Beee Lab Manual-2020

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
MANUAL
(FOR I/II SEMESTER B. TECH STUDENTS)
Name
SRN
SEM & SEC
Branch
Lab Name with Code
BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 1

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr / Ms...................SRN:................has satisfactorily completed the course of
experiments in Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Laboratory prescribed by REVA University
for I/II Semester B.TECH course in the Laboratory of this Institute in the year 20_ _
Marks
Maximum Obtained
Signature of the faculty in-charge of the batch
Date:
Director, School of EEE

Prerequisites:
 Knowledge of using basic electronics and electrical of P.U. level
Course Description:
 This course is to make the students gain practical knowledge and co- relate with the
theoretical studies.
 Design of circuits using new technology, latest components, helps Students to learn
practical applications of materials.
 Use of principles in the right way to implement the modern technology.
Course Outcomes (Cos):

On successful completion of this course; the student will be able to:
 Describe and apply the basic knowledge of electrical terminology.
 Differentiate between single and three phase systems and learn the working of the same.
 Compile the different building blocks in digital electronics using logic gates and
implement simple logic functions using basic universal gates.
 Design of diode in rectifiers, filter circuits and wave shaping.

DO’S and DON’TS
DO’S:
 Proper dress code has to be maintained while entering in the Lab
 Students should carry observation notes (Manual) and record completed in all
aspects.
 Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit
diagram.
 Student should be aware of operating equipment.
 Students should be at their concerned experiment table unnecessary moment
is r est r ict ed.
 After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the
Lab Instructor.
 The reading must be shown to the Faculty In-Charge for verification.
 Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the
connections are removed.
 All patch cords and tools should be pl aced at their original positions.
DON’TS:
 Don't come late to the Lab.

 Don't make or remove the connections with power ON.
 Don't switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
 Don’t touch the direct connections when power supply is ON.
 Don't leave the lab without the permission of the Faculty In-Charge.

List of Experiments
Sl.No. Experiment Date Page

No.
DEMO:1. ELECTRICAL TOOLS 6-14
1. a) Instruments for Measuring Electrical Parameters
b) Important Electrical tools
EXPT NO:1. ELECTRICAL SAFETY TRAINING 15-23
a) Importance of Earthing
2. b) Mechanism of fuse
c) Mechanism of MCB
d) Mechanism of ELCB
EXPT. NO:2. HOME ELECTRICAL WIRING 24-29
3. DEMONSTRATION-1
a) Fluorescent lamp wiring
b) Staircase wiring or two-way switch
EXPT. NO:3. HOME ELECTRICAL WIRING 30-37
DEMONSTRATION-2
4. a) Series circuit connection
b) Parallel circuit connection
c) Fan with switch and regulator
EXPT NO:4. POLARITY TESTS ON SINGLE-PHASE 38-41
6. TRANSFORMER
a) Additive polarity test
b) Subtractive polarity test
SENSORS
EXPT NO:6. LIGHT SENSORS 42-49
a) LDR
8. b) Photo Diode
c) Photo Transistor
d) Solar Cell etc..
EXPT NO:7 TEMPERATURE & PRESURE SENSORS 50-65
9. a) Thermistor
b) RTD etc..
EXPT NO: 8 RECTIFIERS 66-75
a) Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier
10. b) Single Phase Full Wave Midpoint Rectifier
c) Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
11. DEMO: 2. LIVE DC MACHINE DEMONSTRATION 76-78

EXPTNO:9. DETERMINATION OF VI CHARACTERISTICS 79-82
12.
OF ZENER DIODE
EXPT NO: 10. DETERMINATION OF VI 83-86
13.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICON DIODE
EXPT NO:11. CHARACTERISTICS OF BJT IN CE 87-89
14.
CONFIGURATION
EXPT NO:12. CHARACTERISTICS OF JFET IN DS 90-93
15.
CONFIGURATION
EXPT NO 13: REALISATION OF UNIVERSAL GATES USING 94-98
16.
BASIC GATES

DEMO 1: ELECTRICAL TOOLS
(a) Instruments for Measuring Electrical Parameters
i. Ammeter:
• An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a

circuit.
• Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name.
• Ammeters are always connected in series with the circuit and carries the current to
be measured.
• It should have low resistance as it is to be connected in series.
ii. Voltmeter:
• A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between

two points in an electric circuit.
• Electric potential is always measured in volts (V), hence the name.
• Voltmeters are always connected in Parallel with the circuit and measures the voltage.
• It should have high resistance.

iii. Watt meter:
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of
electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit or it also used to measure power
consumed by the load.
iv. Energy meter:
• Energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a
residence, business, or an electrically powered device
• Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers premises to measure
electric energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes.
• They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt
hour [kWh].

v. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope):
• The cathode ray oscilloscope is an instrument which we use in laboratory to display

measure and analyze various waveforms of various electrical and electronic circuits.
• Cathode ray oscilloscope is very fast X-Y plotters that can display an input signal
versus time or another signal.
• Cathode ray oscilloscope uses luminous spot which is produced by striking the beam
of electrons and this luminous spot moves in response variation in the input quantity.
• Its reliability, stability, and ease of operation make it suitable as a general-purpose
laboratory instrument.

(b) Important Electrical tools
Sl. Name of the

Description Image
No Tool
This tool is used to test circuits
quickly to ensure that the circuit
or conductor is live or not and the
user will use the body act as
conductor with 1000 to 600Ω
1 Tester Pen between live part tester tip &
ground. The small current will
flow through body and turns on
the light of tester. It uses the
principle of a complete circuit
and potential difference with
respect to ground.
This type of wire stripper is used

by rotating it around the
insulation while applying
Wire pressure in order to make a cut
2
stripper around the insulation. since the
insulation is not bonded to the
wire, it then pulls easily off the
end.
A screwdriver is a tool for

driving screws. The screwdriver
is made up of a head or tip, which
engages with a screw, a
mechanism to apply torque by
rotating the tip, and some way to
3 Screwdriver position and support the
screwdriver. It is used to loosen
and tightening of Philip or cross
head screw. The live part will be
insulated with sleeves to protect
the person. For different
application different sizes have to
be used.

A lineman’s plier is used for
gripping small objects, to cut,
twisting wires and bend wire and
Lineman’s
4 cable. Lineman's pliers have a
Plier
gripping joint at their snub nose,
and cutting edge in their craw.
Handles are insulated.
It is used to bend, re-position and

cut wire. long gripping nose
provides excellent control and
reach for fine work in small or
Long-Nosed crowded electrical enclosures
5
Plier Given their long shape, they are
useful for reaching into cavities
where cables have become stuck
or unreachable to fingers or other
means.
6 Allen key
A tool of hexagonal cross-
section used to drive bolts and
screws

7 Spanners
A set of metric spanners or

wrenches, open at bot ends or one
end, box/ring at the other. These
are commonly known as
Double
ended “combination” spanners. They
Spanners provide grip and mechanical
advantage in applying torque to
turn objects—usually
rotary fasteners, such
as nuts and bolts
Box (or 'tubular') spanners are

made from metal tubing and
often have two profiles, one at
each end of the tube. The profile
of a box spanner is very specific
Box type and cannot be used on other sizes
or shapes. Most box spanners
Spanners
have hexagonal profiles as they
are the most common type of
fastener. Box spanner sizes are
available in metric, imperial AF
(across
flats), BA and Whitworth sizes
A soldering iron is a hand tool

used in soldering. It supplies heat
to melt solder so that it can flow
Soldering
8 into the joint between two
iron
workpieces. A soldering iron is
composed of a heated metal tip
and an insulated handle.

Flux serves as a heat-transfer
medium, facilitating heating of
the joint by the soldering tool or
Soldering molten solder. It is used to make
flux the flux sticky at low temperature
so it can be easily applied.
It is used to create a permanent

bond between metal workpieces
Lead Solder For electrical and electronics
work, solder wire is available in
a range of thicknesses for hand-
soldering.
A crimping tool is a device used

to conjoin two pieces of metal by
deforming one or both of them in
a way that causes them to hold
Crimping each other. The result of the
9 tool's work is called a crimp. A
Tool
good example of crimping is
the process of affixing a
connector to the end of a cable.

