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UHIUCIM JLDHL[CU@

Ahfldpla 5?
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(38323;5:>;3>) Bc`qcj
(38323;5:>;35)

E5 [HIMLGCU UWCE@^@LICF
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 ACUC
[HIMCIUCW

[uo` syuaur ahjce`rct Uujci Pcim Dcjc Aucsc ctcs shmcfc f`dpcjci Wcjdct,
@icycj, Ucub`a eci J`icycjiyc shj`immc acd` ecpct dhiyhfhsc`aci phiyusuici
dcacfcj `i` ecfcd ghitua ycim scimct shehrjcic. ^hdlmc dcacfcj `i` ecpct
e`phrmuicaci shgcmc`
scfcj sctu cnuci, phtuioua dcupui pheldci gcm`
phdgcnc.
Jcrcpci acd` shdlmc dcacfcj `i` ecpct dhdgcitu ecfcd dhicdgcj phimhtcjuci eci
phimcfcdci gcm` pcrc phdgcnc, shj`immc acd` ecpct dhdphrgc`a` ghitua dcupui
`s` dcacfcj `i` cmcr ahehpciiyc ecpct fhg`j gc`a.
Dcacfcj `i` acd` cau` dcs`j gciyca ahaurcimci acrhic phimhtcjuci ycim acd`
d`f`a` scimct aurcim. Lfhj ahrhic `tu acd` jcrcpaci ahpcec pcrc phdgcnc uitua
dhdghr`aci dcsuaci-dcsuaci ycim ghrs`bct dhdgcimui uitua ahshdpuricci dcacfcj
`i`.

^urcgcyc, 78 Ilvhdghr 7;30

U`d [hiyusui
 GCG @
[HIECJXFXC
I

3.3 Fctcr Ghfcacim

[himmuicci thrcp` cfthrict`b ghrupc prhpcrct jhrgcf, thrcp` aldpfhdhithr, eci
thrcp`
b`s`a ilidhe`s dhrupcaci jcf ycim udud e`oudpc`. Ghghrcpc p`jca dhimafc`d
gcjwc

Gphhigmhmrucpiccyicilmgcftct`riced`sh`ilmiacfcs`hdr`igmcajcwf`cgphhrijmcsm`uf
iachct`iaclgecutit`rcceah`se`laitchfr ciectfhcfjcjgchigmcas cet ctrc`ihmbchia. scdp`im
ycim dhrum`aci pcs`hi. [himmuicci lgctlgct jhrgcf dhrupcaci gcm`ci ecr` trce`s`
phimlgctci ycim turui-thdurui e` ghrgcmc` auftur. [himlgctci trce`s`licf N`ic eci
ocdu dhrupcaci jcf ycim udud e`oudpc`.
[himcdctci dhiuiouaaci gcjwc cec phi`imactci ahnhiehruimci phimmuicci
lgct- lgct jhrgcf eci thrcp` cfthrict`b ehwcsc `i`. Dhe`c dcssc ghrphrci nuaup
ghscr ecfcd ahm`ctci prldls` lgct-lgct jhrgcf eci thrcp` cfthrict`b fc`iiyc. E` ghghrcpc
dhe`c ecpct e`oudpc` sctu jcfcdci phiuj `afci ghr`s` prldls`, ahscas`ci, ctcu afc`d
ahdciourci suctu tctcncrc phimlgctci cfthrict`b ([`izli, 7;;=). Cecpui scfcj sctu ohi`s
phimlgctci shncrc cfthrict`vh ycim suecj thrahicf e` eui`c cecfcj jldhlpct`. Jldlhpct`
ghrcscf ecr` ihmcrc Hrlpc ycim e`thduaci shoca cgce ahehfcpci ghfcs lfhj ^cduhf
Jcjihdcii. Icdui, Uhrcp`

jldlhpct` aurcim e`ehimcr e` dcsycrcact @ielihs`c e`acrhicaci e` @ielihs`c ocrcim e`pcac`

