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Effect of Stage of Lactation and order of Parity on Milk Composition and Daily
Milk Yield among Local and Crossbred Cows in South Darfur State, Sudan

Article · December 2016

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SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS) December 2016
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775

SUST
Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences
Journal homepage:
http:// journals.sustech.edu

Effect of Stage of Lactation and order of Parity on Milk Composition and Daily
Milk Yield among Local and Crossbred Cows in South Darfur State, Sudan
Shuiep, E. S.1*, Eltaher, H.A.2 and El Zubeir, I.E.M.3
1
Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Nyala,
Nyala, South Darfur State, Sudan
2
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala,
South Darfur State, Sudan
3
Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum,
13314 Khartoum North, Sudan
* Corresponding author: tahirr13@yahoo.com
Article History: Received: 05/11/2016
Accepted: 28/12/2016

Abstract
The current study was designed to evaluate the influence of stages of lactation and parity
order on chemical constituents and daily milk yield among local and crossbred cows in
Nyala city (South Darfur State, Sudan). Within local cows, stage of lactation was
significantly (p≤0.05) affecting protein and solids not fat (SNF) contents, while parity
order has significant (p≤0.05) influence on all chemical constituents of milk excluding
lactose. On the other hand, among crossbred cows, all milk constituents (but not protein)
were affected by stage of lactation, whereas SNF was the single component affected by
parity order. The mean daily yield was 4.89±0.65 and 8.44±0.38 L for local and
crossbred cows, respectively. The daily milk yield among local cows after all parities (1st
to 4th) and during different stages of lactation (early, mid and late) was significantly
(p≤0.01) lower than that of crossbred cows. It could be concluded that despite of been
low yielders, local cows however, produce milk with rich chemical constituents (fat, SNF
and protein).
Key words: Local cows, crossbred, milk composition, parity, milk yield, Nyala, Sudan
 2016 Sudan University of Science and Technology, All rights reserved
Introduction animals used for milk and meat
Sudanese national cattle herd which production as well as draught power in
belongs to Zebu cattle has been agricultural activities (Payne and
estimated as 29.84 million heads Hodges, 1997). Among these local
producing about 2.78 thousand tons of breeds, Butana and Kenana breeds are
milk according to the Sudanese Ministry the most famous as milk producers in the
of Animal Resources, Rangelands and country. Together, the two breeds
Fisheries (MARRF, 2013). The constitute about 24% of the total cattle
Sudanese national cattle herd consists of population of the country (Abdel-Aziz et
different local ecotypes, which are al., 2005). Milk yielding of the two
generally considered as multipurpose breeds was reported to be lower than that