Electrical tape (or insulating
tape) is a type of pressure-
sensitive tape used
to insulate electrical wires and
other materials that
conduct electricity. It can be
made of many plastics, but vinyl
Insulation is most popular, as it stretches
10
Tape well and gives an effective and
long lasting insulation. Electrical
tape for class H insulation is
made of fiberglass cloth.
An adjustable
spanner or adjustable wrench is
an open-end wrench with a
Adjustable movable jaw, allowing it to be
11 used with different sizes of
Spanner
fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.)
rather than just one fastener size,
as with a conventional fixed
spanner.
A test light, test lamp, voltage

tester, or mains tester is a piece of
12 Test Lamp electronic test equipment used to
determine the presence of
electricity in a piece of
equipment under test.

Mechanical lugs are connectors
that are used to connect cables
together, and they form an
13 Copper lugs important part of a home
electrical system. Mechanical
lugs are normally made from one
of two metals – copper or
aluminum.
A scale ruler is a tool for

measuring distances and
transferring measurements at a
14 Scale fixed ratio of length; two
common examples are an
architect's
scale and engineer's scale.
A tape measure or measuring

tape is a flexible ruler and used to
measure distance. It consists of a
15 Tape ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre
glass, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings. It is a
common measuring tool.
It is used to measure thickness or

diameter in guitar strings and
some electrical wire. Cross
Standard
16 Wire Gauge sectional area in square
(SWG) millimeters is now the more
usual size measurement for wires
used in electrical
installation cables.

EXPT NO:1 ELECTRICAL SAFETY TRAINING
Date: --------------
(a) IMPORTANCE OF EARTHING
Aim: To Study the importance of Earthing during accidental shorting of line wire and the
body of equipment.
Components Required: Patch cords, Electrical safety demonstrator kit.
Theory: Most of the electrical equipment’s are connected to the mains with three wires: line,
neutral and ground with the common point of connection between the neutral and the metallic
part of the appliance being connected to the ground pin which is externally connected through
the house wiring and switchboard to an electrically solid earth point, which is commonly a
(copper) water pipe, or a stake buried deep into the ground. The main function of grounding
any appliances especially the hand-held devices is to prevent current from flowing through
the body of a person to the ground in case of insulation failure (accidental shorting of line
with the metallic part of the appliance).
When faults develop within the equipment that causes the active (live) conductor to come
into contact with the chassis, the fault current will flow to earth, and the equipment or main
switchboard fuse or circuit breaker will blow. This protects the user from electric shock, by
passing the dangerous current directly to earth, rather than through the body of a person who
just came in contact with it.
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in the Figure. Connect the neutral point of the power socket
to the neutral point of the iron plug.
2. Connect the phase point of the power socket to the phase point of the iron plug.
Note the status of the device: ON or OFF
What is the path of current from mains to the iron?
Do earth point of main socket and earth point of iron plug need to be connected for
turning on the device?
Here you will see that the device is “on”, even though earth point is not connected.
This indicates that earth connection is not required to make a device ON and the
earthing is just for our safety.
3. Now connect a patch cord between body of iron and the socket in the hand of the human
body shown on the module.
What does connection of hand and the body of iron represent in real life?

What do you observe?
If there is any current in the body of iron (such as the case when the line comes in
contact with the body of iron due to insulation failure), then it will flow through the
human body, because the path for electric current is getting completed through the
human body.
Circuit diagram:
Figure: Earthing Demonstration
4. Now connect a patch cord between the Shoes and the feet of human body.
What does connection of shoes and human body represent in real life?
What do you observe now?
The shoe offers high resistance and prevents any flow of current through the body.
(So always wear shoes when working with any electric or electronic device). All the
above condition can occur when earth connection is not there in our home.
5. Remove the patch cord between shoes and the human feet.
You will see that the flow of current through the body is started again.
6. Now connect a patch cord between the earth point of the power socket and the earth
point of the iron plug,
You will see that the current flowing through the body of iron will start flowing through
the earth (current always chooses the least resistance path) and the human body is safe
now.

Activities:
Measure the resistance of your body from your hand to foot. Wet your foot and hand and
measure the resistance. Now put on your shoe and measure the resistance from hand to the
sole of shoe. What do you conclude from the activity?
Identify the line, neutral and earth points of main socket in your lab. Take the help of your
teacher and measure the voltage between: L-N; L-E; and N-E. What do you infer?
What device in your home detects the current through earth and offers protection against
electrical shock?
Questions:
1. What is grounding?
2. What happens if grounding is not done properly?
3. Is the ground wire necessary?
4. What are the different types of earthing?
5. Why do we need to wear shoes when working with electricity?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(b) MECHANISM OF FUSE
Aim: To study the Importance and mechanism of FUSE
Components Required: Digital Multimeter, fuse, bulb, Electrical safety demonstrator kit.
Theory: In electrical and electronics engineering a fuse (short for fusible link) is provided to
protect the insulation against flow of heavy fault current. It is a type of over current protection
device. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows,
which breaks the circuit in which it is connected, thus protecting the circuit’s other
components from damage due to excessive current.
Fuses are often characterized as “fast blow”, “slow blow” or “time-delay”, according to the
time they take to respond to an over current condition.
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in the Figure. Connect Digital Ammeter

(Or Digital Multimeter) in the Fuse Demonstration section.
2. Now remove the cap of fuse holder and place a fuse (after checking with a multimeter).
Put the first toggle switch at normal condition and supply switch at “off” condition.
3. In this section, the power supply, ammeter, bulb, toggle switches and fuse are
Connected in series.
4. Now switch on the power supply using the toggle switch. Observe that the bulb is
glowing, note the reading of the ammeter.
5. In this experiment we can see the live demonstration of above statement.
Switch the second toggle switch at short circuit condition.
What is the reading of ammeter?
What is the status of the bulb?
What could have caused the above two conditions?
6. Switch off the mains and open the fuse holder and check the fuse with a multimeter
What does it indicate?
Circuit diagram:
100m
A
Figure: Fuse Demonstration

Activities:
How to check the condition of fuse using multimeter?
Perform the above experiment with both slow blowing and fast blowing fuse and note
down the difference.
Tabular Column:
Sl.No. Condition of Normal operation Condition of bulb and Fuse
1. Short circuit
2. Open circuit
Questions
1. What is fuse?
2. What are the different types of fuses?
3. Why did not the fuse blow when the current is normal?
4. Why the fuse is connected after the switch in high voltage applications?
5. Why fuse is required in electrical system and draw its symbol.

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(c) MECHANISM OF MCB

Aim: To study the Importance and mechanism of MCB
Components Required: A load (of more than 1000W), Electrical safety demonstrator kit.
Theory: A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect

an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse, which
operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from
small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed
to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Procedure:
1.Connect the mains cord to the trainer; connect the load in the power socket given on the
trainer.
2.Move the lever of MCB at “on” position. Switch on the load; switch on the supply by
rotating the potentiometer. What happens to the reading of ammeter?
3.Here, you will observe a deflection in the ammeter. Ammeter is showing that current is
flowing in the circuit.
4.Now increase the current slowly by rotating the potentiometer in clockwise direction.
5.The mounted MCB is of C type with current rating 5A that means it will trip
instantaneously at 3A.
6.When the current is less than 5A it will take some time so that enough magnetic field is
generated in the coil, and when enough magnetic fields are generated in the coil, The core
inside the coil will be pushed by the magnetic field of the coil, and MCB will be tripped.
7.If you switch on the MCB again it will not be ON because of residual magnetic.
Circuit diagram:
Figure: MCB Demonstration

Tabular Column:
S.No. Voltage(V) in MCB Current Power, P=VI watts Remarks

Volts (I) (Max.
rated 5A) in
Amps.
1.
2.
Questions:
1. What is MCB?
2. What is Circuit Breaker?
3. What are the components present in MCB?
4. What are the different types of circuit breakers?
5. What are the differences between fuse and MCB?
S.No. Fuse MCB