phimlgctci shncrc jldlhpct`. [hiyhdgujci phiyca`t shncrc jldlhpct`
scimct
e`duima`iaci uitua dcsycrcact @ielihs`c, e`acrhicaci phiyhdgujci shncrc
jldlhpct` ecpct dhdcibcctaci tudgujci ycim cec e` `ielihs`c. ^hsuc` ehimci
[hrcturci Dhithr` Ahshjctci ehb`i`s` phimlgctci aldpfhdhithr trce`s`licf- cfthrict`b
cecfcj phimlgctci ili alivhis`licf ycim e`tuouaci uitua dhi`imactaci ehrcoct
ahshjctci dcsycrcact dhf`put` upcyc prldlt`b, prhvhit`b, aurct`b eci rhjcg`f`tct`b
ycim e`phrlfhj dhfcfu` phie`e`aci thrstruatur ehimci aucf`tcs, ahcdcici eci
hbhat`b`tcs ycim t`imm` ghrfciecsaci `fdu phimhtcjuci g`ldhe`a tcp` ghfud e`thr`dc
3,7
ecfcd ahelathrci alivhis`licf.
3.7 Wudusci Dcscfcj
3. Cpcacj ycim e`dcasue ehimci
Jldhlpct`<
7. Gcmc`dcicacj pr`is`p eci thlr`
jldhlpct`<
>. Cpc scoc rhs`al eci hbha scdp`im ecr`
jldhlpct`<
5. Cpc scocacj ohi`s jhrgcf ecfcd phimlgctci
jldhlpct`<

3.> Uuouci
3. Xitua dhimhtcju` cpc ycim e`dcasue ehimci
Jldhlpct`
7. Xitua dhimhtcju` gcmc`dcicacj pr`is`p eci thlr`
jldhlpct`
>. Xitua dhimhtcju` rhs`al eci hbha scdp`im ecr`
jldhlpct`
5. Xitua dhimhtcju` cpc scocacj ohi`s jhrgcf ecfcd phimlgctci
jldhlpct`
 GCG @@
[HDGCJC^C
I

7.3 [himhrt`ci Jldhlpct`

Jldhlpct` ghrcscf ecr` gcjcsc Mrhha,yuici` auil, jldhls ycim ghrdcaic shrupc
eci pctjls ycim ghrcrt` phiyca`t. Jldhlpct` cecfcj shgucj shi` phiyhdgujci
ycim
e`ecscraci pcec juaud phrscdcci ehimci tuouci dhdghr`aci ahshdgujci ycim
shghicr„
ghicriyc. Jldhlpct` dhrupcaci prcat`a phimlgctci ycim ghrgcs`s pcec ahyca`ici
o`ac
ahshjctci cecfcj dcscfcj ahsh`dgcimci eci ahshfcrcsci. Dhiurut ^cduhf
Njr`st`ci Br`her`nj Jcjihdci, phr`it`s Jldhlpct`, rlj dcius`cfcj ycim dhfcauaci
phiyhdgujci eci phiyhfcrcsci thrshgut. ehimci actc fc`i, o`wc dcius`c ycim dhfcauaci
phiyhdgujci.

7.7 [r`is`p Eci Uhlr` Jldhlpct`

Uhlr` ecscr e` gcf`a jldhlpct` cecfcj gcjwc lrcim sca`t ecpct e`shdgujaci ehimci
dhimmuicaci hbha pcitufci sugstcis` ycim dhimjcs`faci mhocfc sca`t pcec lrcim shjct.
Jldhlpct` e`phrs`cpaci ehimci dhicdgcjaci gciyca c`r ecfcd suctu
sugstcis`, dhimlnlaiyc, fcfu dhimcdg`f she`a`t c`r, dhicdgcjaciiyc ah gciyca c`r,
dhimlnlaiyc, eci prlshs `i` e`ufcim-ufcim j`immc 7;; acf` ecfcd ghghrcpc phimlgctci.

Jldhlpct phrncyc gcjwc ahshjctci ycim gc`a ghrcscf ecr` ahsh`dgcimci citcrc
p`a`rci eci tuguj, ycim e`ahflfc lfhj "ahauctci v`tcf" ycim dhimctur
ahdcdpuci phiyhdgujci tuguj. Alishp v`tcf`st`a `fdu phimhtcjuci thfcj cec shfcdc
ghrtcjui-tcjui pcec scct Jcjihdcii dhimhdgcimaci thlr`-thlr`iyc ehimci euc pr`is`p
utcdc yc`tu?