86
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS)
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775
of Holstein Friesian, even under the
same climatic conditions (Ageeb and
Hayes, 2000). To improve milk
production and productivity as well
crossing indigenous breeds with
temperate dairy cattle breeds, namely
Holstein Friesian, is widely applied in
the country (Musa et al., 2005). Planning
to use the genotypes of the improved
indigenous breeds to upgrade or even to
replace the low producing cows in
tropical harsh environment where exotic
cattle hardly survive is the motivation of
this activity. This concept has been
widely adopted in different parts of the
country and Darfur region of course was
not an exception.
Darfur Region has about nine million
head (28.05% of Sudanese cattle) which
represents the largest cattle population in
the country (MARRF, 2013). Cattle herd
in the region that kept under traditional
production system is dominated by
baggara cattle which are mainly
considered as source of meat, although
high milk yielding individuals are
recognized (Bashir and El Zubeir, 2013).
Nyala city in South Darfur State (Sudan)
holds the second largest human
population in the country according to
the Sudanese Central Bureau of
Statistics (CBS, 2014). Milk is an
important table meal for considerable
proportion of people in the region, and
remains the most important source of
protein in many cases, especially for
nomadic communities (Shuiep et al.,
2014). Moreover, milk production is a
mean of generating income for a wide
sector of farmers under mid and small
scales production umbrella. Although
milk from other species such as goat and
camel is also available, nevertheless,
cows are still the major source of milk in
the city, producing more than 80% of
87
December 2016
total marketed milk in the town (Hamza
et al., 2015).
Milk basically, is a primary source of
nutrition for young mammals. For
mankind, milk and milk products are
excellent high quality foods, providing
nutrients and play important role in diet
for different ages. It is nearly a complete
food as it contains carbohydrates,
protein, fats, vitamins, mineral elements
and water. The compositional quality of
milk, nevertheless, is very important in
dairy technology as it indicates milk
process ability (Ozrenk and Selcuk Inci,
2008). Several reports have concluded
that compositional quality of bovine
milk is affected by stage of lactation,
season, diet, dam age, physiological
status, environmental conditions, region
of production in addition to the genetic
background (Slots et al., 2009;
Mapekula et al., 2011; Frelich et al.,
2012, Myburgh et al., 2012 and Lee et
al., 2014). Moreover, milk composition
may also be changed over period of time
and may vary from place to another as a
result of interaction effects of several
factors.
Cross breeding policy is highly adopted
by dairy farmers in Nyala city. The goal
of introducing high-grade exotics breed
(namely Holstein Friesian) is to improve
the genetic potential of local cattle
expecting to increase milk yield.
Nevertheless, awareness about milk
quality is not less important than milk
quantity. For farmers, knowing what
causes differences in food quality and
production performance is important
information for decision making
regarding production and herd
management. For consumers in return,
knowledge about differences in milk
quality is necessary for decision making
related to food choice. Hence, the
current study was designed to investigate
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS)
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775
the influence of stage of lactation and
order of parity on compositional quality
and daily milk yield of local cows (kept
under semi intensive system) and
crossbred cows (kept under close
intensive system) in Nyala city (South
Darfur State, Sudan).
Materials and Methods
Study area: South Darfur State is
comprised of 135 thousands km2 of
semi-arid and savannah zones. The state
lies within area defined by the
coordinate 24:30 and 27:00 E and
longitude 9:30 and 13:00 N latitude.
The annual rainfall ranges between 300
to 1000 mm/year increasing from north
to south. The climate in Nyala city is
semi-arid with mean annual temperature
above 30 °C (Elagib and Mansell, 2000).
Study population: Dairy farming
campus in Musie district (about nine km
south east to center of Nyala city) was
targeted in this study. The campus holds
about fifty farms where crossbred cows
(local*Holstein Friesian) were reared
under close intensive system. Ten farms
were randomly selected for sampling.
Moreover, small scale holders (herd size
≤7) rearing local cows and restrictedly
avoiding introducing foreign blood were
included in this study. Those farmers are
mainly keeping their herds at the back
yard of the house. The back yard units
are attached to the owner home and
herds are managed by the household
under semi intensive system.
Due to the lack of recording system in
both areas, information about individuals
was collected from herders. Samples
were obtained from dams only when
owner provides the information needed.
Based on age of calves (X months),
dams were ranked as in early (X < 3
months), mid (3 months ≤ X < 6 months)
or late stage of lactation (X ≥ 6 months).
Moreover, the daily milk yield over