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(d)MECHANISM OF ELCB
Aim: To study the Importance and mechanism of ELCB
Components Required: Electrical safety demonstrator kit.
Theory: An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical

installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the
metal enclosures of electrical equipment and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is
detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual current circuit
breakers which instead detect leakage current directly.
An ELCB is a specialized type of latching relay that has a building's incoming mains power
connected through its switching contacts so that the ELCB disconnects the power when earth
leakage is detected.
The ELCB detects fault currents from live to the Earth (ground) wire within the installation it
protects. If sufficient voltage appears across the ELCB's sense coil, it will switch off the
power, and remain off until manually reset. A voltage-sensing ELCB does not sense fault
currents from live to any other earthed body.
Procedure:
1.Connect the mains cord to the trainer; connect the lamp load in the power socket given
on the trainer kit.
2.Move the lever of ELCB at “on” position. Switch on the load. Here, you will observe
the lamp glowing.
3.The ELCB detects fault currents from live to the Earth (ground) wire within the circuit
it protects. If sufficient voltage appears across the ELCB's trip coil, it will switch off
(trip) the power.
4.The core inside the coil will be pushed by the magnetic field of the coil due to the
difference in the currents flowing through the line and neutral, and ELCB will be tripped.
5.The ELCB will remain off until manually reset.
Figure: Circuit diagram of ELCB

Tabular Column:
S.No. Connection Trip Condition
1. P to P
2. N to N
3. G to G
4. N to G (or) G to N
Questions:
1. What are the other types of circuit breakers used to detect leakage currents?
2. What is the difference between ELCB and MCB?
3. What are reasons for earth leakage?
4. In any electric system where we connect the earthing wire?
5. What is electrical earthing?

EXPT. NO 2: HOME ELECTRICAL WIRING
DEMONSTRATION 1
Date:
PROTECTION AGAINST SHORT CIRCUIT

USING MCB
Aim: To study the short circuit fault protection using MCB and verify the connection
procedure for short circuit fault section
Components required: Connecting leads, main cord, and Home Electrical Wiring module.
Theory: A short circuit is an abnormal low-resistance connection between two nodes of an

electrical circuit that are meant to be at different voltages. This results in an excessive Electric
current (over current) and potentially causes damage, overheating, fire and explosion. In circuit
analysis, the term short circuit is used by analogy to designate a zero- impedance connection
between two nodes.
Procedure:
1.First connect L and N terminals of Short Circuit Fault section to L and N terminals of
consumer unit as shown in figure
2.Now switch On the MCB (single phase) of this section.
3.Again, Connect L terminal of Short Circuit Fault section to upper terminal of MCB.
4.Now switch On the MCB (Main) and connect lower terminal of MCB to terminal N of
Short Circuit Fault section.
5.When lower terminal of MCB is connected to terminal N, the short circuit occurs in that
circuit and the MCB will trip (turned OFF).

Circuit diagram:
1. Phase 230V, 50 Hz,

AC Supply
Figure: Short circuit protection using MCB
Question:
1. Draw a schematic of MCB and load connected to the mains and show how
short circuit of the load will protect the load from excess current

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(a) FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING
Aim: To study & verify the connection procedure for fluorescent lamp wiring
Components Required: Connecting Leads, Mains Cord, fluorescent lamp, Starter, Home
Electrical wiring module.
Theory: A Fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury
vapour. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a
phosphor to fluorescence, producing visible light.
Ballast (Choke): Fluorescent lamps require a ballast to stabilize the current through the
lamp, and provide the initial striking voltage required to start the arc discharge.
Starter: The function of the starter is to help the choke generate the required high striking
voltage to start the ignition and thus it is not required once the tube begins to glow. The
bimetallic strip of the starter will make or break the circuit depending on the temperature.
When the switch is on for the first time, the starter as a short and diverts all the current from
the tube which is still in high impedance state. The current through the starter will heat the
bimetallic strip causing it to bend and break the circuit. The sudden interruption of the current
results in the generation of a high voltage (V = L*di/dt due to Lenz’s law) across the choke
resulting in a voltage of sufficient magnitude across the lamp so as to cause breakdown of the
gas. Thereafter, the tube begins to conduct current which is limited mainly by the impedance
of the choke.
Procedure
1.First connect the tube light on the tube light fixture and starter in the starter holder
provided in the panel.
2.Connect terminal 1 of choke (Ballast) to terminal L of Tube Light section
and terminal 2 to terminal 3 of Tube Light.
3.Connect terminal 4 to terminal 5 and terminal 6 to terminal 7. Connect terminal 8 to
terminal N of Tube Light section.
4.Now connect L and N terminals of Tube Light section to L and N terminals of CU
as shown in figure.
5.Now switch on the MCB, so tube light will turn on.

Circuit diagram:
Figure: Fluorescent Lamp wiring
Activity:
Remove the starter and switch on the supply. Does the tube light turn on?
Remove the starter when the tube is glowing and observe the status of the lamp
and comment.
Questions:
1. What is the function of the choke?
2. What is the function of starter?
3. How can you change the colour of the light getting from the tube?
4. How does the tube glow?
5. What is the function of the electrodes of a tube?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(b) TWO WAY SWITCH OR STAIRCASE WIRING
Aim: To study & verify the connection procedure for two-way switch or staircase wiring.
Components Required: Connecting Leads, Mains Cord, Bulb, Home Electrical

wiring module.
Theory: Switch is an electrical component that can make or break the circuit, interrupting
the current or diverting it from one path to other. A switch can be in one of two states:
„ON‟-meaning the contacts are in touch or electricity is flowing through them. „OFF‟-
meaning the contacts are separated or not conducting.
Two-way switch: A two-way switch refers to pair of switches that control the same circuit.
In this circuit, electricity can flow in any one path and makes the lamp glow.
Procedure:
1. First connect bulb in bulb holder of Two-way switch wiring section.

2. Connect L terminal of supply to common terminal of S1, L1 and L2 of SW1 to L1 and
L2 of SW2 respectively and common terminal of SW2 to bulb terminal B2 and then B1
to Neutral terminal of the Supply as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect terminal L2 of SW2 to terminal L2 of bulb.
4. Connect L and N terminals of CU to terminal L1 of SW1 and terminal N of bulb
respectively.
5. Now switch on the MCB
6. With this configuration, the lamp will be OFF when one switch is at ON position and
the other is at OFF position. The lamp will be ON when both switches are in the same
position.
Figure: Circuit diagram for two way switch connection

Activity:
Why the lamp will be ON, if both switches are in the same position?
Questions:
1. Where do you find staircase wiring?
2. Draw the Equivalent Circuit Diagrams for Two-way Switch connections.
3. Mention the status of bulb for different switch position
Sl.No Position of SW- Position of SW- Status of Bulb

1 2
1 L1 L1
2 L2 L1
3 L1 L2
4 L2 L2

EXPT. NO 3: HOME ELECTRICAL WIRING
DEMONSTRATION 2
Date:
(a) SERIES CIRCUIT CONNECTION

Aim: To study and verify the behavior of current and voltage in series circuit.
Components Required: Connecting Leads, Mains Cord, Four Bulbs(40W/60W/100W).
Theory:
Series circuit: A series circuit is a circuit where there is only one path from the source through
all of the loads and back to the source. This means that same current flows throughout the
circuit and loads. (Voltage varies). The main disadvantage of a series circuit is, if any one of
the bulbs or loads burns out or is removed, the entire circuit stops operating.
Procedure:
1. Connect L and N terminal of Short CU to L and N terminals of Series parallel

operation section as shown in circuit.
2. Connect L and N terminal of Series parallel operation section to voltage terminals V1 and
V2 respectively.
3. Now connect the terminal V1 to terminal A1 and terminal A2 to terminal B4.
4. Connect terminal B2 to terminal B3 and terminal B1 to terminal B5.
5. Connect terminal B6 to terminal B7 and terminal B8 to terminal V2.
6. Now connect the bulb in bulb holders. (For
2 bulbs Connection):
a. Connect the terminal A2 of ammeter to terminal B4 of Bulb.
b. Connect terminal B3 to terminal B2 and terminal B1 to terminal V2 of voltmeter.
c. Connect terminal V2 to terminal N (Neutral)) Now
connect the bulb in bulb holders)
7. Switch ON the MCB, now all the bulbs will be ON and take the readings of current and
voltage in the tabular column.
8. Remove the bulbs in steps and at each step note down the current and voltage readings.
NOTE: In a series circuit, current through each component is same and the voltage is equal
to the sum of voltages across each component.