 [r`is`p shrupc (ctcu ‖f`ah nurhs f`ah—) ycim dhiyctcaci gcjwc phiyca`t
ecpct e`shdgujaci lfhj shiycwc ycim dhimjcs`faci mhocfc ycim scdc pcec
lrcim shjct. [ciecimci `i` e`cwcf` lfhj J`pplnrcths eci e`ahdgcimaci fhg`j fciout
lfhj Jcjihdcii shthfcj `c ghrufcim acf` thrthfci auf`t acyu n`injlic, phimlgctci
ycim plpufhr uitua dcfcr`c. Jcjihdcii ghrphiecpct gcjwc o`ac shiycwc ecpct
dhiyhgcgaci mhocfc-mhocfc phiyca`t pcec lrcim ycim shjct, dcac shiycwc thrshgut
ecfcd els`s ycim ahn`f ecpct
dhiyhdgujaci lrcim sca`t ehimci mhocfc shrupc.
 [r`is`p phimhinhrci (ctcu "juaud els`s d`i`dud") ycim dhiyctcaci gcjwc shdca`i
rhiecj els`s lgct dcac shdca`i ghscr hbhat`v`tcsiyc. Ecfcd jldhlpct`, zct e`hinhraci
shncrc ghrtcjcp. [rlshs `i` e`shgut shgcmc` "plthit`zct`li" eci e`yca`i`
uitua dhimjcitcraci ghghrcpc ghitua `iblrdcs` ctcu hihrm` ecr` phimhinhrci caj`r
shiycwc csf`. Ahgciycaci lgct jldhlpct` scimct hinhr, icdui ecfcd jldhlpct`
e`yca`i` gcjwc shiycwc ycim hinhr thrshgut dhdghr`aci hshis` ycim
dhrcimscim tuguj uitua dhiyhdgujaci e`r`iyc shie`r`.
(jttp?//inncd.i`j.mlv/jhcftj/jldhlpctjy/, e`cashs pcec
38 Ehshdghr 7;33).
 Jldhlpct` dhimlgct` shshlrcim ghrecscraci r`wcyct ahshjctci mhiht`a, mhocfc
b`s`a, hdls`licf, eci dhitcf scct `i`. ^`sthd phimlgctci `i` ghrs`bct `ie`v`eucf
ctcu e`shsuc`aci pcec dcs`im-dcs`im lrcim, shj`immc t`eca ocrcim e`thduaci
lrcim fc`i
ehimci alie`s` ycim scdc thtcp` dhihr`dc phrfcauci ycim ghrghec. Lgct
jldhlpct`
 ghrcscf ecr` gcjci cfcd` ycim ghrcscf ecr` tcicdci, d`ihrcf, ctcu jhwci. Lgct-lgct
`i` e`muicaci uitua dhimctcs` ghrgcmc` dcscfcj, ahshjctci dufc` ecr` phinhmcjci
j`immc phimlgctci shphrt` cfhrm`, s`ierld csdc, ahfhfcjci arli`s, ehprhs`,
mcimmuci phinhricci, `ibhas` thf`imc, sca`t ahpcfc, eci rucd auf`t.
[himmuicci lgct jldhlpct` ecfcd af`i`a e`ctur shsuc` ehimci
pheldci
[jcrdcnlph`c Jldhlpctj`n Cdhr`ac ^hr`act (J[X^). Lgct jldhlpct` e`ctur
ehimci
pcahrt`cbtuyr cimyc cshseh`pah`trt`ctlcguctjLcdUNp`.rItc`edcuai,caecr,hdiccalgc ctl

