 x + 2 y − 3z = − 1
−x + y + z = − 3 5x − y − 2 z = − 1
3. Kkr dhft, fd fuEu lehdj.k fudk; laxr gSa ;k ughaA ;fn laxr gSa rks gy Kkr dhft,
%
(a) 2 x − 3y = 5 (b) 2 x − 3y = 5
x+ y = 7 4 x − 6 y = 10
(c) 3x + y + 2 z = 3 , −2 y − z = 7 , x + 15 y + 3z = 11

82 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
1A C ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡ chtxf.kr-II
• ,d oxZ vkO;wg O;qRØe.kh; gksrk gS ;fn bldk laxr lkjf.kd 'kwU;srj gksA
• vkO;wg A ds ioha iafDr rFkk josa LrEHk dks gVkus ls izkIr lkjf.kd vo;o aij dk milkjf.kd
dgykrk gSA bls izk;% Mij }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA
• aij dk lg[k.M ifjHkkf"kr gS % Cij = ( − 1)i+j Mij fVIi.kh
• vkO;wg A dk lg[k.Mt ml vkO;wg dk ifjorZ gksrk gS ftlds vo;o fn, x, vkO;wg
ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M gksaA bls izk;% Adj A }kjk O;Dr djrs gSaA
• ;fn A dksbZ n dksfV dk oxZ vkO;wg gS] rks
A (Adj A) = (Adj A) A = A In tcfd In dksfV n dk ,dkad vkO;wg gSA
• fdlh O;qRØe.kh; oxZ vkO;wg A, ds fy, ;fn ,d ,slk O;qRØe.kh; oxZ vkO;wg B gS
f t l l s
AB = BA = I, rks B vkO;wg A dk xq.kkRed izfrykse dgykrk gSA bls B = A }kjk n'kkZrs
–1

gSaA
• dsoy O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wgksa ds gh xq.kkRed izfrykse gksrs gSaA
• a1 x + b1 y = c1 rFkk a2 x + b2 y = c2 lehdj.kksa dks ge fuEu vkO;wg :i esa fy[k ldrs
gSa %
 a1 b1   x  c1 
a =
 2 b2   y  c2 

LMc OP
La
bl izdkj ;fn A = M 1 OP, X = LM x OP rFkk B =
b1
MNc PQ gks rks
1

Na 2 bQ2 N yQ 2

X = A −1 B =
1 b2 LM
− b1 OP LMc OP
1

N
a1b2 − a2 b1 − a2 a1 Q Nc Q
2
• lehdj.k fudk;] tks AX = B }kjk O;Dr gksrk gS] laxr gksrk gS rFkk bldk ,d vf}rh;
gy gksrk gS ;fn |A| ≠ 0.
• lehdj.k AX = B }kjk O;Dr fd;k x;k fudk; vlaxr gksrk gS ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk
(Adj A) B ≠ O.
• lehdj.k AX = B }kjk O;Dr fd;k x;k fudk; laxr gksrk gS rFkk blds vuUr gy gksrs
gSa ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B = O.
• lehdj.k AX = B }kjk O;fDr fd;k x;k fudk; le?kkrh gksrk gS ;fn B 'kwU; vkO;wg gksA
• ,d le?kkrh jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; AX = 0 dk dsoy ,d fujZFkd gy gksrk gS ;fn
|A| ≠ 0 ;g gy gS % x1 = x2 = ... = xn = 0.
• le?kkrh jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; AX = O ds vuUr gy gksrs gSa ;fn |A| = 0

xf.kr 83
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
chtxf.kr-II lgk;d
lgk;d ososcclkbV
lkbV
• http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/matrix-inverse.html
• http://www.sosmath.com/matrix/coding/coding.html

fVIi.kh vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. |A| Kkr dhft, ;fn %
LM 1 2 3 OP LM−1 3 4 OP
(a)
MM−2
A = −3 −1 0
P (b) MM 0
A= 7 5 0
2PQ
P
N 5 4PQ N 1
2. A dk lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft, ;fn
LM−2 3 7 OP LM 1 −1 5 OP
(a) MM −1
A = −1 4 5
1PQ
P (b)
MM−2
A= 3 1 2
P
N 0 N 1 3PQ
(a) rFkk (b) ds fy, lR;kfir Hkh dhft, fd A(Adj A) = |A|I3 = (Adj A) A.
3. ;fn lEHko gS rks A–1, Kkr dhft, tc fd vkO;wg A =
LM3 6OP LM2 1OP LM 3 −5OP
(a)
N7 2 Q (b)
N3 5Q (c)
N −4 2 Q
(a), (b) rFkk (c) ds fy, lR;kfir Hkh dhft, (A′)–1 = (A–1)′.
4. vkO;wg A dk izfrykse Kkr dhft, ;fn

