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Implementation of Dermoscopic Image Based Melanoma Classification
Implementation of Dermoscopic Image Based Melanoma Classification
CLASSIFICATION
Sai Kumar Dora1*, D.L Samyuktha, Nalini Bodasingi1,
1
Department of ECE, JNTUK UCEV, Vizianagaram, PIN – 535001, India
Abstract:
Since a lot of years, the frequency of melanoma is rising blisteringly. In human beings, it is one of the
dangerous cancers. Treatment will be easy in early detection and becomes untreatable at later stages.
So for the classification of melanoma from benign lesions, CAD based diagnosis on images is
essential. In this method the daubechies (db3) and the reverse Biorthogonal (rbio 3.3, rbio 3.5, rbio
3.7) wavelet filters are used. The energy and mean texture features are considered for the classification
of Melanoma. PSO is used as the feature selection technique which has reduced the filter size without
the sacrifice of the accuracy. The SVM with RBF kernel with sigma 2 differentiates benign from the
melanoma with 95% accuracy. In the proposed method, complexity of the computation is highly
reduced by reduction of filter size by PSO while retaining the same accuracy. This approach is further
extended with FPGA platform to implement to reach the hardware implementation.
4. Methodology:
Image enhancement
Feature extraction
Z-score normalization
output
h(n) 2
4.2 Feature extraction: column
Dh1
g(n) 2 LH
Given two formulas calculates the average and row input
energy values. Usually, the general
h(n) 2 HL Dv1
characterstics of skin lesions are conveyed by
g(n) 2
the low frequency components and the textural
g(n) 2 HH Dd1
details are conveyed in high frequency
componentsThe formulas for the average and along columns
Prominent method for selection of Use each particle velocity to update its position
+
c ×r
2 2 i׿ ¿ ( p ¿ )
over the other classifiers is higher classification
rate . It produces the best result with proper
(4) kernel choice. The classifier performance is
t=tth iteration calculated by using performance metrics which
c1 ,c2 represents acceleration constants are sensitivity[3], specificity[3], accuracy[3] and
r1i, r2i denotes random variables in the range of positive predictive value[3].
[0,1]
5. Previous year works:
pid, pgd represents elements of pbest and gbest
Table 1: comparision of previous year works
respectively
w represents weight vector
Year Title Performance
vid represents velocity, range[-vmax, vmax]
metrics
2016 Classification by 96% accuracy
Basic fitness function: Accuracy
using wavelet
The fitness function given below is the features[3]
accuracy which is defined to increase 2015 ’usageofsvm for 86% accuracy
performance of classifier and decrease the error classification of
rate that is obtained during the selection of the melanoma[28]
feature subsets in the training procedure. 2010 ’svm and wavelet 86.64% accuracy
Fitness1=accuracy, where transform[18]
2010 ’Selection of feature 63% accuracy
accuracy=(TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)[3](5)
subset in larger
where
dimensionality[4]
TP: true positives[3] 2008 blue white veil 69.35%
TN: true negatives[3] structures sensitivity
FP: false positives[3] detection[17] 89.97%
FN: false negatives[3] specificity
2006 classification of 70% accuracy
4.4 Z-score normalization: early melanoma by
using svm based
Energy and average features are rescaled texture
to same units by Z-score normalization. On the classification[27]
2006 Digital image 69% sensitivity
processing system tabular form .As the filter size is reduced, the
in aiding melanoma computational complexity is also reduced.
diagnosis[15] M=L1 + L2 (7)
2004 utilization of 95% accuracy A=L1 + L2 – 2(8)
support vector
Equations 7&8 gives a single valued
machines on digital
information which are used for comparing
images[14]
2003 ’detection of skin 95% accuracy different classifier performance as represented
cancer[25] in below equations.
