Optical and M Icrowave Lab M Anual: Optical Analog Link - Block Diagram

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Optical and M icrowave Lab M anual
OPTICAL ANALOG LINK – BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 35 ECE

DEPT: YEAR & SEM : IV & 07
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Ex No: 8 a)
SETTING UP OF ANALOG OPTICAL LINK
Date:
AIM:
To set up an 850nm fiber optic analog link.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY
1 OFT -- 1
2 Two channel oscilloscope 50mhz 1
3 Function generator 1hz-10mhz 1
4 BNC cables -- 3
THEORY:
This experiment is designed to familiarize the user with OFT. An analog fiber optic link is to
be set up in this experiment. The preparation of the optical fiber for coupling light into it and the
coupling of the fiber to the LD and detector are described. The LD used in as 850nm LD. The fiber
is a multimode fiber with a core diameter of 1000µm. the detector is a simple PIN detector.
The LD optical power output is directly proportional to the current driving the LD. Similarly,
for the PIN diode, the current is proportional to the amount of light falling on the detector. Thus,
even though the LD and the PIN diode are non-linear devices, the current in the PIN diode is directly
proportional to the driving current LD. This makes the optical communication system a linear
system.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the block diagram. The 1m and 3m optical fiber provided with
OFT are to be used.
2. Set the switch SW8 to the ANALOG position. Switch the power on. The power on switch is
located at the top right hand corner.
3. Feed a 1Vp-p (peak-peak) sinusoidal signal at 1KHz [with zero d.c.], from a function
generator, to the ANALOG IN post P11 using the following procedure:
a. Connect a BNC-BNC cable from the function generator to the BNS socket I/03.
b. Connect the signal post I/03 to the ANALOG IN post P11 using a patch cord.
4. Connect one end of the 1m fiber to the LD source LD1 in the optical Tx1 block. Observe the
light output [red tinge] at the other end of the fiber.
5. Feed a 5Vp-p rectangular signal at 0.5 Hz at P11. Observe the signal on the oscilloscope.
6. Connect the other end of the fiber to the detector PD1 in the optical Rx1 block.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

7. Feed a sinusoidal wave of 1 KHz, 1V p-p[with zero D.C.] from the function generator to P11.
The PIN detector output signal is available at P32 in the optical Rx1 block. Vary the input
signal level driving the LD and observe the received signal at the PIN detector. Plot the
received signal peak-to-peak amplitude with respect to the input signal peak-to-peak
amplitude.
8. Repeat Step 7 using the 3m fiber instead of the 1m fiber. Plot the received signal amplitude
at the PIN detector as a function of input signal amplitude.
9. The PIN detector signal at P32 is amplified, with amplifier gain controlled by GAIN
potentiometer. With a 3V p-pinput signal at P11, observe P31 as the gain potentiometer is
varied.
RESULT:

OPTICAL DIGITAL LINK – BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Ex No: 8 b)
SETTING UP OF DIGITAL OPTICAL LINK
Date:
AIM:
To learn to set up 850nm digital link, and to measure the maximum bit rates supportable on
these link.
1 OFT - 1
2 Two channel oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
3 Function generator 1Hz-10MHz 1
4 BNC cables -- 3
THEORY:
The OFT can be used to set up two fiber optic digital link, at a wavelength of 850nm. LD1, in
the optical Tx1 block, is an 850 nm LD.
PD1, in the optical Rx1 block, is a PIN detector which gives a current proportional to the
optical power falling on the detector. The received signal is amplified and converted to a TTL signal
using a comparator. The GAIN control plays a crucial role in this conversion.
PD2, in the optical Rx2 block, is another receiver which directly gives out a TTL signal.
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the block diagram.
2. Set the switch SW8 to the DIGITAL position.
3. Connect a 1m optical fiberLD1 and the PIN diode PD1.
4. Feed a TTL signal of about 20 KHz from the function generator to post B of S6. Use
the BNC I/Os for feeding. Observe the received analog signal at the amplifier post
P31 on channel 1 of the oscilloscope.
5. Observe the received signal at post A of S26 on channel 2 of the oscilloscope while
still observing the signal at P31 on channel 1.
6. Set the gain such that the signal at P31 is about 2V. Observe the input signal from the
function generator on channel 1 and the received TTL signal at post A of S26
on channel 2. Vary the frequency of the input signal and observe the output response.
7. Repeat Steps 4, 5 & 6 with the 3m fiber.
RESULT:

CYCLE II

NUMERICAL APPERTURE – BLOCK DIAGRAM

Ex No: 9
MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the Numerical Aperture of the 3m plastic fiber at 850 nm.
1 OFT - 1
2 Numerical Aperture Measurement unit - 1
THEORY:
Numerical Aperture (NA) of a fiber is a measure of the acceptance angle of light in the fiber.
Light which is launched at angles greater than this maximum acceptance angle does not get
coupled to propagating modes in the fiber, and therefore does not reach the receiver at the other end
of the fiber. The Numerical Aperture is useful in the computation of optical power coupled from an
optical source to the fiber, from the fiber to a photo detector, and between two fibers.
PROCEDURE:
2. Insert one end of the fiber into the Numerical Aperture measurement unit. Adjust the
fiber such that its tip is 10mm from the screen.
3. Gently tighten the screw to hold the fiber firmly in place.
4. Connect the other end of the fiber to LD2 through the simplex connector. The fiber
will project a circular patch of red light onto the screen. Let d be the distance between
the fiber-tip and the screen. Now measure the diameter of the circular patch of red
light in two perpendicular directions (BC and DE). The mean radius of the circular
patch is given by
+
=
4
5. Carefully measure the distance d between the tips of the fiber. The Numerical
Aperture of the fiber is the fiber is given by NA = sinθ0 max = x/√(d2 + x2).
6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 for different values of d. compute the average value of
Numerical Aperture.

NUMERICAL APPERTURE MEASUREMENT UNIT
TABULATION:
S.NO α BC DE + NUMERICAL
=
(mm) (mm) (mm) APERTURE
(mm)

RESULT:

LED MODULE:

Ex No: 10
DC CHARACTERISTICS OF LED
Date:
AIM:
To determine the DC characteristics of LED.
1 OFT power supply - 1
2 A digital multi-meter - 1
3 LED module 850nm or 1300nm 1
4 Benchmark fiber optic power meter - 1
5 Bare fiber adaptor 850nm 1
6 ST adaptor for meter 1300nm 1
7 1.25m plastic fiber 850nm 1
8 1m ST – ST patch cord 1300nm 1
THEORY:
LED is the vital part in a fiber optic communication link. It forms the E-O section of the
transmitter in any link. In LED module the injection current through an 850nm / 1300nm fiber optic
LED (depending on the model) is varied and thereby its characteristics are studied. The injection
current through the LED is controlled using a multi-turn potentiometer, which enables the user to
have a control over it. The LED module “1300nm GF-MM” is shown. The module needs an external
DC power supply to operate. The LED module is provided with appropriate monitoring posts for
taking the necessary measurements.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the OFT power supply to the module. Turn the multi-turn potentiometer to
its minimum position and switch ON the module.
2. Measure the voltage V1 across the resistor R1 (1800ohms for 850nm PF) and calculate
the current through the LED If which is given as
If = V1 / 180 for 850nm PF
3. Measure the voltage VLED across the LED and note down
4. Remove the dummy adaptor cap from the power meter PD. Mount the bare fiber
adaptor – plastic over the PD.
5. Now without changing any voltage or the potentiometer, measure the optical power
output P of the LED.

MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
S.NO V1 If (mA) VLED P Po

(volts) (volts) (dBm) (mW)

6. Calculate the power in mW and note it down which is given as

Po = 10p/10
7. Turn the potentiometer clock wise direction slightly towards the maximum till you
get a convenient reading V1 and repeat the steps 1 to 3 and tabulate them
RESULT:

LD MODULE:

Ex No: 11
VI CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER DIODE
Date:
AIM:
To determine the VI characteristics of LASER DIODE (LD).
1 A digital multi-meter - 1
2 Benchmark 650 nm LD unit (or) 1300nm (or) - 1
1550nm LD unit
3 Benchmark LD driver module with its accessories - 1
4 Benchmark Fiber Optic Power meter with ST - 1
adaptor
5 Mounting Posts for 650nm LD unit (or) ST-ST - 1
Patch cord for 1300nm LD unit or SC-ST patch
cord for 1550nm LD unit.
THEORY:
LD characteristics such as the threshold current can be studied using the benchmark LD
module. The injection current through a LD (in 650nm LD unit or in 1330nm LD unit or in 1550nm
LDunit) is varied and thereby its characteristics are studied. This current is varied using a multi-turn
potentiometer, which enables the user to have a precise control over it. The LD driver is shown .The
LD driver unit needs its own external DC power supply to operate. The LD driver unit is provided
with appropriate monitoring posts for taking the necessary measurements. A self-explanatory basic
circuit is printed over the module for easy understanding.
Benchmark LD module can also be used to setup a Point-to-Point link and the link
characteristics may be observed.
PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the LD driver module.
2. Keep the pot at the minimum position. Turn ON the power to the module.
3. Measure the voltage V1 across the resistor R1 (where R1 is 68ohms) and calculate the
current ILDthrough the LD which is given as
ILD= V1 / R1
4. Measure the voltage VLDacross the LD.

MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
S.NO V1 ILD(mA) VLD(volts) P Po

(volts) (dBm) (mW)

5. Now without changing any voltage or the multi-turn pot position, measure the optical
power output P of the LD.
Calculate the power in mW which gives as

Po = 10p/10
6. Increase the current through LD by turning the multi-turn pot clockwise direction
slightly towards the maximum. Repeat the steps 2 to 5 and tabulate them.
RESULT:

DATA COMMUNICATION-BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Ex No: 12
DATA COMMUNICATION
Date:
AIM:
To learn to set up the multiplexer and demultiplexers and to observe the simultaneous
transmission of several channels [two voice and eight data channels] using Time Division
Multiplexing.
1 OFT - 1
2 Two channel oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
3 Function generator 1Hz-10MHz 1
THEORY:
OFT is as much as synchronous Time Division Multiplexing unit as it as a fiber optic
communication unit. The basic multiplexer has twelve 64 kbpsec channels which are time
multiplexed. The multiplexed data stream is Manchester coded and the resulting TTL bit-stream
drives the LDs (E/O converters). At the receiver, the TTL signal is fed to a Manchester decoder
which recovers the clock and the data.
Time Division Multiplexing is also the basics of time-switching used today in Telecom
switches. While multiplexing, say the voice signal from port 1, V1 is transmitted before V2, the voice
signal port 2. But at the receiver, the first received signal can be fed to port 2, and the later signal to
port 1, resulting in switching between the two ports.
If an asynchronous low bit rate signal is to be inserted in a synchronous Mux, the simplest
technique is to sample the input signal using a submultiple of the Mux output clock. However, this
gives rise to jitter in the received signal. This phenomenon is studied in this experiment.
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.
2. During power on, both even and odd marker patterns at the marker generator and marker
reference blocks will be set automatically as follows:
Even marker in both blocks: all bits set to zeros
Odd marker in both blocks: 6th bit set to one and other bits are don’t
Care
i.e. even marker : 0000 0000
Odd marker : x1xx xxxx

TABULATION:
FREQUENCY OUTPUT GAIN = 20log(VOUT / Vin)dB

(Hz) AMPLITUDE (V)