Circuit diagram:
Figure: Series Circuit Connection with 4 bulbs
Series Circuit Connection with 2 bulbs
Tabular column:
Voltage in Current in Power in

Sl No. Bulb wattage
Volts Amps Watts(P=VI)

Activity:
Remove any one bulb and conduct the experiment. What do you notice? Explain the
behavior.
Questions:
1. What are the characteristics of Series Circuit?
2. What are the Applications of series connections?
3. In Series Connection of Electrical appliances, if we remove one remaining do

not function, Why?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(b)PARALLEL CIRCUIT CONNECTION
Aim: To study and verify the behavior of current and voltage in parallel circuit.
Components Required: Connecting Leads, Mains Cord, and Four 100-Watt Bulbs
Theory:
Parallel circuit: A parallel circuit is one that has two or more paths for the electricity to flow;
the loads are parallel to each other. If the loads in this circuit were bulbs and one blew out,
there is still current flowing to the other bulbs because they are still in a direct path from the
source.
Procedure:
1.Connect L and N terminal of Short CU to L and N terminals of Series parallel
operation section as shown in circuit.
2.Connect L and N terminal of Series parallel operation section to voltage terminals
V1 and V2 respectively.
3.Now connect the terminal V1 to terminal A1 and terminal V2 to terminal B4
respectively.
4.Connect terminal B3 to terminal B1 and terminal B1 to terminal B5 and B5 to B7
respectively.
5.Connect terminal B4 to terminal B2 and terminal B2 to terminal B6 and B6 to B8
respectively.
(For 2 bulbs Connection:
 Connect terminal B3 to terminal B1 of Bulb.
 Connect terminal B2 to terminal B4 of Bulb.
 Connect terminal B4 to terminal V2 of voltmeter
 Connect terminal V2 of voltmeter to terminal N (Neutral))
6.Now connect the bulb in bulb holders.
7.Switch ON the MCB, now all the bulbs will be ON and take the readings of current and voltage.
8.Remove the bulbs in steps and note down the reading of current and voltage at each step.
Circuit diagram:
Figure: Parallel circuit connection with 4 bulbs

Figure: Parallel circuit connection with 2 bulbs
Tabular column:
Voltage in Volts Current in Power in

Sl No. Bulb wattage
Amps Watts(P=VI)
Activity:
 Remove one bulb and record the readings

 Remove three bulbs and record the readings
 What do you conclude from the readings?
 Do the loads in your home are connected in parallel or series configurations? Give reasons.
Questions:
1. What are the characteristics of Parallel Circuit?
2. What are the Applications of Parallel connections?
3. Why we are preferring parallel connection in domestic wiring?

4. In Parallel Connection of Electrical appliances, if we remove one appliance
remaining function, Why?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(c)FAN WITH SWITCH AND REGULATOR
Aim: To study the connection of Fan with switch and regulator
Components Required: Connecting Leads, Mains Cord, Ceiling Fan, Home

Electrical wiring module.
Theory: A ceiling fan is a propeller blade having two or more blades, directly
driven by an electric motor.
Motor: The motor employed for ceiling fan is generally a single phase, permanent
capacitor, split phase and squirrel cage induction motor. The stator consists of two
windings,
(a) Starting winding
(b) Running winding.
Capacitor: The ceiling fan has single phase capacitor start type induction motor.
Single phase induction motor need starting torque, for that purpose capacitor is used
to make phase shift between running and starting winding and to provide starting
torque.
Speed regulator: It is used to control the speed of the fan. Speed is controlled by
inserting and removing the resistance in series of the fan.
When single phase AC supply is given to stator windings, a rotating magnetic field
(main flux) is produced in stator windings. This flux links with the rotor conductors
and hence emf is induced in the rotor. Due to the induced emf current starts flowing
in the rotor and hence produces rotor flux. Now these two fluxes (main flux and rotor
flux) produce the desired torque which is required by the rotor to rotate.
Procedure:
1.Make sure that switch and regulator of Fan section and main MCB is at Off position
2.Connect Running Winding terminals of fan to terminals R1 and R2 of Fan Section provided on
panel.
3.Connect Starting Winding terminals of fan to terminals S1 and S2 provided on panel. Connect
Capacitor terminals of fan to terminals C1 and C2 provided on panel
4.Connect terminal SW6 to terminal RG1 of regulator & terminal RG2 to terminal R1 of Running
Winding.
5.Connect terminal R1 to terminal C1 and terminal C2 to terminal S1. Connect terminal S2 to
terminal R2 of Running Winding.
6.Connect L and N terminals of CU to terminals SW5 and R2 Running Winding respectively as
shown in circuit. Now switch ON the MCB.

7.Now switch ON the switch of fan section and slowly increase regulator to increase speed
of fan, when regulator is at its maximum position fan runs at its highest speed. So, we can
control the speed of fan through regulator.
Circuit diagram:
1-ph, 230V,
50Hz, AC
Supply
Figure: Fan circuit connection
Activity:
 Learn the function of single-phase Induction motor.
 State the most likely reasons for the fan not to function.
Questions:
1. What is the function of the capacitor?
2. Why two windings are required in single phase induction motor?
3. What is resistive based regulator and a solid-state regulator? Which type of

regulator is being used at your home?
4. What is the function of Motor in fan? And which type of motor is using in ceiling
fans?

EXPT NO 4: POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(a) ADDITIVE POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
Aim: To determine the additive polarity of a single Phase transformer.
Theory: Transformer polarity is an indication of direction of current flow through the high-
voltage terminals with respect to the direction of current flow through the low voltage
terminals at any given instant in the alternating cycle. The polarity test will help us to identify
the terminals of a given transformer enabling parallel connection of various transformers. A
transformer with additive polarity is connected internally so that, if its primary coil be excited
and one primary terminal be connected to the secondary terminal nearest it, a voltmeter
connected between the other two terminals of the two windings will indicate the sum of the
primary and secondary voltages.
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Name of apparatus Quantity Range

1 1-phase Variac 1 0-270 V
2 Voltmeter 3 (0-300V)
1KVA
3 Transformer 1
Vpri: 250 V
Vsec:250V
1. First make sure that the mains supply is off and the knob of variac is at zero position.
2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on AC supply and adjust the variac in steps of 50 V till the rated primary
voltage.
4. Record the voltmeters readings in each step. Note reading of voltmeter connected
between P1 & P2 as V1 and that of connected between S1 & S2 as V2 and that ofconnected
between P1 & S1 as V3 which will give the additive value.
5. Switch off the mains supply.

Circuit diagram:
Figure: Additive polarity test of single-phase transformer
Tabular column:
Sl. No. V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts) V3(Volts)
Questions:
1. What is Transformer? Mention its applications.
2. What is the conclusion from Additive test?
3. What is the importance of this test?

Date:
(b) SUBTRACTIVE POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
Aim : To determine the subtractive polarity of a single Phase transformer.
Theory: when the transformer is so connected and excited, the voltmeter indicates the
difference between the primary and secondary voltages, the transformer is said to be of
subtractive polarity.
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Name of apparatus Quantity Range
1 1-phase Variac 1 0-270 V

2 Voltmeter 3 0-300V
1KVA
3 Transformer 1
Vpri: 250 V
Vsec: 125V
Procedure:
1.First make sure that the mains supply is off and the knob of variac is at zero position.
2. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on AC supply and adjust the variac in steps of 50 V till the rated primary voltage.
4. Record the voltmeters readings in each step. Note reading of voltmeter connected between
P1 & P2 as V1 and that of connected between S1 & S2 as V2 and that ofconnected between P1
& S2 as V3 which will give the subtractive value.
5. Switch off the mains supply.
Circuit diagram:
Fig: Subtractive Polarity test on Transformer

Tabular column:
Sl. No V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts) V3 (Volts)
Questions:
1. What is the conclusion from Subtractive Polarity test?
2. What is the importance of this test?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
SENSORS
EXPT NO 6: LIGHT SENSORS
(a) LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
Aim: To study and verify the behavior of a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR).
Apparatus Required: Sensor trainer, connecting wires, Multimeter, bulb
Theory: An LDR- light dependent resistor housed in a sealed epoxy case with clear lens
window, changes its resistance as the intensity of light falling on it changes. The value of the
resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of light. Light dependent resistors or LDRs
are often used in circuits where it is necessary to detect the presence or the intensity of light.
Although other devices such as photodiodes or photo-transistor can also be used, LDRs are a
particularly convenient electronics component to use. They provide large change in resistance
for small changes in light level.
As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor
lattice and some of their energy is transferred to the electrons. This gives some of them
sufficient energy to break free from the crystal lattice so that they can then conduct electricity.
This results in lowering of the resistance of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR
resistance.
Applications: Automatic street light, smoke detection, Automatic light controlling.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the Sensor trainer and check the power.

2. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
3. Set the input voltage in terms of milli volts (e.g. 0.7V) with the help of the variable voltage.
4. Observe the output voltage.
5. Now illuminate the LDR with the help of light source (bulb), keeping bulb in different
distances observe the output voltages.

Circuit diagram:
Variable DC set voltage 0.7V or 700mV
Figure: LDR circuit
Tabular column:
Vin = ......................V
Sl No Light intensity Output voltage in Volts
1 With 0% Light
2 With 50% Light
3 With 100% Light
Questions:
1. Write the applications of LDR.
2.Write a circuit diagram which controls light using LDR.
3.Write the principle of LDR.

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(b) PHOTO DIODE
Aim: To study and verify the behavior of a photo diode.
Apparatus Required: Sensor trainer, connecting wires, Multimeter, bulb.
Theory: A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The
current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. A small amount of current
is also produced when no light is present. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in
lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response
time as its surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric
solar power is a large area photodiode.
Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed
(to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to
allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically
as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p–n junction, to increase the speed of response.
A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer and check the power supply.

2. Connect as per the wiring diagram below.
3. The circuit which has been connected is photodiode as driving an op-amp.
4. Connect the ammeter and input voltage in terms of milli volts [say 0.7 v] with the
help of variable voltage.
5. Observe the output.
6. Now illuminate the photodiode with the help of light source provided along with
the trainer.
7. Correspondingly observe the output of the OP-Amp and the input current.
8. Switch off the power supply.

Circuit diagram:
Variable DC set voltage 0.7V or 700mV
Figure: Photo Diode circuit
Tabular column:
Vin = ......................V
Sl No Light intensity Output voltage in Volts
1 With 0% Light
2 With 50% Light
3 With 100% Light
Questions:
1. What are the applications of photo diode?
2. Why photodiode operates on reverse bias?
3. What are the difference between photodiode and solar cell?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(c) PHOTO TRANSISTOR
Aim: To study and verify the behavior of a Photo Transistor.
Apparatus Required: Sensor trainer, connecting wires, Multimeter, bulb
Theory: A Phototransistor is an electronic switching and current amplification component

which relies on exposure to light to operate. When light falls on the junction, reverse current
flows which is proportional to the luminance. Phototransistors are used extensively to detect
light pulses and convert them into digital electrical signals. These are operated by light rather
than electric current. Providing large amount of gain, low cost and these phototransistors might
be used in numerous applications.
Applications: Punch-card readers, Security systems, Encoders – measure speed and direction,
electric controls, Computer logic circuitry, Relays, Lighting control (highways etc), Level
indication, Counting systems.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the Sensor trainer.

2. Adjust the input voltage to 200mV using the variable voltage.
4. Now illuminate the Photo Transistor with the help of light source provided along with
the trainer.
5. Correspondingly observe the output across the resistor.
Circuit diagram:
Set Voltage 200mV DC
Figure: Photo transistor circuit

Tabular Column:
Vin = V
Sl Light intensity Output voltage in Volts

No
1 With 0% Light
2 With 50% Light
3 With 100% Light
Questions:
1. What are the applications of photo transistor?
2. What are the differences between photodiode and photo transistor?
3. .Write the principle of Photo transistor.

Date:
(d) SOLAR CELL
Aim: To study and verify the behavior of a Solar cell
Apparatus Required: Sensor trainer, Connecting wires, Multimeters (2)
Theory: A solar cell converts solar energy into electricity. It is made of a semiconducting
material, usually silicon-based, sandwiched between two electrical contacts. A number of
such cells are mounted on a PV panel to generate the required voltage and current. Give the
typical ratings of a cell. Typical ratings of solar panel vary from 100 to 320W.
Procedure:

2. Connect the 2 multimeters (One multimeter to measure the current and another to
measure the voltage) at the corresponding terminals.
3. Now illuminate the cell with the help of a light source or by sunlight exposure.
4. Note the corresponding voltage and current.
5. Repeat the experiment by partly covering the PV surface.
Circuit diagram:
Figure: Solar cell circuit

Tabular column:
Sl No Light intensity Output voltage
1 With 0% Light
2 With 50% Light
3 With 100% Light
Questions:
1. What are the applications of solar cell?
2. How does a solar cell work?

EXPT NO 7: TEMPERATURE, PRESURE SENSORS
&
Other Sensors
Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
(a) THERMISTOR
Aim: To study and verify the behavior of a Thermistor.
Apparatus Required: Sensor trainer, connecting wires, Multimeter, Soldering Iron.
Theory: A thermistor is a temperature sensor that has a resistance that changes with
temperature. There are two types of thermistor. Those with a resistance that increase with
temperature (Positive Temperature Coefficient – PTC) and those with a resistance that falls
with temperature (Negative Temperature Coefficient – NTC).
Applications: Temperature sensing, Devices such as toasters, heaters, and light bulbs make
use of thermistor for safe operation
Procedure:

2. Adjust the input voltage to 50 mV to 100mV using the variable voltage.
4. Now heat the Thermistor with the help of the soldering iron.
5. Correspondingly observe the output.
Note: Care should be taken to see that the soldering iron is only slightly warm and not very
hot. If the soldering iron is very hot, the thermistor will get damaged.
Circuit diagram: Set voltage 50mV to 100mV
Figure: Thermistor circuit

Tabular column:
Vin = ......................V
Sl No Temperature Output voltage
1 With Room
Temperature
2 With Temperature
Increase
Questions:
1. What are the applications of Thermistor?
2. What are the difference between PTC and NTC Thermistors?
3. Write the principle of thermistor

Date: _
(b) RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)
Aim: To study the characteristic of RTD
Apparatus Required: Connecting cable, Sensor Trainer Kit, Multimeter, RTD.
Theory: A Resistance Thermometer or Resistance Temperature Detector is a sensor which is

used to measure the temperature by measuring the resistance of pure electrical wire. The
RTD element is made from a pure material, typically platinum, nickel or copper. These
materials has a predictable change in resistance as the temperature changes
If we want to measure temperature with high accuracy, RTD is the only one solution in
industries. It has good linear characteristics over a wide range of temperature.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer kit and check the power.

2. Make the circuit connections as shown in the circuit
3. Provide input voltage in terms of milli volts (50mV to 100mV) with the help of variable
power supply
5. Now heat the RTD with the help of iron or temperature bath and note down the
corresponding change in output.
Circuit diagram:
Set voltage 50mV to 100mV
Figure: RTD circuit

Tabular column:
Vin = ......................V
Sl No Temperature Output voltage
With Room
1 Temperature
With Temperature
2 Increase
Questions:
1. What are the practical applications of RTD?
2. Compare RTD with thermocouple.