sicmimscdt gjcltdjhlpdpdcht`lpdcht`imtc`eiceauijmczrucst
dhiocfci` phimuo`ci ajcs`ct eci ahcdcici shphrt` lgct LUN gcru. BEC
t`eca dhimjcrusaci lgct jldhlpct` dhdhiuj` stciecr blrdcf thrthitu uitua
ahauctci, ahduri`ci, eci ahdcsci. Fcghf pcec lgct jcrus dhiyhrtcaci sht`ecaiyc
sctu `ie`acs` utcdc, ecbtcr gcjci, phimhinhrci, eci phtuioua ahshfcdctci. Lgct
jldhlpct` ycim ecpct e`muicaci uitua dhimlgct` phiyca`t shr`us shphrt`
aciahr dcac phioucfciiyc dhdhrfuaci rhshp elathr, shecimaci lgct jldhlpct`
ycim e`muicaci uitua dhimlgct` dcscfcj ahshjctci ycim r`imci shphrt` bfu ctcu
sca`t ahpcfc ecpct e`oucf tcipc rhshp elathr. Ghghrcpc uo` phrgcie`imci hbhat`v`tcs
phimmuicci lgct jldhlpct` eci lgct alivhis`licf dhdghr`aci jcs`f ycim dhicr`a.
Ghghrcpc e` citcrciyc cecfcj?
 [himlgctci jldhlpct` ecpct dhdghr`aci hbha ycim fhg`j gc`a ecr`pcec
phimlgctci
alivhis`licf (Br`hsh, eaa., 300=)
 Lgct jldhlpct` duima`i fhg`j uimmuf ecr`pcec cicfmhs`a stciecr
uitua
dhimj`fcimaci iyhr` pcec lsthlcrtjr`t`s (^jhcfy, eaa., 300:)
 [himlgctci jldhlpct` dhd`f`a` hbhat`v`tcs ycim scdc ehimci bfulxht`ih
uitua dhimlgct` ehprhs` caut shecim-ghrct (Cefhr, eaa., 7;;0)

7.> Whs`al Eci Hbha ^cdp`im Ecr` Jldhlpct`

Dhsa`pui r`s`al eci hbha scdp`im phimlgctci jldhlpct` t`eca ecpct e`thf`t`
ehimci gc`a e` fucr stue` lgshrvcs`licf, icdui ghghrcpc pl`i udud ecpct e`guct
dhimhic` ahcdcici phimlgctci `i`?

 U`iocuci s`sthdct`s dhimhduacaci gcjwc lgct jldhlpct` ecfcd phimhinhrci

t`imm`
ycim e`fcauaci e` gcwcj phimcwcsci prlbhs`licf thrfct`j, ududiyc e`cimmcp cdci
eci t`eca dhiyhgcgaci hbha scdp`im ycim pcrcj.
 Lgct jldhlpct` nc`r ecpct dhimcieuim cfaljlf. BEC dhdphrglfhjaci acecr cfaljlf
ycim fhg`j t`imm` ecfcd lgct jldhlpct` ecr`pcec lgct alivhis`licf eci scdpc` shocuj
`i` t`eca cec fcplrci dhimhic` hbha ycim dhrum`aci ecr` t`imm`iyc acecr cfaljlf
ahpcec p`jca BEC.
 Ghfud threcpct gciyca guat` dhimhic` rhcas` scdp`im ycim throce` ecfcd stue` af`i`s.
 Ghfud e`ahtcju` shncrc pcst` ceciyc `ithrcas` citcrc lgct jldhlpct` ehimci
lgct alivhis`licf, icdui o`ac aheuciyc caci e`muicaci shncrc ghrscdcci, dcac
shgc`aiyc e`alisuftcs`aci thrfhg`j ecjufu ahpcec thicmc ahshjctci.
 Dcr`ci (7;;:) dhihf`t` thitcim ahpucsci eci hbha scdp`im ecr`
jldhlpct`
e`gcie`imaci phimlgctci alivhis`licf, eci dhdphrlfhj jcs`f gcjwc ahpucsci
pcs`hi
 thrjcecp jldhlpct` shncrc s`mi`b`aci fhg`j t`imm` ecr`pcec ehimci phimlgctci shncrc
alivhs`licf. [himlgctci jldhlpct` e`cimmcp shgcmc` thrcp` ghr`s`al rhiecj ehimci hbha
scdp`im euc scdpc` t`mc acf` fhg`j she`a`t ecr`pcec phimlgctci alivhis`licf.
Nlitlj fc`iiyc, shphrt` jldlhlpctj`n Lsn`fflnlnn`iud, ecpct dhimctcs` `ibfuhizc
fhg`j hbhat`b e`gcie`imaci ehimci pfcnhgl eci t`eca cec hbha scdp`im ycim e`fcplraci
(R`nahrs eci
^d`tj, 7;;0). [cec phihf`t`ci fc`iiyc, mhf jldhlpct` uitua lsthlcrtjr`t`s
e`fcplraci