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December 2016
several days was recorded at evening
milking and multiplied by two as daily
yield in liters (L).
Management and feeding: The herds in
Musie campus are completely kept in
door under intensive system. Home
prepared concentrates including
sorghum, groundnut cake and some
other local stuff such as flour of saw
palmetto (Serenoa repens) which is
locally known as doam are provided
twice a day. Concentrates provided as
group feeding (4- 5 kg/cow).
Additionally, sorghum bicolor is
provided ad lib. Due to the seasonal
availability and price fluctuation of diet
ingredients, there is no formal ration
used in the campus. Moreover, the diet is
not formulated according to the
physiological needs of cows, neither in
term of quality nor quantity. On the
other hand, the local cows depend
mainly on natural pastures. Herds move
early morning after milking to the
natural pasture around the city (about 5
to 8 km outside the city), where the herd
spend the whole day and return home
just before sun set. At home concentrates
(1- 3 kg/cow) are provided mainly as
group feeding in addition to dry sorghum
straw as source of roughage ad lib.
Collection and analysis of milk
samples: After milking of individual
cows, milk was thoroughly mixed and
samples of about 50 ml were collected
from each cow in dry clean plastic
bottles. Then samples were labeled and
transferred to the laboratory for analysis
within 2 hours. Milk samples (n=180)
were obtained from local and crossbred
cows (n=72 and 108, respectively). The
concentration of milk constituents was
measured twice by LactoScan milk
Analyzer (Milkotronic LTD, Europe).
The measurement is based on the
principle of Fourier Transform Infrared
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS)
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775
Spectroscopy (FTIR) that combines the
recording of infrared spectra and data
processing with high precision and
stability. Each sample was analyzed for
content of fat, protein, solids not fat
(SNF) and lactose. Simultaneously, the
readings displayed on the instrument
were recorded in the data record sheet.
Statistical analyses: The data were
analyzed using the SPSS 13.0 software
package (SPSS, 2004). Analysis of
variance using multivariate general
linear model was performed. The model
included stage of lactation (three levels)
and order of parity (four levels) as
source of variation. When needed least
significant different (LSD) was
performed for separation of means.
Results and Discussion
The current study was an attempt to
evaluate the influence of stage of
lactation (early, mid or late) and parity
order (first through fourth) on
compositional quality and daily milk
yield of local and crossbred cows in
Nyala city, South Darfur State, Sudan.
The major chemical constituents in milk
samples collected from cows in different
stages of lactation and after different
parities were shown in Table (1). The
overall average (mean± Sd) content of
milk fat (%), SNF (%), protein (%) and
lactose (%) were 4.41±1.13, 9.67±0.73,
3.74±0.11 and 5.16±0.23%, respectively.
Local cows showed significantly
(p≤0.05) higher milk constituents.
Moreover, all milk constituents except
lactose were significantly (p≤0.05)
affected by stage of lactation and/or
parity order.
Chemical composition of milk as
affected by stage of lactation and order
of parity: The data in Table 1 showed
that stage of lactation has no significant
(p≥0.05) effect on fat content among
local cows, although, higher fat content
89
December 2016
in early and late stages of lactations were
observed. However, significantly
(p≤0.05) higher fat value in the late
lactation was obtained among the
crossbred cows. Similar result was also
reported by Gurmessa and Melaku
(2012). Moreover, Stoop et al. (2009)
reported higher fat content during early
and late lactations. Concentration of
milk fat reported to increase during
advanced lactation as positively affected
by the lower milk yield (Auldist et al.,
1998). The present result however,
disagrees with those reported by
Bohmanova et al. (2009) who recorded
lower milk fat in the late stage of
lactation.
In the present result also, lower fat in
early and mid lactation was found
among crossbred cows. This observation
could be explained by relatively higher
milk yield. The same quantity of fat that
dictated by breed genetic makeup
potential when secreted in different
amount of milk, different concentrations
is expected to occur (Pratap et al., 2014)
Results of the current study indicated
that local cows are significantly (p≤0.05)
capable to produce higher milk fat
throughout lactations. High milk fat is a
typical characteristic of Zebu cattle as
they produce more milk fat compared to
temperate cows (Barbosa et al., 2008).
This phenomenon indicates that milk fat
as quantitative trait is genetically
influenced by set of genetic factors.
Variations between milk fat content in
local and crossbred cattle in this study
could be explained by different
management and feeding regimes
adopted in the two production systems.
Milk fat in dairy cattle is affected by the
amount of roughage and the ratio of
forage to concentrate in addition to meal
frequency. Moreover, reduction in the
dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS) December 2016
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775