OTHER SENSORS
Date:
THERMOCOUPLE
Aim: To study the characteristic of Thermocouple
Apparatus Required: connecting cable, Sensor Trainer Kit, Multimeter.
Theory: A thermocouple is a device used extensively for measuring temperature.
A thermocouple is comprised of at least two metals joined together to form two junctions. One is
connected to the body whose temperature is to be measured; this is the hot or measuring junction.
The other junction is connected to a body of known temperature; this is the cold or reference
junction. Therefore, the thermocouple measures unknown temperature of the body with reference
to the known temperature of the other body.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer kit and check the power supply

2. Connect the thermocouple in the respective terminals provided to it, as per the positive
and negative indication in THE INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER SECTION.
3. There are two input terminals in the INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER SECTION.
-
V
1
+
V
2
4. The –V1 indicates that it works as an inverting amplifier.
5. The –V1 indicates that it works as an inverting amplifier.
6. Null the offset voltage by grounding both the inputs and set the output to zero with the
help of trimmer-10K
7. Connect the thermocouple +Ve terminal to the +Ve input terminal i.e +V2
8. Gnd the –V1 terminal
9. Observe the output with the help of DMM by keeping positive probe at the output
terminal and the negative probe to the ground [keeping the meter in mv division]
10. At the ambient temperature, the output shows some very low voltage (mV)
11. Heat the thermocouple tip[i.e on the steel long rod tip]
12. Observe the output voltage variation
13. Connect the thermocouple +ve terminal to the –ve input terminal
14. Repeat the step 7 to 11.

Circuit diagram:
Figure: Thermocouple circuit
Questions:
1. How do you make the low voltage output from the thermocouple relevant in practical
applications?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
OPTOCOUPLER
Aim: To study the characteristic of an Optocoupler.
Apparatus Required: connecting cable, Sensor Trainer Kit, Multimeter.
Theory: An Opto coupler, also known as an Opto-isolator or Photo-coupler, is an electronic

component that interconnects two separate electrical circuits by means of a light sensitive
optical interface thus providing an electrical isolation between the input and output. The
basic design of an Optocoupler consists of an LED that produces infra-red light and a
semiconductor photo-sensitive device that is used to detect the emitted infra- red beam. Both
the LED and photo-sensitive device are enclosed in a light-tight body or package with metal
legs for the electrical connections.
When the input voltage of LED is forward biased, the LED emits light, this transmitted light
turns ON the photo sensitive device (photo transistor, LDR, Photo diode and LASCR) thus
pulling the collector terminal to ground resulting in zero voltage at the ground. Thus the
output for the configuration shown below, the output is an inverted version of the input
voltage.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer kit and check the power.
2. Connect the +5 V terminal of the circuit to the +5V of Vcc
3. Now connect the input as low logic level [gnd] and observe the corresponding output
logic level.
4. Now connect the input as high logic level [+5V] and observe the
corresponding output logic level.
5. Take a signal generator and adjust the voltage to 5 V, select the pulse output option with
frequency = 50 Hz. Connect the signal generator to the input of the optocoupler. Capture
the input and output voltages on a CRO
6. Repeat by changing the frequency up to few kHz

Circuit diagram:
Figure: Optocoupler circuit
Questions:
1. What are the typical applications of optocouplers?
2. Sketch the output voltage when the collector terminal is connected directly to Vcc
and the emitter is connected to the ground through R, and the output is taken between
the emitter and ground.

Date:
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL

TRANSFORMER (LVDT)
Aim : To study and verify the behavior of LVDT.
Apparatus Required: Sensor trainer, Connecting wires, Multimeter.
Theory: An LVDT, or Linear Variable Differential Transformer, is a transducer that converts

a linear displacement or position from a mechanical reference (or zero) into a proportional
electrical signal containing phase (for direction) and amplitude (for distance) information. The
LVDT operation does not require electrical contact between the moving part (probe or core
rod assembly) and the transformer, but rather relies on electromagnetic coupling. LVDT
consists of a cylindrical core where it is surrounded by one primary winding in the center of
the core and the two secondary windings at the sides. The number of turns in both the
secondary windings are equal, but they are opposite to each other, i.e., if the left secondary
winding is in the clockwise direction, the right secondary winding will be in the anti-
clockwise direction, hence the net output voltages will be the difference in voltages between
the two secondary coil.
On applying an external force which is the displacement, if the core remains in the null
position itself without providing any movement then the voltage induced in both the secondary
windings are equal which results in net output is equal to zero.
When an external force is applied and if the steel iron core tends to move in the left hand side
direction then the voltage induced in the secondary coil (Sec2) is greater than the voltage
induced in the secondary coil (Sec1).
When an external force is applied and if the steel iron core moves in the right hand side
direction then the voltage induced in the secondary coil (sec1) is greater than the voltage
induced in the secondary coil (Sec2).

Circuit diagram:
Figure: LVDT circuit
Tabular column:
Sl Core Position Output voltage

No
1 Null
2 Left Hand Side
3 Right Hand
Side

Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer and check the power supply.

2. Measure the output of frequency generator.
3. The output of the frequency generator should come approximately 4 KHz.
4. Switch OFF the trainer.
5. Connect the LVDT in the kit through connector provided in the circuit.
6. Keep the displacement of LVDT at one end using screw gauge.
7. Connect the circuit as per wiring diagram.
8. Switch ON the trainer and observe the output DC.
9. Vary the displacement with the help of screw gauge.
10. Check the variation occurs in the output voltage.
11. Vary the screw gauge for the maximum displacement and stop.
12. Switch off the power supply.
Questions:
1. What are the applications of LVDT?
2. What is the null condition in the LVDT?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of LVDT?
4. What is the value of excitation voltage?
5. What is the value of operating frequency?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
HALL EFFECT
Aim: To study and verify the behavior of HALL EFFECT.
Apparatus Required: Sensor trainer, Connecting wires, Multimeter.
Theory :
When any specimen carrying a current I is placed in a transverse magnetic field B, then an
electric field E is induced in the specimen in the direction perpendicular to both I and B. This
phenomenon is called as HALL EFFECT. Figure shows the semiconductor bar carrying a
current I in the positive X direction and magnetic field B is placed in the positive Z direction.
Then as per Hall Effect, a force (Lorentz force) gets exerted on the charge carriers (Whether
electron or holes) in the negative Y direction. This current I may be due to the positive X
direction or due to free electron moving in the negative X direction through the semiconductor
specimen. Hence irrespective of nature of the carrier whether holes or electrons, these charge
carriers get pressed downward toward face 1 of the specimen shown in figure. In an n-type
specimen, current is carried almost fully by electrons. These electrons as a result of Hall Effect
accumulate on face 1 which then gets negatively charged relative to face2. A potential
difference develops between face1 and face2 is called the Hall Voltage. This Hall Voltage VH
in an n-type semiconductor is
positive at face2. On the other hand, in a p-type semiconductor, the Hall Voltage VH is
positive at terminal1. The polarity of Hall Voltage enables us to determine experimentally
whether the specimen is n-type or p-type.

Procedure:
1. Switch ON the trainer and check the power supply.

2. Connect the output to the LED provided in the industrial sensor section.
3. Switch OFF the trainer.
4. Keep the multimeter in voltage range and measure the output voltage with the help
of multimeter or else connect voltmeter across the output terminal and ground.
5. Switch ON the trainer.
Circuit diagram:
Figure: Hall Effect circuit
Tabular column:
Output Voltage = ..................... V
Sl Magnet Position LED Position Output voltage

No
1
2
3

6. Note down the voltage measured V.
7. Observe the condition of LED at the output terminal and note down the output voltage
measured …………V.
8. Keep both the magnets across the HALL IC in the attraction direction. i.e.,
NORTH-SOUTH, because unlike poles attract each other.
9.Observe the output voltage and the LED status and note down the LED position
(ON/OFF).
10.Measure the voltage………. V
Questions:
1. What causes Hall Effect?
2. What is Lorentz force?
3. What are the uses of Hall Effect?
4. Which type of magnet is used in the experiment, temporary or permanent?