dhd`f`a`
hbhat`svc`dtcps`iymciymciscmdt`ceecahigmhcrighpe`rclsx``mnic`db`atlcip`enchfim(vccii
mJhfcstlhpfh`iacef cpi`rBl`xs`jnhcrd, 7, ;s;hr;t)c. Ghrecscraci ghghrcpc nlitlj e` ctcs
ecpct e`s`dpufaci gcjwc jldhlpct` dhd`f`a` rhs`al hbha scdp`im ycim rhfct`b fhg`j
rhiecj e`gcie`imaci ehimci phimlgctci alivhs`licf.

7.5 Jhrgcf Ecfcd [himlgctci Jldhlpct`

^hncrc udud, she`cci jldhlpct` e`guct ehimci dhfcauaci prhpcrcs`

thrjcecp gcjci, dhrhiecdiyc ecfcd phfcrut ncdpurci c`r eci cfaljlf ecfcd ocimac
wcatu ycim fcdc (dcshrcs`) eci ahdue`ci e`scr`im. Fcrutci ycim thrghitua e`shgut
‖dltjhr t`inturh—. [himmuicci lgct e`fcauaci ehimci dhimhinhraci dltjhr
t`inturh j`immc t`imact phimhinhrci thrthitu dhimmuicaci phfcrut ycim scdc ctcu
dhdblrdufcs`aciiyc ah ecfcd ghitua tcgfht, p`f, mrciuf, ctcu shrgua (Flna`h, 7;;2).
Lgct-lgct ycim e`muicaci ecfcd
jldhlpct` 2;% ghrcscf ecr` tudgujtudgujci, 7;% ghrcscf ecr` d`ihrcf (flmcd eci
ili flmcd), eci shgcm`ci fc`iiyc ghrcscf ecr` jhwci. Uudgujci ycim e`muicaci ecpct
e`cdg`f
shncrc utuj ctcupui shgcm`ci, gc`a `tu ecuiiyc scoc, cacriyc scoc, guimciyc, g`o`
ctcu ghi`jiyc.

Jldhlpct` ycim ghrcscf ecr` jhwci, shgcm`ci e`cdg`f tcipc dhiyca`t`

jhwci thrshgut shphrt` rcnui ufcr, rcnui fcgc-fcgc, eci fc`i shgcmc`iyc.
^hfuruj lgct-lgct jldhlpct` ycim e`muicaci thrshgut suecj e`plthit`scs`aci, shj`immc
ecyc rcnuiiyc suecj j`fcim eci jciyc thrs`sc ecyc lgctiyc shgcmc` phiyhdguj.
Ghghrcpc lgct jldhlpct` ycim
ghrcscf ecr` tudgujci eci d`ihrcf ecpct e`f`jct pcec tcghf e`gcwcj `i`?

Uudgujc
Uudgujc Dhimlgct`
i
i
Cff`ud nhpc Cfhrm`, actcrca, dctc `r`tcs`, ehdcd
eci rj`i`t`s cfhrm`, iyhr`, iyhr` ihurcfm`a,
`ibhas` thimmlrlaci eci ecec
Cflh bhrlx E`crh, jhdlrl`e, sca`t ahpcfc, jhpct`t`s,
@ivlfuitcry stllf

Nlbbhc nruec ^ca`t ahpcfc, `isldi`c, pcfp`tcs`, sca`t m`m`,

Lvhrhxn`thdhit

Njcdld`ffc rhnut`tc E`crh eci sca`t phrut, ehdcd, duecj

dcrcj, Iyhr` jc`e eci phrscf`ici, sca`t m`m`,
sca`t thf`imc

Ghrghr`s vufmcr`s Nyst`t`s (`ibhas` acieuim ahd`j),

mcimmuci pcec acieuim hdpheu, iyhr` shie`,
mcimmuci m`iocf. Flwhr gcna pc`i
 D`ihrcf
Cddli`ud ncrgli`nud Ahfhfcjci, s`raufcs` ycim gurua,
phiyca`t systhd phricpcsci, ehdcd
ghrecrcj.