decreases milk fat (Sutton, 1989). Wang in addition to pasture grazing reported to
et al. (2004) added that supplementation produce higher milk fat (Soryal et al.,
of fat ration effectively increases milk 2004).
fat. Similarly, goats fed on concentrate
Table 1: Chemical composition of milk (Mean±Sd) samples obtained from local and
crossbred cows during different stages of lactation after first through fourth parity in
Nyala (South Darfur State, Sudan)
Source of Cow Fat (%) SNF (%) Protein (%) Lactose (%)
No
variation Group Mean±Sd Sig Mean±Sd Sig Mean±Sd Sig Mean±Sd Sig
Stage of lactation
18 5.31A
Early Local ‫٭‬ 10.16A±0.72 ‫٭٭‬ 3.87A±0.52 ‫٭٭‬ 5.10A±0.71 NS
±0.51
(X<3)
Crossbred 31 3.41b±1.09 9.46ab±0.42 3.67a±0.17 5.44a±0.31
22 4.67A
Mid Local ‫٭‬ 10.02A±0.43 ‫٭٭‬ 3.91A±0.18 ‫٭٭‬ 5.33A±0.23 NS
±1.56
(3≤X<6)
Crossbred 37 3.33b±1.05 9.63a±0.45 3.69a±0.16 5.11a±0.29
32 5.28A
Late Local ‫٭‬ 9.43AB±0.27 NS 3.67B±0.17 NS 5.05A±0.09 ‫٭‬
±0.75
(X≥6)
Crossbred 39 4.45a±1.43 b
9.29 ±0.67 a
3.63 ±0.22 b
4.89 ±0.44
Parity order
Local 19 5.16A±0.32 ‫٭‬ 10.44A±0.26 ‫٭‬ 4.01A±0.11 ‫٭‬ 5.18A±0.13 NS
First
Crossbred 28 3.77a±0.32 9.58a±0.14 3.72a±0.05 5.16a±0.09
Local 18 5.22A±0.34 ‫٭‬ 9.89B±0.27 NS 3.82AB±0.12 ‫٭٭‬ 5.15A±0.14 NS
Second
Crossbred 22 3.74a±0.24 9.51a±0.11 3.61a±0.04 4.99a±0.07
Local 20 5.14A±0.34 ‫٭‬ 9.79BC±0.27 NS 3.84AB±0.12 ‫٭٭‬ 5.16A±0.14 NS
Third
Crossbred 28 3.72a±0.26 9.44b±0.11 3.61a±0.04 5.25a±0.08
Local 15 4.82B±0.55 ‫٭‬ 9.36C±0.44 NS 3.67B±0.19 NS 5.16A±0.23 NS
Fourth
Crossbred 30 3.67a±0.41 9.32b±0.18 3.72a±0.06 5.19a±0.12
Local 72 5.09±0.36 ‫٭‬ 9.87±0.39 ‫٭٭‬ 3.82±0.13 ‫٭٭‬ 5.16±0.15 NS
Mean
Crossbred 108 3.73±0.62 9.46±0.17 3.66±0.03 5.15±0.28
X= Age of calves/ months
Sig= Significant, Sd= standard deviation
‫٭‬
Indicated sig difference (p≤0.05), ‫ ٭٭‬indicated sig difference (p≤0.01), NS Indicated not sig (p≥ 0.05)
Different uppercase superscripts (A, B and C) within the same source of variation indicated sig differences
within local cows, and lowercase superscripts (a, b and c) indicated sig differences within crossbred cows in
different stages of lactation/ parity number
With regards to parity order, milk fat age of 5 to 7 years (Abdel-Aziz et al.,
content was found in range from 2005). The result obtained from local
5.22±0.34 to 4.82±0.55% (2nd and 4th cows is supporting Nyamushamba et al.
parity) and from 3.77±0.32 to (2014) who reported a linear relationship
3.67±0.41% (1st and 4th parity) in local between age at calving and milk fat. On
and crossbred cows, respectively (Table the other hand, the results obtained from
1). The results also revealed significantly crossbred cows however, revealed no
(p≤0.05) higher milk fat in local cows significant (p≥0.05) influences for parity
compared to crossbred cows in the same order on milk fat content although it
parity. Moreover, within local cows, the tends to decrease in the later parities.
fourth parity revealed significantly This result is in complete agreement
(p≤0.05) lower milk fat content. with Agnihotri and Rajkumar (2007).
Decrease in milk fat content of cows in The results of the current study
the later parity might be attributed to age demonstrated that stage of lactation has
factor as local cows gave first calves at significant (p≤0.05) influence on SNF