Date: _ _ _ _ __ _
MICROPHONE
Aim: To study the characteristic of Microphone.
Apparatus Required: Microphone, connecting cable, CRO.
Theory: A microphone is an example of a transducer, a device that changes information

from one form to another. The sensitive transducer element of a microphone is called its
element or capsule. Thus a microphone converts sound energy into electrical energy.
In a mike, a coil of wire is mounted on a diaphragm, which sits inside a magnetic field. When
the diaphragm is moved by the sound source the resulting fluctuations in the magnetic field
create an electric current that travels from the mike to the recording system.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the Trainer kit and check the power supply

2. Connect the mike provided to its corresponding jack provided.
3. Check the amplifier output.
4. With the help of CRO connected at the output terminal, measure the output voltage.
5. Calculate the gain in dB
6. Plot the graph of frequency Vs gain.
7. Gain= -20Log[V0/Vin]dB

Circuit diagram:
Figure: Microphone circuit

EXPT NO 8: RECTIFIERS
Date: …………………
Aim: To study the behavior and conduct experiment on the following rectifiers.
a. Half wave rectifier
b. Full wave rectifier
c. Bridge rectifier
Components Required: Diodes, Resistors, Step-down transformer, CRO etc.
(a) HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Theory:
During positive half cycle of the input voltage, anode will be positive with respect to cathode.
The diode will be forward biased and starts carrying current through the load. During negative
half cycle, anode will be negative with respect to cathode. The diode becomes reverse biased
and acts as open circuit. Hence no current flows through the load. The dc output is expected to
be a straight line but the output of half wave rectifier is pulsating dc and discontinuous in
nature.
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the secondary of the transformer to Diode and Resistor in series.
3. Connect the CRO probe across the load (Resistor).
4. Measure the waveform across the secondary of the transformer & across the load
5. Compare theoretical & practical Vrms & Vdc of the load voltage VL.
6. Also compare theoretical & practical values of ripple factor & efficiency.

Circuit Diagram:
Tabular Column:
Vm = ............................................. (Measure the peak value from the CRO)
Parameter Theoretical Value Practical Value
Vdc Vdc=………
Vm Vrms =
Vrms=
V
Vrms 2
r= r=
Ripple Factor (r)

Theoretical Waveforms:
Practical Waveforms (Draw in graph sheet)

Date: …………………
(b)FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Theory:
o During positive half cycle of the input voltage, the diode D1 is forward biased
and current flows through the diode D1, hence voltage is developed across load.
The diode D2 will be reverse biased and acts as open circuit.
o During negative half cycle, the diode D2 is forward biased and current flows
through the diode D2 and voltage is developed across the load. Now diode D1
will be reverse biased and acts as open circuit.
o Since diode D1 & D2 conduct alternately, both halves of the input voltage appear
across the load. Hence continuous pulsating dc is generated for every half cycle
of AC signals.
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in the above Figure.

3. Connect the CRO across the load (Resistor).
4. Note down the waveform across the secondary of the transformer & across the load
Circuit Diagram:

Tabular Column:
Vm = ......................................... (Measure the peak value from the CRO)

2Vm Vdc=………
Vdc
Vm
Vrms =
2 Vrms =
V
Vrms
r= r=
Ripple Factor (r)

Theoretical Waveforms:

Date: …………………
(c) FULLWAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Theory:
 During positive half cycle of the input voltage, the diodes D2 and D4 are forward
biased and current flows through these diodes, hence voltage is developed across
load. The diodes D1 and D3 will be reverse biased and acts as open circuit.
 During negative half cycle, the diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased and current
flows through these diodes and voltage is developed across the load. The diodes
D2 and D4 will be reverse biased and acts as open circuit.
 Since diodes D2, D4 and D1, D3 conduct alternately, both halves of the input
voltage appears across the load. Hence continuous pulsating dc is generated for
every half cycle of AC signals.
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in the above Figure.

3. Connect the CRO across the load (Resistor).
4. Note down the waveform across the secondary of the transformer & across the load
Circuit Diagram:

Tabular Column:
Vm = ......................................... (Measure the peak value from the CRO)

2Vm Vdc=………
Vdc π
Vm
Vrms =
2 Vrms =
V
Vrms
r= r=
Ripple Factor (r)

Waveforms:

Questions:
1. What is Rectifier?
2. What is the function of Half wave Rectifier?
3. Describe the Full wave Mid-point Type Rectifier.
4. Describe the function of Full wave bridge type Rectifier.
5. What are the applications of Rectifiers

DEMO:2 LIVE DC MACHINE
DEMONSTRATION
DC Machine: The Electrical Machine which takes or gives DC electrical energy is

known as DC Machine, the DC Machine which converts Mechanical energy into DC
Electrical Energy is known as DC Generator and the DC Machine which converts DC
Electrical energy in to Mechanical energy is known as DC Motor. The Construction
of both DC Machines is almost same but there is a difference in the functioning of
Commutator.
Construction:

Figure: 4-Pole DC Machine
Figure: Armature of a DC Machine
Explanation of Various Parts:

1. Stator
a. Yoke
b. Magnetic Pole & Pole shoe
c. Interpoles

d. Field windings
2. Armature
a. Armature core
b. Armature slots
c. Armature windings
3. Commutator
4. Brushes
5. Shaft
6. Eye bolt
7. Bearings

EXPT NO: 9 DETERMINATION OF V-I
CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE
Aim:
To study the characteristics and to determine the breakdown voltage of a Zener diode.
Apparatus:
Sl.No. Name Range Type Qty
1 R.P.S (0-30) V 1
2 Ammeter (0–100) µA 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30) V 1
(0–1) V 1
Components Required:
Zener Diode 1
1 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ 1 1
3 Breadboard 1
4 Connecting
Wires
Theory:
A properly doped crystal diode, which has a sharp breakdown voltage, is known as
Zener diode.
Forward Bias:
On forward biasing, initially no current flows due to barrier potential. As the
applied potential increases, it exceeds the barrier potential at one value and the charge
carriers gain sufficient energy to cross the potential barrier and enter the other region.
the holes, which are majority carriers in p-region, become minority carriers on entering
the N-regions and electrons, which are the majority carriers in the N-regions become
minority carriers on entering the P-region. This injection of minority carriers results
current, opposite to the direction of electron movement.

Reverse Bias:
When the reverse bias is applied due to majority carriers small amount of
current (ie) reverse saturation current flows across the junction. As the reverse bias is
increased to breakdown voltage, sudden rise in current takes place due to Zener effect.
Zener Effect:
Normally, PN junction of Zener Diode is heavily doped. Due to heavy doping
the depletion layer will be narrow. When the reverse bias is increased the potential
across the depletion layer is more. This exerts a force on the electrons in the outermost
shell. Because of this force the electrons are pulled away from the parent nuclei and
become free electrons. This ionization, which occurs due to electrostatic force of
attraction, is known as Zener effect. It results in large number of free carriers, which in
turn increases the reverse saturation current.
Circuit Diagram:
Forward Bias:
1KΩ (0-100)µA
+ -
+ +
- -
(0-30) V (0-1) V
Reverse Bias:
(0- 30) mA
1KΩ + -
+ +
(0-30) (0-30) V
- -

Procedure:
Forward Bias:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary the power supply in such a way that the readings are taken in steps of 0.1V.
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Plot the graph: Vf (vs) If.
Reverse Bias:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Vary the power supply in such a way that the readings are taken in steps of 0.5V.
3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings Ir.
4. Plot a graph between Vr & Ir
Zener Diode Characteristics:

Tabular Column:
Forward Bias:
Sl. No Voltage (Vf) Current (If)

(V) (Ma)
Reverse Bias:
Sl.No. Voltage (Vr) Current (Ir)

(V) (Ma)
Result:

EXPT NO: 10 DETERMINATION OF V-I
CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICON DIODE
Aim: To study the PN junction diode characteristics under Forward & Reverse Bias Conditions.
Apparatus:
1 R.P.S (0-30)V 1
2 Ammeter (0–100)µA 1
3 Voltmeter (0–1)V 1
1 Diode IN4001 1
2 Resistor 1kΩ 1
3 Connecting
Wires
Theory:
A PN junction diode is a two terminal junction device. It conducts only in one

direction (only on forward biasing).
Forward Bias:
On forward biasing, initially no current flows due to barrier potential. As the applied
potential exceeds the barrier potential the charge carriers gain sufficient energy to cross the
potential barrier and hence enter the other region. The holes, which are majority carriers in
the P-region, become minority carriers on entering the N-regions, and electrons, which are
the majority carriers in the N-region, become minority carriers on entering the P-region.
This injection of Minority carriers results in the current flow, opposite to the direction of
electron movement.