Ensure that the marker patterns are set to the above power-on default settings.
To program the marker pattern as and when requires, follow the procedure given
below:
(a) To program the even marker in the marker generator block: Connect the program
marker post P5 in the 8-bit-data transmit block to the marker program post P6.
(b) Now the OFT is in marker program mode, and the 8 bits in the marker generator
block correspond to the settings of the data switches SW0 - SW7. Toggle the
switches to set them to the required pattern. The marker will be also be set to the
same pattern.
(c) To confirm the marker setting, remove the patch cord from the signal post. OFT
now comes out of the programming mode
(d) Similarly program the other markers in the marker generator and marker reference
blocks, using their respective marker program posts and the program marker post
P5.
3. Turn on at least one of the switches SW0-SW7 in the 8-bit data transmit block.
4. Connect LD1 in the optical Tx1 block and PD1 in the optical Rx1 block using the 1m
optical fiber to set up the 850 nm digital link. Adjust the GAIN control until the LDs L0-
L7 in 8-bit-data receiver block light up corresponding to the ON positions of SW0-SW7.
When the TDM link is working, the LDs L8 and L9 in the marker detection block will be
OFF without any flicker. Toggle SW0 and observe the toggling of L0. The digital link
and the TDM MUX-DEMUX are now set up. Connect the telephone handsets at PHONE
1 & PHONE 2.
5. OFT is now being used in the loop-back mode.
6. Establish the fiber link again. Remove the shorting plugs of the voice enable shorting
links S7 and S8 in the timing & control block on the transmitter side. Using the patch
cords, interchange the voice slots by interconnecting the Slot Select 1 signal [post A of
S7] to the Voice Enable 2 [post B od S8] and the slot select 2 signal post [post A of S8]
to the Voice Enable 1 [post B of S7] at the Tx side.
7. Reconnect shorting links S7, S8, S27 and S28. Remove the shorting plug of voice 1
shorting link S1 in the voice coder block [the phone 1 mike is now detached]. Feed a
sinusoidal signal of 1 KHz and 1V p-pwith zero DC at post B of S1 and display it on
channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Observe the received signal at voice 1 signal post P23 on
channel 2 of the scope. Vary the frequency of the input signal and observe the received
signal.
8. Insert a 100 Hz TTL signal at P1. Display the transmitted signal on channel 1 and the
received signal at P21 on channel 2 of the oscilloscope. Vary the frequency of the TTL
signal and observe the two signal. Sketch the received signal at 500Hz, 1000Hz, 2000Hz
and 4000Hz.
9. Now insert the TTL signal at both P1 and P2. Observe the outputs at P21 and P22 on
channel 1 and channel 2 of the oscilloscope. Note the simultaneous transmission on both
the channels.
RESULT:

DEMULTIPLEXING- BLOCK DIAGRAM

Ex No: 13
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXNG USING
Date: SINGLE MODE FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM
AIM:
To study the concept of wavelength multiplexing in optical domain.
1 LD modulator with accessories - 1
2 1550nm LD unit - 1
3 1310nm LD unit - 1
4 FORX-500 receiver - 1
5 Benchmark power meter(FOPM102) - 1
6 WDM 13-15 coupler - 1

7 SC/PC to SC/APC patch cord - 2
8 SC/APC to SC/PC adaptor - 2
9 1310nm & 1510nm fixed optical - 1-each
attenuator
10 SC/APC to ST Single-mode patch- - 1
cord
11 TTL Gen - 1
THEORY:
A method of combining several wavelength of light into a single fiber at the transmitting end
and then separating them at the receiving end such that the bandwidth available in a fiber can be
utilized effectively. Several 10s of Gbps signals are combined like this to utilize the vast bandwidth
of fiber.
Facilities to realize complex fiber optic communication setup to meet the growing demands
of today’s communication
- Add-Drop Mux within the entire length of fiber such that data can be injected or
extracted at several points
- EDFA to increase the distance further
TYPES OF WDM:
- CWDM - Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
o With channel spacing of 20nm

MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
S.NO AMPLITUDE(V) TIME PERIOD(µS)

- DWDM – Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

o With channel spacing between 12.5Ghz and 100GHz
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as shown in block diagram
2. Set the waveform pattern to wave2 in TTL Gen using wave switch.
3. Observe the AMP output FORX-500.
WDM Multiplexing:
4. Block diagram shows the data corresponding to each wave length and the output of
FORX-500.
5. The optical power seen by the photo detector to start with is due to 1550nm wavelength
corresponding to logic 1 data and hence the output of FORX-500 is at a level marked by
level1 till the point marked as A is reached.
6. When the point A is reached the photo detector sees an additional optical power due to
1310nm wavelength corresponding to logic1.
WDM Demultiplexing:
7. The multiplexed wavelengths is separated using another WDM13-15 coupler (WDM2)
and connected to receivers.
8. 1550nm optical signal is now available at the arm marked 1550nm in WDM2
9. Similarly 1310nm optical signal is now available at the arm marked 1310nm in WDM2
10. The photo detector in the receiver FORX-500 is now seeing the optical power
corresponding to only one wavelength and converts it to appropriate electrical signal
RESULT:

OPTICAL FIBER LOSSES – BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Ex No: 14
ATTENUATION IN SINGLE MODE OPTICAL GLASS
Date: FIBER
AIM:
To measure the losses in an optical fiber communication link.
1 OFT - 1
2 Two channel oscilloscope 20MHz 1
3 Function generator 1 Hz – 10 Hz 1
4 Fiber alignment unit - 1
5 BNC Cables - 3
THEORY:
The fiber used in OFT is multimode plastic fiber with 1000 µm core diameter. Unlike its
Glass-Glass Plastic Coated Silica fiber counterparts, this fiber has very high attenuation. It is useful
mainly for short links such as in Local Area Network, especially where there could be serious EMI
problems. This fiber has been selected for the OFT because of the ease of handling it affords.
While the loss in plastic fiber is high for all wavelength regions, the loss at 850 nm is such
higher than at 650 nm.
Apart from the above propagation loss in a fiber, bending of fiber, connectors, splices and
couplers may all contribute significantly to the losses in a fiber optic communication link.
An optical fiber is a circular wave guide. A small in a fiber will not significantly affect the
propagation characteristics and therefore the losses in the fiber. However, if the fiber is bent with a
radius of curvature smaller than a certain value (usually about a centimeter), the propagating signal
may suffer significant bending loss.
Two optical fibers are joined using either a connector or a splice. The alignment of the cores
of two fibers is critical in both the situations, as even the minutest misalignment or gap between the
fibers may cause significant coupling losses.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set the switch SW8 to the ANALOG position. Ensure that the shorting plug to the
jumper JP2 is across the posts B&A1 (for PD1 selection). Remove the

TABULATION:
ATTENUATION LOSS:
Length of the Input signal Output signal Attenuation

cable
Amplitude (v) Amplitude (v) (dB/m)
BENDING LOSS:
Diameter (cm) Radius (cm) Output voltage

(mV)

shorting plugs from coded data shorting links S6 in the Manchester coder block and
S26 in the decoder & clock recovery block.
3. Take the 1m fiber and set up an analog link using LD1 in the Optical Tx1 block and
detector PD1 in the optical Rx1 block [850 nm link]. Drive a 1Vp-p 10 KHz
sinusoidal signal with zero D.C. at P11. Observe the signal at P31 on the
oscilloscope. Use the BNC I/Os for feeding in and observing signals as described.
Adjust the GAIN such that the received signal is not saturated.
4. Note the peak value of the signal received at P31 and designate it as V1. Replace the
1m fiber by the 3m fiber between LD1 and PD1. Again note the peak value of the
received signal and designate it as V3. If α is the attenuation in the fiber and l1 and l3
are the exact length of the 1m and 3m fibers in meters respectively, we have
= = exp [-α (l1 - l3)]
Where α is in neperism/m, and P1 and P3 are the received optical power with
1m and 3m respectively.
Compute α’ in dB/m for 850 nm wavelength using α’ =4.343 α where α is in

nepers/m.
5. Set up the 850 nm analog link using the 1m fiber. Drive a 1Vp-psinusoidal signal of 10
KHz with zero D.C. at P11 and observe the received signal P31 on the oscilloscope.
Now bend the fiber in a loop. Reduce the diameter of the loop slowly and observe the
reduction of the received signal at P31. Keep reducing the diameter of the loop to
about 2 cm and plot the amplitude of the received signal versus the diameter of the
loop.
6. Connect one end of the 1m fiber to LD2 and the other end to the detector PD1. Drive
the LD with a 10 KHz TTL signal at post B of S6. Note the peak signal received at
P31 and designate it as V1 [ensure that the GAIN is low to prevent saturation]. Now
disconnect the fiber from the detector. Take the 3m fiber and connect one end to the
detector PD1. The optical signal can be seen emerging from the other end of the 1m
fiber. Bring the free ends of the two fibers as close as possible and align them using
the Fiber Alignment Unit. Observe that the received signal P31 varies as the free ends
of the fibers are brought closer and moved apart. Note the received signal level with
the best possible alignment and designate it as V4. Using the attenuation constant
obtained in step 4, compute the coupling loss associated with the above coupling of
the two fibers using
η= -10 log (V4 / V1)- α’(l1 + l3)
RESULT:

EYE PATTERN- BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Ex No: 15
EYE PATTERN MEASUREMENT USING A HIGH
Date: BANDWIDTH OSCILLOSCOPE
AIM:
To compare the effect of EMI/RFI on a copper medium and an optical fiber medium.
1 OFT - 1
2 Two channel oscilloscope 20MHz 1
3 Function generator 1 Hz – 10 Hz 1
4 EMI unit - 1
5 Patch cord [supplied with OFT] 40 cm 1
THEORY:
While optical fiber has established itself as the medium for long-haul wide-bandwidth
communications,it has also made a significant impact in other application where neither the link nor
the bandwidth requirement is large. This is because optical fiber is a dielectric medium, i.e. totally
non-metallic. The signal propagating is optical and does not have any associated voltage or current.
In many environment today, Electromagnetic Interference [EMI] and Radio Frequency Interference
[RFI] have become a serious problem affecting even low bit-rate communication over short
distances. Optical fiber, being totally dielectric, has immunity to EMI/RFI and is finding widespread
application in such situation.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the digital link using optical fiber.
2. Remove the shorting plugs of shorting links S6 in the Manchester coder block and
S26 in the decoder & clock recovery block.
3. Reconnect the shorting plug at S6 and S26. Remove the fiber. Connect P12 in the
electrical o/p block and P32 in optical Rx1 block using the 40cm patch cord supplied
with OFT. Adjust GAIN to ensure that the multiplexer / demultiplexer is working.
The shorting of P12and P32 establishes an analog link between the Tx and the Rx
side on copper cable.
4. Using the signal at S7 as the external trigger for the oscilloscope, observe the signal at
P31. The Rx data observed at the oscilloscope now starts with the digitized voice data
in slot1. Increase the time scale to observe only on roe two bits on the scope


5. Disconnect the patch cord at P12, insert it through the coil tube in the EMI unit
supplied for interference generation, and reconnect it at P12 with the coil now around
the wire. Connect the interference coil to a function generator and excite it
with a sinusoidal signal of around 100 KHz at around 5V p-p, with zero D.C. Observe
the signal P31.
6. As the interference on the incoming signal increases the EYE opening decreases.
7. With the frequency of the interfering sinusoidal signal fixed [say at 500 KHz],
increase its amplitude without disturbing the coil.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for several frequencies between 500 KHz and 1 MHz and note
the voltages required for the interference to affect the working of the multiplexer.
9. Remove the patch cord containing P12 and P32. Put the interfering coil around a 1m
optical fiber and set up the optical link at 850 nm.
RESULT:


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OPTICAL ANALOG LINK – BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 35 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 36 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 37 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 38 ECE

OPTICAL DIGITAL LINK – BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 39 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 40 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 41 ECE

NUMERICAL APPERTURE – BLOCK DIAGRAM

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 42 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 43 ECE

NUMERICAL APPERTURE MEASUREMENT UNIT

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 44 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 45 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 46 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 47 ECE

S.NO V1 If (mA) VLED P Po

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 48 ECE

6. Calculate the power in mW and note it down which is given as

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 49 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 50 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 51 ECE

S.NO V1 ILD(mA) VLD(volts) P Po

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 52 ECE

Calculate the power in mW which gives as

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 53 ECE

DATA COMMUNICATION-BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 54 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 55 ECE

FREQUENCY OUTPUT GAIN = 20log(VOUT / Vin)dB

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 56 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 57 ECE

DEMULTIPLEXING- BLOCK DIAGRAM

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 58 ECE

6 WDM 13-15 coupler - 1

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 59 ECE

S.NO AMPLITUDE(V) TIME PERIOD(µS)

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 60 ECE

- DWDM – Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 61 ECE

OPTICAL FIBER LOSSES – BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 62 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 63 ECE

Length of the Input signal Output signal Attenuation

Diameter (cm) Radius (cm) Output voltage

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 64 ECE

= = exp [-α (l1 - l3)]

Compute α’ in dB/m for 850 nm wavelength using α’ =4.343 α where α is in

η= -10 log (V4 / V1)- α’(l1 + l3)

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 65 ECE

EYE PATTERN- BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 66 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 67 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 68 ECE

Dr .NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 69 ECE