Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module - in-LEA-2
Module - in-LEA-2
MODULE
IN
COMPARATIVE
MODELS IN
POLICING
prepared by :
PREFACE
1
knowledge on such course will be their basis in making comparisons with
other police systems of other countries.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
PREFACE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
TABLE OF CONTENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------------3
LESSON 1
COMPARATIVE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
POLICE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
SYSTEM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
LESSON 2
LESSON 3
GLOBALIZATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION-----------------------------------------------------------------8-9
THE FUTURE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
CYBERCRIME----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
CHAPTER 1
LESSON 1
3
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to :
Comparative
Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or entity has a property or
qual;ity greater or less in extent than that of another.
Police
Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety. enforcing
the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions
are known as policing.
The study of comparative police system, criminal justice and law is a fairly new
field and has corresponded with rising interest in a more established field, comparative
criminology. However, in this chapter, we will present some issues which will bring you
to discover ideas useful in the conceptualization of successful crime control policies.
System
Safari Method – research visits and learns policing system of different country.
Collaborative Methods – the researcher communicates with a foreign
researcher to learn different policing system of the country.
4
SEVEN Theories of Comparative Policing
1. Alertness Crime Theory – people report more crime to police and demand the
police to become more effective in solving crime problem.
4. Demographic Theory - based on the event when a greater number of children are
being born. as these baby blooms grow up, delinquet subscultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation Theory – holds that progress comes along with rising expectation.
People at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations whie people at the top don’t see
themselves rising fast enough.
7. Anomie and Synomie Theory - thes so called “social cohesion values”. Suggest
that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once
held people together.
1. Folk-Community Society
2. Urban-Commercial Society
5
3. Urban- industrial Society
4. Bureaucraticv Society
LESSON 2
a) Know the two comparative court system, types and models of police system.
b) Understand why there is a need to innovate policing.
accused is guilty ubtil proven innocent or mitigated and have more secret
procedures
trials are concerned with the legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it
the purpose is to get the offender to apoligized
adnit ti their responsibility argue for mercy or suggest an appropriate sentence for
themselves
6
known as “Anglo-American Justice”
found in US England, Australia and New Zealand
distinguished by a strong Advesarial System
primarily rely on oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal
point
3. Socialist System
4. Islamic System
7
2. Modern Police System – uses measurement of crime control efficiency and
effectiveness based on the absence of crime or low crime rate to include citizens
satisfaction in terms of peace and order that propels progress.
LESSON 3
a) Identify and understand what is Globalization and its effects; positive and
Negative
b) Know the future of globalization nd define what is cybercrime.
Globalization
is the the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to
develoip the global economy. Globalization refers to the intergration of economics and
societies all over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic, political,
and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication,
transportation and infrastructure.
Effects of Globalization
(http:/spcyberty.com/society/effects-of-globalization/)
If you visit several countries, you can easily feel the effect of globalization has on
our daily lives. The following are some of the most significant effects of globalization.
Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things
produced in any part of the world. There are a lot of international brands operating
worldwide. These include;
8
Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in
the world earlier. You can find people in several countries dressing up like Websters.
Food is another good example. Young people especially are eating more of American or
Chinese foods then their own cultural dishes. The way people speak is also changing.
For example teeneager in the Middle East are much influenced by the way the black
Americans speak. They think it’s “cool”.
Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and
use English insteads as there is an idea that ut makes them superior in some way. This
might also help them in job searches etc.
Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it
has become much easier and faster to share information worldwide. Live TV channels
are another good example of quick information sharing.
Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finace through individuals and firms
outside the country. The International Monetary Fund is a good example of an
Internation Institute which lends money to countires in need for finance.
Politics: Powerful countriess and individuals nowadays have political control over the
whole world, not only their country. The United States is an example of a country that
influences the whole of the world politics.
These include:
9
The Negative Effects of Globalization
hyyp://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization.html
Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. some of them are
listed below.
Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That
means less-jobs for their people. This has happened because manufacturing
work is outsourced to developing nations like China where the cost of
manufacturing goods and wages are lower. Programmers editors, scientist and
accountants have losts their jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like
India.
Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are
used to work in inhumanr conditions. Safety standards are ignored to producve
cheap goods.
Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in
constant dread of losing their jobs to competititon. Increased job competition has
led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standard of living.
Terrorist have accesss to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict
damage. Terrorist use the Internet for communicating among themselves.
Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countires with poor
regulation of pollution.
Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world.
People are consuming more junk foods from these joints which has an adverse
impact on their health.
The benefits of globalization are not universal. The rich are getting richer and the
poor are becoming poorer.
Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and th
Internet,
Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
Deadly diseasers like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelets to the remotest
corners of the globe.
Local industires are being taken over by foreign multinations
The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social
welfare schemes in developed countries.
There is increase in human trafficking.
Multi-National Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to
commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions.
10
The Positive Aspects of Globalization
The Future
Globalization is a tool that should benefits all section of mankind. One cannot
ignore its negative effects. These must be addressed for the world’s peace and
prosperity.
Cyber Crime
The term “cyber crime” covers many types of activities but essentially can be
used to describe violations of law that are commited and/or facilitated through the use of
electronic media.
In comparison with ordinary crime, cyber crime requires few resources relative to
the damage that can be caused, it can be committed in a jurisdiction without the
offender being physically present in it and, in many countries, offences are inadequately
defined or not defined at all; hence, personal risk and likelihood of detection are low.
REFERENCES
11
BOOK:
ONLINE:
(http:/spcyberty.com/society/effects-of-globalization/)
hyyp://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization.html
12