Procedure:
Forward Bias:
2. Vary the applied voltage V in steps of 0.1V.
3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings If.
4. Plot a graph between V f & If
Reverse Bias:
2. Vary the applied voltage Vr in steps of 0.5V.
3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings Ir.
4. Plot a graph between V r & Ir
Specification for 1N4001: Silicon Diode

Peak Inverse Voltage: 50V
Maximum forward voltage drop at 1 Amp is 1.1
volts Maximum reverse current at 50 volts is 5μA
Circuit Diagram:
Forward Bias:
(0-100) µA
+ -
1KΩ
+ +
(0-30) V (0-1) V
- -

REVERSE BIAS
(0-100)µA
1KΩ + -
+ +
(0-30)V (0-30)V
- -
V-I Characteristics of Silicon Diode
Forward Bias
Sl. No Voltage (Vf) Current (If)

(V) (Ma)

Reverse Bias:
Sl.No. Voltage (Vr) Current (Ir)

(V) (Ma)
Result:

EXPT NO: 11 CHARACTERISTICS OF BJT IN
COMMON EMITTOR CONFIGURATION
Aim: To study and plot the transistor characteristics in CE configuration.

Apparatus Required:

1 R.P.S (0-30)V 2
(0–10)mA 1
2 Ammeter
(0–1)A 1
(0–30)V 1
3 Voltmeter
(0–2)V 1

1 Transistor BC 147 1
10kΩ
2 Resistor 1
1KΩ
Connecting
3 1
Board
4 Connecting
Wires
Theory:
A BJT is a three terminal two – junction semiconductor device in which the conduction is due
to both the charge carrier. Hence it is a bipolar device and it amplifier the sine waveform as
they are transferred from input to output. BJT is classified into two types – NPN or PNP. A
NPN transistor consists of two N types in between which a layer of P is sandwiched. The
transistor consists of three terminal emitter, collector and base. The emitter layer is the source
of the charge carriers and it is heartily doped with a moderate cross sectional area. The

collector collects the charge carries and hence moderate doping and large cross sectional area.
The base region acts a path for the movement of the charge carriers.
In order to reduce the recombination of holes and electrons the base region is lightly
doped and is of hollow cross sectional area. Normally the transistor operates with the EB
junction forward biased.
In transistor, the current is same in both junctions, which indicates that there is a transfer
of resistance between the two junctions. Hence known as transfer resistance of transistor.
Procedure:
Input Characteristics:

2. Set VCE, vary VBE in regular interval of steps and note down the Corresponding B
reading. Repeat the above procedure for different values of VCE.
3.Plot the graph: VBE Vs IB for a constant VCE.
Output Characteristics:
2. Set IB, Vary VCE in regular interval of steps and note down the corresponding IC
reading. Repeat the above procedure for different values of IB.
3. Plot the graph: VCE Vs IC for a constant IB.
Circuit diagram:

Inptut Characteristics:
Output Characteristics:
Result:

EXPT: 12 CHARACTERISTICS OF JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT
TRANSISTOR IN COMMON SOURCE CONFIGURATION
Aim: To determine the characteristics of JFET

Apparatus Required:
1 R.P.S (0-30)V 2
2 Ammeter (0–30)mA 1
(0–30)V 1
3 Voltmeter
(0-10)V 1
1 FET 1
1kΩ 1
2 Resistor
68KΩ 1
Bread
3 1
Board
4 Connecting
Wires
Theory:
FET is a voltage operated device. It has got 3 terminals. They are Source, Drain & Gate. When the
gate is biased negative with respect to the source, the pn junctions are reverse biased & depletion
regions are formed. The channel is more lightly doped than the p type gate, so the depletion regions
penetrate deeply in to the channel. The result is that the channel is narrowed, its resistance is
increased, & I D is reduced. When the negative bias voltage is further increased, the depletion regions
meet at the center & ID is cutoff completely.

Procedure:
Drain Characteristics:
2. Set the gate voltage V GS = 0V.
3. Vary VDS in steps of 1 V & note down the corresponding ID.
4. Repeat the same procedure for VGS = -1V.
5. Plot the graph VDS Vs ID for constant VGS.
Transfer Characteristics:
1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2.Set the drain voltage VDS = 5 V.
3.Vary the gate voltage VGS in steps of 1V & note down the corresponding ID.
4.Repeat the same procedure for VDS = 10V.
5.Plot the graph VGS Vs ID for constant VDS.
Circuit Diagram:

Tabular Column:
VGS = 0V VGS = 1V
VDS (V) ID(mA) VDS (V) ID(mA)
VDS =5volts VDS = 10volts
VGS (V) ID(mA) VGS (V) ID(mA)

Result:

EXPT:13 REALIZATION OF UNIVERSAL GATES
USING BASIC GATES
Aim: To study the operation of realizing Universal gates using Basic gates
1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate
4. EX-OR Gate
5. NAND Gate
6. NOR Gate
Apparatus Required: 74LS:08, 32, 04, 86, 00 & 02, IC Trainer Kit, 4mm. Patch cards
1. AND Gate: IC 7408
Truth Table
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
2. OR Gate: IC 7432
Truth Table
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

3. NOT Gate: IC 7404:
Truth Table
Input Output
A Y
0 1
1 0
4. EX-OR Gate: IC 7486:
Truth Table
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

5. NAND Gate: IC 7400:
Truth Table
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
6. NOR Gate: IC7402:
Truth Table
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Truth Table verification of Logic gates using NAND & NOR gates (Universal gates)
Function Using NAND gates Using NOR gates
NOT
gate

AND
gate
OR
gate
EX-OR
gate
Procedure:
1. The connections are made as shown in Circuit (by referring IC PIN diagram).
2. The input terminals are connected to the toggle switches & the output is connected to the Output
Connector (LED’s).
3. The power is applied between the VCC & Ground terminals.
4. The Logic levels are applied at the Input for all combinations indicated in Truth Table & the Output is
observed on LED’s.
5. Faults & Debugging:
6. Check Continuity of given Patch Chords before circuit Connection.
7. Check the working of Toggle Switch & Output LED Indicator {Initially All output LED Indicators will
be in RED (colour- Logic 1)}
8. Check IC Number for the given circuit & connect the circuit by checking pin details.
9. Check operating voltage connected to IC (+Vcc & Gnd.)
10. Apply Exact Combinations of Inputs as in Truth Table & Verify the output. Observations
Result:

Questions:
1. What are the basic gates list them?
2. How IC’s are manufactured? Name few manufacturers?
3. Why NAND and NOR are known as Universal gates?

101

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BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SEM & SEC

Lab Name with Code

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 1

Signature of the faculty in-charge of the batch

Director, School of EEE

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 2

Course Outcomes (Cos):

 Design of diode in rectifiers, filter circuits and wave shaping.

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 3

 Don't come late to the Lab.

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 4

Sl.No. Experiment Date Page

11. DEMO: 2. LIVE DC MACHINE DEMONSTRATION 76-78

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 5

(a) Instruments for Measuring Electrical Parameters

• An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a

• A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 6

iv. Energy meter:

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 7

• The cathode ray oscilloscope is an instrument which we use in laboratory to display

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 8

Sl. Name of the

This type of wire stripper is used

A screwdriver is a tool for

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 9

It is used to bend, re-position and

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 10

A set of metric spanners or

Box (or 'tubular') spanners are

A soldering iron is a hand tool

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 11

It is used to create a permanent

A crimping tool is a device used

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 12

A test light, test lamp, voltage

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 13

A scale ruler is a tool for

A tape measure or measuring

It is used to measure thickness or

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 14

(a) IMPORTANCE OF EARTHING

Components Required: Patch cords, Electrical safety demonstrator kit.

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 15

Figure: Earthing Demonstration

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 16

2. What happens if grounding is not done properly?

3. Is the ground wire necessary?

4. What are the different types of earthing?

5. Why do we need to wear shoes when working with electricity?

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 17

(b) MECHANISM OF FUSE

Aim: To study the Importance and mechanism of FUSE

1. Make connections as shown in the Figure. Connect Digital Ammeter

Figure: Fuse Demonstration

How to check the condition of fuse using multimeter?

2. What are the different types of fuses?

5. Why fuse is required in electrical system and draw its symbol.

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB 19

(c) MECHANISM OF MCB

Theory: A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect