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Rudder

A device used for steering and manoeuvring a vessel. Rudders are hydrofoils which are pivoting on a
vertical axis. They are located normally at the stern behind propeller(s) to produce a transverse force
and steering moment about the ship centre of gravity by deflecting the water flow to the direction of
the foil plane.

Rudder effectiveness can be improved by:

- rudder arrangement in the propeller stream,

- increasing the rudder area,

- better rudder type (e.g. spade rudder instead of semi-balanced rudder, high lift profiles or flap
rudders),

- steering gear which allows larger rudder angles than the customary 35°,

- shorter rudder steering time (more powerful hydraulic pumps in steering gear).

Rudders are one of the areas where extra investment spent on getting the right equipment can bay
back the shipowner many times. One of the basic problems is deciding whether to optimise the
rudder for the service speed or for low-speed manoeuvring. Many rudder configurations can meet
guidelines for turning circles and zig zag, but still not be optimum for the ship service profile. For
ships like VLCCs and container vessels, the majority of service is course keeping. Consequently,
rudder angles during normal course keeping and manoeuvring operation are limited to 35deg. For
some service profiles good slow speed performance is very important and high rudder operating
angles will give greater benefit.

- Balanced rudder – A rudder with a part of the blade surface put forward of the axis so the water
pressure on this portion counterbalances that on the after part.

- Becker rudder – A spade-type rudder with flap. The Becker-type rudder has a moving flap on the
trailing edge. When the rudder moves, a mechanical linkage diverts the flap to a higher angle to
maximise the sideways thrust. Either 45 deg or 65 deg maximum rudder angles can be specified for
bigger and faster rudders.

- Flap rudder – A high-lift rudder developed by German flap rudder specialist Willi Becker. It consists
of a blade with a trailing edge flap activated by a mechanical or hydraulical system, thus producing a
variable flap angle as a function of the rudder angle. Flap rudders give a much higher lift per rudder
angle and a 60% to 70% higher maximum lift compared to the conventional rudder of same shape,
size and area. In addition, the high balanced area improves manoeuvring characteristic at the low
speeds by blocking the forward thrust of the propeller. High-lift flap rudders are specified for vessels
which require better manoeuvrability than a conventional rudder, can provide.

- Flettner rudder – A special design of flap rudder which uses two narrow flaps at the trailing edge,
one above the other.

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- Schilling rudder, also fishtail rudder – In the Schilling-type there is no flap, but the trailing edge is
formed in a fishtail shape that accelerates the flow and recovers the lift over the aft section of the
rudder. With operating angles up to 70 deg, the Shilling rudder dramatically improves both the course
keeping and the vessel control characteristics.

- Semi-spade rudder with simple pintle – The semi-spade rudder is supported by a horn. It
consists of a rudder blade with a pintle and the vertical shaft (the rudder stock) which connects blade
with the steering gear. The rudderstock is made of forged steel. A key is fitted on in way of tiller.
Stainless steel sleeves are used in way of bearings. The cone coupling is used to fasten the rudder
blade to the rudderstock. The lower part of the rudderstock is inserted into a solid part belonging to
the blade and locked by a nut and key. A keyless rudder stock – blade coupling may be accepted by
a classification society. The contact area of conical connection between the blade and the
rudderstock is to be verified by means of paint test (minimum 70%).

To the large extent the thickness of a rudder blade is dictated by the rudder stock diameter which in
turn, is a function of the torque required and the bending moment. A streamlined rudder blade
consists of side plates stiffened by internal vertical and horizontal web plates and solid parts in cast
steel which ensure the housing of the rudderstock and the pintle. Means for draining the rudder blade
after pressure testing or possible leakages is to be provided.

The pintle is fastened to the rudder blade by a conical coupling secured by a nut. Before the final
mounting of rudder pintle, the contact between the conical surface of the pintle and its housing is to
be checked by marking with Prussian blue or a similar method. The pintle and the nut are to be
efficiently locked against rotation.

The semi-spade rudder has smaller movable area than the comparable spade rudder resulting in
lower maximum lift generated at high steering angles. In normal operation, the propulsion power loss
due to a rudder is lower than with a spade rudder because of the thinner profile. Use of thinner profile
is possible because of rudder horn carrying the rudder forces instead of rudderstock. When selecting
profile a good alternative is NACA 63-021 and thinner profiles. These profiles allow quite the high
varation (3-5°) in angle of attack with no change in drag coefficient.

 - Semi-balanced rudder – A rudder with part of the blade positioned forward off the turning axis.

 - Spade rudder – To maximise the rudder force at high rudder angles a spade-type rudder is usually
selected. This kind of a rudder can act as a “reaction blade” by deflecting propeller outflow using its
total movable area. Especially if equipped with a flap, this type of a rudder offers the best crabbing
performance. Disadvantage of the spade type rudder is thick profile and often unfavourable profile
shape from resistance and propulsion point of view. A thick profile results from a rudderstock that has
to have large diameter in order to carry the rudder forces. Becker Marine Systems uses KSR
technology for bigger and faster ships for flap rudders and full spade rudders, achieving rudder
thickness even lower than in case of semi-spade rudders.

- TLKSR rudder – A new type of fully-spade rudder developed by Becker Marine Systems. TLKSR
rudder combines the twisted leading edge technology with the Becker King Support Rudder
arrangement. The KSR arrangement extends the rudder trunk into the rudder blade so that the main
neck bearing is positioned close to the hydrodynamic centre of pressure on the rudder blade. This
results in reduced stress and bending moments in the rudder blade structure.
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- Twisted leading edge rudder – In contrast to conventional symmetrical rudders, the twisted rudder
comprises a special asymmetrical section offset to port and starboard at the leading edge along the
rudder span. This feature results in improved pressure distribution on the rudder surface from the
rotational propeller flow, thereby improving resistance, manoeuvrability and cavitation qualities.

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