LM1 0 0 OP LM1 2 0 OP
(a)
MM5
A= 3 3 0
−1PQ
P (b)
MM1
A= 0 3 −1
2 PQ
P
N 2 N 0

5. vkO;wg izfrykseu fof/k }kjk] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks gy dhft, %
x + 2y = 4 6x + 4 y = 2
(a) (b)
2 x + 5y = 9 9x + 6y = 3
2x + y + z = 1
3 x−y+z = 4
x − 2y − z =
(c) 2 (d) 2 x + y − 3z = 0
3 y − 5z =9 x+ y+z = 2
x + y − 2z = − 1
(e) 3x − 2 y + z = 3
2x + y − z = 0
84 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
6. vkO;wg izfrykseu fof/k }kjk gy dhft, % ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
2 3 10 4 6 5 8 9 20
+ + = 4; − + = 1; + − =3 chtxf.kr-II
x y z x y z x y z
7. λ dk eku Kkr dhft, ftlls fuEu lehdj.k fudk; laxr gks tk, %
2 x − 3y + 4 = 0
5x − 2 y − 1 = 0
fVIi.kh
21x − 8 y + λ = 0

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.1
1. (a) –12 (b) 10 2. (a) vO;qRØe.kh; (b) O;qRØe.kh;
3. (a) M11 = 4; M12 = 7; M21 = –1; M22 = 3 (b) M11 = 5; M12 = 2; M21 = 6; M22 = 0
4. (a) M21 = 11; M22 = 7; M23 = 1 (b) M31 = –13; M32 = –13; M33 = 13
5. (a) C11 = 7; C12 = –9; C21 = 2; C22 = 3 (b) C11 = 6; C12 = 5; C21 = –4; C22 = 0
6. (a) C21 = 1; C22 = –8; C23 = –2 (b) C11 = –6; C12 = 10; C33 = 2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.2

LM 6 1OP (b) LM d −bOP (c) LMcosα − sin α OP
1. (a)
N −3 2 Q N−c a Q N sin α cosα Q
LM 1 − 2 OP LM i i OP
2. (a)
N− 2 1 Q (b)
N −i i Q
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.3
 4 2
 − 10 −
LM−5 3 OP 
10 
 LM 0 1OP
1. (a)
N 2 −1Q (b) 3
10
−
1
10 
(c)
N −1 2 Q
LM 15 −2
5
2
5
OP
−1
3
LM 1
3
1
3
OP
MM− 8 6 −1
PP
− 7
MM 1 1 PP
2. (a) M 5 5 5 (b) 12 PP MM 3 12 P
MM 2 1 −1 17
PQ MN −1 − 11 PP
N5 5 5 24 3 24 Q
LM−9 −8 −2 OP
= M P
4. (A′)–1
8 7 2
MN−5 −4 −1PQ

xf.kr 85
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.4
chtxf.kr-II 23 −6
1. (a) x= , y=
7 7
(b) x = 6, y = 1
58 2 21
2. (a) x= , y=− , z=−
fVIi.kh 11 11 11
(b) x = 2, y = 3, z = 0
(c) x = 2, y = − 3, z = 2
(d) x = 1, y = 2, z = 2
26 9
3. (a) laxr; x = , y=
5 5
(b) laxr] vuUr gy
(c) vlaxr
vkb, vH;kl djsa
1. (a) –31 (b) –24
LM 4 −3 −13 OP LM 1 8 −7 OP
2. (a) MM−44 5 3
−5 PQ
P (b) MM−513 13 13
4 PQ
P
N −3 N 1
LM− 181 16 OP LM 57 − 17 OP LM− 17 − 5
14
OP
3. (a) MM 7 − 1 PP (b) MM− 3 2 PP (c) MM− 2 − 3
PP
N 36 12 Q N 7 7Q N 7 14 Q
LM 1 0 0OP LM 23 − 1 −1
2
OP
MM−1 1 0 PP MM− 1 1 1 PP
4. (a) MM 3 PP (b) MM 4 2 4 PP
2
NM 3 3 − 1QP MN − 43 12 PQ
3
4
1 3
5. (a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = k, y = − k
2 2
1 3
(c) x = 1, y = , z=− (d) x = 2, y = − 1, z = 1
2 2
1 1 1
(e) x= , y=− , z=
2 2 2
6. x = 2, y = 3, z = 5
7. λ = −5

86 xf.kr