1995 PSO[8] 89% accuracy 1. Sensitivity:it is named as TPR ( True positive
rate), which estimates the count of positives that
6. Analysis of the Performance are related to accuracy, which is represented in
metrics equation 9
TPR = TP/(TP + FN)[3] (9)
We used four wavelet filters. They are 2. Specificity: It is named as TNR (True
daubechies(db3)[3] and reversebiorthogonal[3] negative rate), which estimate the count of
wavelet filters(rbio 3.3, rbio 3.5, rbio 3.7) Six negatives that are related to accuracy, which is
features consisting of three energy and three represented in equation 10
average features. So totally 24 features are used to
TNR = TN/(TN + FP)[3] (10)
train the classifier. Similar process is repeated in
3. Precision: it is named as PVV( Positive
testing phase and features are compared for
prediction value), that estimates the count of
classification. In the proposed method, trail for the
positive samples stated as a positive class by the
reduction of filter size is made with the retainment
classifier which as represented in equation11
of the same accuracy of 95%.PSO is used to
achieve this. It is used as the feature selection
PPV = TP/(TP + FP)[3] ( 11)
method for the reduction of the filter size and 4. Accuracy: it is the estimation of correct
features. PSO has selected 16 features out of 24 classification done by the classifier. Hence, it
features even with the increase in the accuracy shows the capability of whole performance.
from 92.5% to 95%accuacy. PSO has even ACC=TN+TP/(TN+TP+FP+FN)[3] (12)
selected two filters(rbio 3.5 and rbio 3.7) from the
given four filterswith the retainment of the same Table 2: comparisonof Computation complexity
accuracy 95%. Further two filters have been
Filters Multiplicatio Additio No of
reduced to one filter with the retainment of the
same accuracy 95%. The two sets of filters namely ns ns computatio
rbio 3.5and rbio 3.7produces the equal precision ns
as both have same coefficients of filter and lengths 4 60 44 104
of the filters, hence, any one combination can be filters
used. Lengths of filters denoted as L1 & L2 with PSO 48 36 84
high pass and low pass which are biorthogonal selecte
filters and for accomplishing the operation of
d
filters[42], the required number of additions(A)
and multiplications(M) are calculated by using feature
2Filter 36 28 64
equations 7 & 8. These equations are used to
calculate the complexity of computation of 1D s
signals that is , formulas are multiplied by two in 1 filter 20 16 36
case of an image associated to vertical & Table 3: Performance Metrics Analysis
horizontal separable filtering. These complexity of
computation comparison of filters is represented in
Fig 10: comparison of sensitivity with corresponding
kernel values
94
s p e c ific ity
Four 18 2 19 1 94.7 90.4 90 92.5 92
featur 84
e 82
σ=0.25 σ=0.50 σ= 1 σ= 2
P o sitiv e P re d ic tiv e Va lu e
96
94
92
90
All filters
88 PSO selected features
100 86 Two filters
One filter
84
95
82
90 80
Accuracy
75
Fig 12: comparison of positive predictive value with
corresponding kernel values
70
σ=0.25 σ=0.50 σ= 1 σ= 2
The RBF kernel based SVM module shown in In the BRAM (Block RAM) we use FIFO buffer
Fig 13. This RBF architecture consists of one lines to store the support vectors and text vectors
accumulator, one subtractor, one CORDIC and alpha values. The input and output width of
module to compute the exponential function, BRAM is 8bit. For 36 support vectors with five
one BRAM module for storage of support features require 222 vectors for single image,
vectors, text features, bias and alpha values, and For 40 Testing images require 417 vectors. Each
architecture also consist of one square multiplier vector consist of 32 bits length and each vector
and two multipliers. requires 4 memory locations. For 36 support
vectors requires 888 memory locations.
All the outputs of training phase vectors are Fig 14: Normal image Simulation result of RBF
stored in the format of 8Q32 bit. That means the kernel SVM architecture for single image
length of the vector 32 bit, in this 32 bit first 8
bit can be used for integer part and remaining 24
bits are fraction part. In this pipelined hardware
architecture requires 36 CORDIC blocks, 36
subtractors, 36 accumulators and 72 multipliers
for the hardware implementation of 36 support
vectors.
utilization results of 36 support vectors are
shown in Table 4.
10. References
[1] Human analysis regarding skin for better health
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-
andtreatments/ picture of the skin reacquire on
August 15,2016
[2]Information regarding “Skin cancer” available in
below link
http://www.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/SkinInforma
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