Ana Lucia Mendoza Moreno 2-A Ing.

Biotecnologia

“Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana De

Puebla”

Questions

Student:

Mendoza Moreno Ana Lucia.

Class: Biology

Teacher: Ortiz Gutiérrez Felipe.

Ana Lucia Mendoza Moreno 2-A Ing.Biotecnologia

Questions:

1. What are cyclines and how many are they?

They are a family of proteins that participate in the

regulation of the cell cycle. There are four basic types: G1
cyclines, G1/S cyclines, S cyclines and M cyclines.

2. What are CDKs and how many are they?

Cyclin-dependent kinases, enzymes that phosphorylate (bind to

phosphate groups) specific target proteins.

3. Which Cyclin / CDK pairs act at the different checkpoints

of the cell cycle?

M phase : Cyclin M / CDK1 / B

S phase: Cyclin S / CDK2 / A

G1 phase: Cyclin G1 / CDK6 / D-CDK4 / D-CDK2 / E

G2 phase: Cyclin G / S / CDK1 / A

4. What proteins inhibit P53?

The main activator of p53 is the induction of DNA damage. In

addition to helping to give the cell time to make decisions,
stopping its cell cycle, p53 intervenes in damage repair
processes through the regulation of GADD45, protein binds to
PCNA ("Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen"), subunit DNA
polymerase d, thus inhibiting DNA synthesis (8). It also
regulates the transcription of the R2 unit of ribonucleotide
reductase (60), genes directly involved in DNA repair,
specifically in nucleotide excision repair.
Ana Lucia Mendoza Moreno 2-A Ing.Biotecnologia

5. What proteins activate P53?

p53 undergoes a post-translational activation process and many

of its residues are modified by phosphorylation, acetylation
or sumolization. It activates its functions that entail the
arrest of the cell cycle, the repair of DNA by damage or the
entry into apoptosis. These processes are largely dependent on
the ability of p53 to activate the transcription of certain
genes.

6. What proteins inhibit PRB?

The E7 protein inhibits the formation of complexes between pRb

and E2F or dissociates previously formed pRb / E2F complexes.
The pRb protein remains bound to E7 and is tagged with
ubiquitin to be degraded in the proteasome.

7. What proteins activate PRB?

The binding of the pRB protein to the activating E2F, prevents

the transcription of its target genes. Transcription of the
Cdk2 protein and cyclin E (necessary for progress from G1 to
S) is also stimulated by E2F factors. The complexes formed by
cyclin D and Cdk4 or Cdk6 have to phosphorylate the pRB
protein for the release of E2F.

8. What should be understood by apoptosis and when or under

what conditions the cell dies from apoptosis?

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death, it is used

to rid the body of cells that have been damaged beyond repair.
This helps prevent cancer but also if it is not done it can
cause tumors. It kills undeveloped cells, cells that grow
where they shouldn't, and cells that end their life cycle.

9. What is a mitogen and give an example.

Substance that stimulates cell proliferation, such as insulin,

growth factors, and other proteins, mitosis.
Ana Lucia Mendoza Moreno 2-A Ing.Biotecnologia

10. What is aneuploidy and how is it related to cancer?

Presence of one or more supernumerary chromosomes, or absence

of chromosomes leading to an imbalance in the chromosome
endowment. It also refers to any chromosome number that is not
an exact multiple of the haploid number (23).

Bibliographies

● Reguladores del ciclo celular. (s. f.). Khan Academy.

Recuperado 28 de julio de 2021, de

https://es.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-commun

ication-and-cell-cycle/regulation-of-cell-cycle/a/cell-cy

cle-regulators

● Conferencias al V Congreso Virtual Hispanoamericano de

Anatomía Patológica. (s. f.). Estructura, regulación y

funciones del gen supresor de tumores p53. Recuperado 28

de julio de 2021, de

https://conganat.uninet.edu/conferencias/C016/index.html

● https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/imss/im-2015/ims152i.pdf
● Dpto. Bioquí
mica y Biologí
a Molecular. (s. f.).

ELABORACIÓN DE GUIONES PARA EL ESTUDIO INTERACTIVO DE LA

RELACIÓN ESTRUCTURA-FUNCIÓN DE PROTEÍNAS. Recuperado 28

de julio de 2021, de

http://proteinasestructurafuncion.usal.es/moleculas/Retin

oblastoma/index.html
Ana Lucia Mendoza Moreno 2-A Ing.Biotecnologia

● Qué es mitógeno – El Parkinson. (s. f.). Mitógeno.

Recuperado 28 de julio de 2021, de

http://parkinsoncantabria.com/enfermedad-tratamientos/que

-es-mitogeno/

● Diccionario de genética del NCI. (s. f.). Instituto

Nacional del Cáncer. Recuperado 28 de julio de 2021, de

https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/diccionarios

/diccionario-genetica/def/aneuploidia