90
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS)
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775
content in milk (Table 1). At the same
time, local cows showed significantly
(p≤0.01) higher values than those of
crossbred cows. Similar result was also
reported by Singh and Pratap (2014).
This result however, disagrees with
Gurmessa and Melaku (2012) who
reported no affect for stage of lactation
on this fraction. The lowest SNF values
in both local and crossbred cows were
observed in the late stage of lactation.
This observation could be attributed to
the general increments in anabolism of
major nutrients during the late stage.
However, non significant (p≥0.05)
differences were obtained among local
cows in different stage of lactation, the
crossbred cows showed significantly
(p≤0.05) higher SNF content in the mid
stage of lactation. Similar result was also
reported by Gurmessa and Melaku
(2012). Higher SNF content in the mid
lactation could be explained by the
higher content of other non fat
constituents in the same stage of
lactation as milk SNF mainly composed
of lactose proteins and minerals.
Regarding parity order, the highest SNF
values were 10.44±0.26 and 9.58±0.14%
and the lowest values were 9.36±0.44
and 9.32±0.18%, for local and crossbred
cows, respectively (Table 1). These
values were observed after first and
fourth parities, respectively. This results
showed that SNF in milk samples
obtained from local cows were
significantly (p≤0.01) affected by parity
order. It decreases in the later parities.
This result could be attributed to age
factor, as the elder the cow; the lower
the efficiency of feed utilization. Smith
et al. (1961) concluded that utilization of
feed is a linear function of body weight.
On the other hand, non significant
(p≥0.05) variations were obtained
among crossbred cows in the different
91
December 2016
parities. This result is in partial
agreement with Sudhakar et al. (2013).
However, it disagrees with Singh and
Pratap (2014) who reported different
SNF profile. In the same context, it is
important to highlight that milk SNF is
receiving more attention in the recent
years due to the increased awareness of
the nutritive value of non-fat component
in milk.
Protein content in milk samples analyzed
in this study (Table 1) showed that stage
of lactation has significant (p≤0.01)
influence on milk protein content. The
local cows revealed significantly
(p≤0.05) higher milk protein content in
early and mid lactation compared to the
crossbred cows. The milk protein of
local cows in early and mid lactation
were significantly (p≤0.01) higher than
those in late lactation, while non
significant (p≥0.05) variations were
obtained between milk protein among
crossbred cows in the different stages of
lactation. These results were in partial
agreement with Auldist et al. (1998).
Although they reported different values
for milk protein content in different
stages of lactations, they have also
reported higher milk protein values in
the late stage of lactation under natural
pasture.
Although crossbred cows kept under
intensive system, they however, revealed
significantly (p≤0.01) lower milk protein
compared to local cows. This result is
supporting Auldist et al. (1998) who
reported a positive effect for natural
pastures on milk protein content. Lower
milk protein in crossbred cows could be
due to the improper formulated diet. As
was observed during this study, rations
were prepared using the available
cheaper local ingredients with neither
taking feed quality nor animal
requirement into consideration. Farmers
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS)
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775
only care for the quantity of diet and the
price of ingredients. Nevertheless, milk
composition is influenced by feed types,
probably due to availability of different
types of substrates for synthesis of
various milk components. Broderick and
Clayton (1997) concluded that dietary
protein and energy balance in dairy
cows’ ration is the major determinant of
milk protein concentration. Moreover,
Slots et al. (2009) added that compared
to cows received diet based on preserved
forage and concentrate supplements,
cows receiving pasture based diet
produce milk with higher chemical
constituents and that is beneficial for
health of human. Similarly, Soryal et al.
(2004) mentioned that supporting
prepared ration with grazing in natural
pastures increases milk protein in goat.
Moreover, Dhali et al. (2006) reported
positive correlation between milk urea
and protein content in fed diet. However,
other researchers such as Smith et al.
(1978) have reported no correlation
between milk protein and protein
concentration of diets.
In this study although no significant
(p≥0.05) variations were found
regarding milk protein quantity. The raw
data showed wide range (minimum and
maximum values were 2.55 and 3.98,
respectively), which strongly suggests
individual variations. Therefore, in
addition to feeding and management
system, those evaluated in this study,
quantitative variation in milk protein
estimated in this study could also be
attributed to genetic factors. In this
context, Kucerova et al. (2006) reported
high association between genetic
polymorphism in milk protein genes and
milk quantitative and qualitative traits.
Moreover, Cardak (2005) explained that
individual cows carrying genetic variants
C in alphs-s1-casein gene (CSNISI*C)
92
December 2016
are capable to produce milk with higher
protein content.
The influence of parity on milk protein
content in milk samples obtained from
local and crossbred cows (Table 1)
showed that parity has significant
(p≤0.01) influence on milk protein
among local and crossbred cows. Except
after parity number four, local cows
revealed significantly (p≤0.01) higher
milk protein after different parities
compared to crossbred cows. At the
same time, protein content was
dramatically decreasing in later parity
among local cows. This observation
could be attributed to the age of cows.
On the other hand, however, non
significant (p≥0.05) variations were
obtained in milk protein among
crossbred cows after different parities.
Among local cows, stages of lactation
have no significant (p≥0.05) influence
on lactose content of milk (Table 1).
Similar result was reported by Ibeawuchi
and Dangut (1996). Controversy, stage
of lactation was significantly (p≤0.05)
affecting lactose content of milk in
crossbred cows. The lower lactose
content was observed in the late stage of
lactation. This observation could be
explained by occurrence of pregnancy.
The results, moreover, revealed
significantly (p≤0.05) higher lactose
content of the milk samples of local
cows compared to the crossbred in the
late stage of lactation. This could be
explained by the fact that local cows are
more adapted to the environment, and
despite their daily exercise local cows
were however, still able to produce milk
with more lactose. Comparing local to
the crossbred cows, the results of the
current study emphasis that stage of
lactation has no strong influence on
lactose content of milk, as non
significant (p≥0.05) variations were
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS)
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775
obtained between the two groups of
cows. Similar result was previously
reported in camel. Shuiep et al. (2008)
concluded that lactose content is the
single milk constituent remains
unchanged under different management
conditions.
The lactose content of milk for cows in
the first through fourth parities during
different lactations is shown in Table
(1). The individual values of lactose
content were ranged from 5.21 to 5.15%
and from 5.33 to 5.02%, in local and
crossbred cows, respectively. This result
demonstrated no significant (p≥0.05)
variations between stages of lactation
either within or between the two groups
of cows. Similarly, parity order has no
influence on lactose content of milk.
This result is in agreement with Mech et
al. (2008). Lactose synthesis is highly
correlated to the amount of water drawn
into milk. Secretion rates of lactose and
water are nearly constant throughout
lactation (Pollott, 2004). Therefore,
compared to other milk constituents,
lactose is the most stable component.
This could explain the less influence of
lactation stages on this constituent.
The average daily yield of milk as
affected by stage of lactation and order
of parity: The average daily milk yields
(L) among local and crossbred cows
were 4.89±0.65 and 8.44±0.38 L,
respectively (Table 2). The average daily
yields in early, mild and late stages of
lactation were 4.70±0.64, 5.53±0.75 and
5.98±1.00 L for local cows and
8.05±0.62, 8.80±0.60 and 8.45±0.70 L
for crossbred cows, respectively. Local
cows showed significantly (p≤0.05)
lower daily milk yield in different stages
of lactation and in all parities.
The average daily milk yield for local
and crossbred cows during early, mid
and late stages of lactation after first to
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December 2016
fourth parity was shown in Table (2).
The present results are within the ranges
reported for cows in tropical area. Deng
et al. (2012) reported average daily milk
yield of 6 kg/day for crossbred cows.
Even higher daily milk yield (17.5
kg/day) was also reported by Turki et al.
(2012).
The crossbred cows showed significantly
(p≤0.01) higher daily milk yield in the
same stage of lactation and in the same
parity compared the local cows.
Moreover, the crossbred cows showed
significantly (p≤0.01) higher average
yield in the different parities. In addition
to that the mean daily yield during
different stages of lactation was also
significantly (p≤0.01) higher among
crossbred cows than local ones (Table
2).
Within local cows, significantly (p≤0.01)
higher daily milk yield after third and
fourth parity during early and mid
lactations was observed, while during
the late lactation, first parity showed
significantly (p≤0.01) higher milk yield
compared to second and third parties.
Similarly, within crossbred cows,
significantly (p≤0.01) higher daily milk
yield during early and mid lactations
were recorded. However, non significant
(p≥0.01) differences were obtained for
milk yield between crossbred cows in
the different parities during the late
lactation. The results in table (2) also
showed that local cows tend to show the
highest daily milk yield in the late stage
of lactation, which could be due to the
adaptation of local cows to the habitat. It
showed significantly (p≤0.01) higher
milk yield during the late lactation in the
first, second and third parties, while the
crossbred cows showed significantly
(p≤0.01) higher daily milk yield in mid
and late stages of lactation in all parities.
Occurrence of peak milk yield of cows
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS) December 2016
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775

at the mid of lactation in this study milk yield were obtained among
agrees with the report of Mech et al. crossbred cows in the different parities.
(2008). They concluded that milk yield The obtained results are supporting
increased up to 90 days and remain high Ibeawuchi and Dangut (1996) who
for a while and then declines in late concluded that stage of lactation is one
stage of lactation. Our result however, of the major factors influencing milk
disagrees with Agnihotri and Rajkumar yield and composition in cattle.
(2007) who reported higher peak during However, Pal et al. (1996) concluded
the early lactation. Moreover, non that parity has no effect on milk yield.
significant (p≥0.05) differences in daily
Table 2: The daily milk yield (Mean±Sd) in liters of local and crossbred cows during
different stages of lactation after first through fourth parity in Nyala (South Darfur, State,
Sudan)
Milk yield (L)
Parity Cow Early lactation Mid lactation Late lactation
No Mean
Order group (X<3) (3≤X<6) (X≥6)
Mean±Sd Sig Mean±Sd Sig Mean±Sd Sig Mean±Sd Sig
Local 14 4.1B2±0.12 ‫٭٭‬ 4.5C2±0.82 ‫٭٭‬ 6.3A1±2.61 ‫٭‬ 4.93AB±1.17 ‫٭٭‬
First
Crossbred 22 7.2c3±1.37 9.1a1±2.00 8.2a2±0.36 8.17b±0.95
Local 24 4.2B2±2.12 ‫٭٭‬ 5.6B1±1.21 ‫٭٭‬ 5.8B1±1.98 ‫٭٭‬ 5.20A±0.87 ‫٭٭‬
Second
Crossbred 20 8.1b2±1.03 8.3b12±1.96 8.5a1±0.89 8.30ab±0.20
Local 18 5.3A1±0.73 ‫٭٭‬ 5.7B1±1.33 ‫٭٭‬ 4.7C2±1.33 ‫٭٭‬ 5.23A±0.50 ‫٭٭‬
Third
Crossbred 36 8.2b2±1.35 8.3b12±1.09 8.6a1±0.79 8.37ab±0.21
Local 16 5.2A3±2.01 ‫٭٭‬ 6.3A2±1.51 ‫٭٭‬ 7.1A1±1.42 NS 4.20B±0.95 ‫٭٭‬
Fourth
Crossbred 30 8.7a2±1.45 a1
9.5 ±1.22 8.5a2±0.83 8.90a±0.53
Local 72 4.7±0.64 ‫٭٭‬ 5.53±0.75 ‫٭٭‬ 5.98±1.00 ‫٭٭‬ 4.89±0.65 ‫٭٭‬
Mean
Crossbred 108 8.05±0.62 8.80±0.60 8.45±0.70 8.44±0.38
X= Age of calves/ months
Sig= Significant, Sd= standard deviation, L= liter
‫ ٭‬Indicated sig differences (p≤0.05), ‫ ٭٭‬Indicated sig (p≤0.01) NS not sig differences (p≥ 0.05)
Different uppercase superscripts (A, B and C) within the same column indicated sig differences (p≤0.05) in
daily milk yield within local cows, and lowercase superscripts ( a, b and c) indicated sig differences (p≤0.05) in
daily milk yield within crossbred cows
Different superscript digits (1, 2, and 3) within the same raw indicated sig differences (p≤0.01) in daily milk
yield
The higher daily yield of crossbred cows dairy production when concentrate
is strongly supported by the literature. It supplementation was applied.
has been reported to have higher milk The mean daily milk yield for local cows
yield as effect of the temperate breed which ranges from 4.20±0.95 to
genotype (Ageeb and Hayes, 2000). 5.23±0.50 L was significantly (p≤0.05)
Moreover, similar to the present results, lower than that of crossbred cows
Turki et al. (2012) reported higher milk (ranges from 8.17±0.95 to 8.90±0.53 L).
yield for crossbred cows in the same Although crossbred cows were higher
environment. Higher daily yield for milk yielder compared to local cows,
crossbred cows in this study beside the however, they are still lower compared
genetic effect could also be due to the to that of Holstein Friesian cows in their
fact that crossbred cows receive habitat. The result showed that both
concentrate supplementation. Slots et al. stage of lactation and order of parity are
(2009) reported positive response for significantly (p≤0.01) affecting the daily
milk yield.