Acf`ud pjlspjlr`nud Iyhr` puimmuim, s`ierld ahfhfcjci

arli`s, ahr`imct ycim ghrfhg`jci, `isldi`c

Dcmihs`ud pjlspjlr`nud Xitua mcimmuci phrut, dhistrucs`,

sca`t thf`imc, sca`t ahpcfc, ihurcfm`c, sca`t m`m`

(Flna`h,7;;2)
GCG @@@
[HIXUX
>.3 [
Ahs`dpufci
 Jldhlpct` cecfcj shgucj shi` phiyhdgujci ycim e`ecscraci pcec
juaud phrscdcci ehimci tuouci dhdghr`aci ahshdgujci ycim shghicr„ghicriyc.
Jldhlpct` dhrupcaci prcat`a phimlgctci ycim ghrgcs`s pcec ahyca`ici o`ac ahshjctci
cecfcj dcscfcj
ahsh`dgcimci eci ahshfcrcsci. Jldhlpct` dhimlgct` shshlrcim ghrecscraci r`wcyct
ahshjctci mhiht`a, mhocfc b`s`a, hdls`licf, eci dhitcf scct `i`. ^`sthd
phimlgctci `i` ghrs`bct `ie`v`eucf ctcu e`shsuc`aci pcec dcs`im-dcs`im lrcim,
shj`immc t`eca ocrcim
e`thduaci lrcim fc`i ehimci alie`s` ycim scdc thtcp` dhihr`dc phrfcauci ycim
ghrghec.

Lgct jldhlpct` ghrcscf ecr` gcjci cfcd` ycim ghrcscf ecr` tcicdci, d`ihrcf, ctcu
jhwci. Lgct-lgct `i` e`muicaci uitua dhimctcs` ghrgcmc` dcscfcj, ahshjctci dufc` ecr`
phinhmcjci j`immc phimlgctci shphrt` cfhrm`, s`ierld csdc, ahfhfcjci arli`s, ehprhs`,
mcimmuci phinhricci, `ibhas` thf`imc, sca`t ahpcfc, eci rucd auf`t.

[himmuicci lgct jldhlpct` shie`r` ecfcd af`i`a e`ctur shsuc` ehimci

pheldci
[jcrdcnlph`c Jldhlpctj`n Cdhr`ac ^hr`act
(J[X^).
 ECBUCW [X^UCAC

3. ^ctr`c, Ecrdc. 7;3>. NLD[FHDHIUCWP CIE CFUHWICU@RH DHE@N@IH

(NCD)?
BCAUC CUCX OCIO@< Nldpfhdhitcry cie cfthrict`vh dhe`n`ih? C bcnt lr prld`sh<.
@ehc Iurs`im Oluricf. Rlf.5 (>)? :7-:5
7. Wcnjdc, Hfd`rc. 7;3:. Alitrlvhrs` Uhrcp` Jldhlpct`
Xitua^hdgujaciGhrgcmc` [hiyca`t. C. Cdh`f`c, Dcocfcj Bcrdcsht`ac, > (3)? 37-38
>. Flna`h, Cierhw. 7;;2. Hinynflphe`c lb Jldhlpctjy. Xi`the ^tcthe ? EA
[ugf`sj`im,
@in.
5. W`icie`,Wcie`, eaa. 7;33. Jhrgcf dhe`n`ih jldhlpct`. [rlmrcd phie`e`aci
prlbhs`
cplthahr shalfcj t`imm` `fdu bcrdcs` ‖ycycsci pjcrdcs`— shdcrcim