94
SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS) December 2016
Vol. 17 No.( 2)
ISSN: 1858 6775

The available literature demonstrated and stage of lactation on milk

that genetic has significant role on milk composition of western region
production quality and quantity. goats of India. International
Although no single variable or a Journal of Dairy Science, 2(2):
combination of variables that could be 172- 177.
used for prediction of milk composition Auldist, M.J.; Walsh, B.J. and Thomson,
nevertheless, the influence of genetic on N.A. (1998). Seasonal and
milk constituents could not be neglected. locational influences on bovine
Significant correlations were reported milk composition in New
between aplpha-S1-casein (CSN1S1), Zealand. Journal of Dairy
beta casein (CSN2) and kappa casein Research, 65: 401- 411.
(CSN3) loci and average breeding values Barbosa, S.P.; Ramalho, R.P.;
for milk yield, all chemical constituents Monardes, H.G.; Dias, F.M.; dos
of milk except protein and protein Santos, D.C. and Batista, A.V.
content and yield, respectively. In the (2008). Milk and fat production
same context, genetic polymorphisms in of crossbred Holstein-Gir cows
fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) (Bos Taurus taurus-Bos taurus
locus were also reported to affect milk indicus) in the Agreste region of
production traits. Particularly, genetic the Brazilian State of
variant A in FABP4 (adipocyte) is highly Pernambuco. Genetics and
associated with higher milk protein Molecular Biology, 31(2): 468-
content while variant B is associated 474.
with lower milk yield and lower protein Bashir, H.H.A. and El Zubeir, I.E.M.
content (Zhou et al., 2015). Therefore, (2013). Milk production and
individuals’ genetic background has a reproduction performance of
basic effect on milk production Baggara cattle raised under
parameters and quantitative traits related extensive and semi- extensive
to milk quality. systems in South Kordofan State,
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 ‫)‪SUST Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (SJAVS‬‬ ‫‪December 2016‬‬
‫)‪Vol. 17 No.( 2‬‬
‫‪ISSN: 1858 6775‬‬

‫تأثير مرحلة اإلدرار وترتيب رقم الوالدة على تركيب اللبن ومحصول اللبن اليومى فى األبقار المحلية والمهجنة فى‬
‫والية جنوب دارفور (السودان)‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫الطاهر صالح شعيب‪ 1‬و حمزة عبدهللا الطاهر‪ 2‬و إبتسام إلياس دمحم الزبير‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫قسم الوراثة الجزيئية‪ ،‬معهد األحياء الجزيئية ‪ ،‬جامعة نياال ‪ ،‬نياال ‪ ،‬والية جنوب دارفور ‪ ،‬السودان ‪ .‬البريد اإللكترونى‪:‬‬
‫‪tahirr13@yahoo.com‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫قسم اإلنتاج الحيوانى ‪ ،‬كلية العلوم البيطرية ‪ ،‬جامعة نياال ‪ ،‬نياال ‪ ،‬والية جنوب دارفور ‪ ،‬السودان‬
‫قسم إنتاج األلبان ‪ ،‬كلية اإلنتاج الحيوانى ‪ ،‬جامعة الخرطوم ‪ ،‬الخرطوم بحرى ‪ ،‬السودان ‪ ،‬الرمز البريدى‪321 :‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫المستخلص‪:‬‬
‫صممت هذه الدراسة لتقييم أثر مرحلة اإلدرار و ترتيب الوالدة على ٍ‬
‫كل من مكونات اللبن الكيميائية و محصول اللبن‬
‫اليومى فى األبقار المحلية و األبقار الهجين فى مدينة نياال ‪ ،‬جنوب دارفور‪ ،‬السودان‪ .‬فى مجموعة االبقار المحلية‬
‫ُو ِجد أن لمرحلة اإلدرار تاثي اًر معنوياً (‪ )p≤0.05‬على محتوى اللبن من البروتين و الجوامد غير الدهنية بينما كان‬
‫لترتيب الوالدة تاثي اًر معنوياً (‪ )p≤0.05‬على كل مكونات اللبن الكيميائية ما خال الالكتوز ‪ .‬على الجانب اآلخر‪،‬‬
‫ضمن األبقار الهجين ُو ِجد أن كل مكونات اللبن (ما عدا البروتين) قد تأثرت بمرحلة اإلدرار‪ ،‬بينما كانت الجوامد غير‬
‫الدهنية هى المكون الوحيد الذى تاثر بترتيب الوالدة ‪ .‬متوسط محصول اللبن اليومى لألبقار المحلية و الهجين كان‬
‫‪ 4.89±0.65‬و ‪ 8.44±0.38‬لت اًر ‪ ،‬على الترتيب ‪ .‬محصول اللبن اليومى لألبقار المحلية عقب كل الوالدات‬
‫(األولى إلى الرابعة) و خالل مراحل اإلدرار المختلفة (المبكر و المتوسط و المتأخر) كان أقل معنوياً (‪)p≤0.01‬‬
‫منه فى األبقار الهجين ‪ .‬يمكن أن نخلص إلى أنه و بالرغم من أنها ذات محصول منخفص ‪ ،‬إال أن األبقار المحلية‬
‫تنتج لبناً غنياً بالمكونات الكيميائية (دهون و المواد الصلبة غير الدهنية و البروتين)‪.‬‬

‫‪99‬‬

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