FINAL REVIEWER COUNTIF

SASA 211  shows the number of cells whose value meets a

specified criterion.
TOPIC: SUMMARIZING IT ALL
 Although the range is C1:E12. COUNTIF doesn’t
Measures of central tendency and variability are include blank cells.
excellent ways of summarizing a set of scores.
COUNTIFS
They aren’t the only ways. Central tendency and
 can use multiple criteria to determine the
variability make up a subset of descriptive statistics.
count. If the criteria come from two arrays, they
Some descriptive statistics are intuitive: must have the same number of cells. This is
because COUNTIFS counts pairs of cells. It
 COUNT includes a pair of cells in the count if one of the
 MAXIMUM, and MINIMUM. cells meets a criterion and the other meets a
Some are not: criterion.

 SKEWNESS
 KURTOSIS Two or more descriptive statistics that probably
COUNT require no introduction are the maximum and the
minimum.
 gives you the amount of those cells that contain These, of course, are the largest value and the
numerical data. smallest value in a group of scores.
 Does not include txt or empty cells Excel has worksheet functions that determines a
 Steps: group’s largest and smallest values.
Here are the steps:
1. Enter your data into the worksheet and select STEPS:
a cell for the result. Here are the steps:
2. From the Statistical Function menu, select
COUNT and click OK to 1. Type your data into the worksheet and select a cell
open the Function Arguments dialog box for for the result. (In this example, all data are in Columns
COUNT. C, D, and E)
3. In the Function Arguments dialog box, enter
2. From the Statistical Function menu, select MAX to
the appropriate values
open the Function Arguments dialog box for MAX.
for the arguments.
In the Number 1 box, enter C1:C12. 3. In the Function Arguments dialog box, enter the
Click on the number 2 box and enter D1:D6. appropriate values for the arguments.
Click on the number 3 box and enter E1:E2.
In the Number 1 box, enter C1:C12. Click on the number
4. Click OK to put the result in the selected cell.
2 box and enter D1:D6. Click on the number 3 box and
COUNTA enter E1:E2.

 works like COUNT, except that its tally includes 4. Click OK to put the result in the selected cell.
cells that contain text and logical values in its
tally.
MAX
COUNTBLANK
 ignores any text or logical values it encounters
 counts the number of blank cells in an array. In along the way.
the next figure, the array in the first figure is
MAXA
extended to D7 through D12 and E3 through
E12.
  takes text and logical values into account when ASYMMETRIC HISTOGRAMS
it finds the maximum.
 could be skewed to the right or to the left. If it
 If MAXA encounters the logical value:
tails to the right, the skewness statistic is
a. TRUE: it converts that value to 1.
POSITIVE while if it tails to the left, its
b. FALSE: or any other than “TRUE”, to 0.
skewness statistic is NEGATIVE. Where do
these values come from? They come from this
MIN and MINA work the same way as MAX and
formula:
MAXA, except that they find the minimum rather
than the maximum.

MINA

 be careful because the conversions of logical

values and text to 0 and 1 influence the result.
 With the numbers in the preceding example,
the minimum is 22. If you enter FALSE or other
text into a cell in any of the arrays, MINA gives 0
as the minimum. If you enter TRUE, MINA gives
1 as the minimum.
In the formula, 𝑋ത is the mean of the scores, N is the
number of scores, and s is the standard deviation. This
formula is for the skewness of a sample. The formula for
the skewness in a population uses N rather than N-1.

If the set of data is huge and you want to provide

some in-depth description, you may use skewness
and kurtosis instead of mean and variance.
Think of the mean as locating a group of scores by
showing you where their center is.
This is the starting point for the other statistics,
With respect to the mean:
 The variance tells you how spread out the
scores are.
 Skewness indicates how symmetrically the
scores are distributed.
 Kurtosis shows you whether or not your
scores are distributed with a peak in the To use SKEW in excel, here are the steps:
neighborhood of the mean.
1. Type your numbers into a worksheet and select a cell
Skewness and kurtosis are related to the mean and for the result.
variance in fairly involved in mathematical ways. For this example, enter scores into the first ten rows of
The variance involves the sum of squared deviations Columns B, C, D, and E.
of scores around the mean.
The Skewness depends on cubing the deviations Select H2 for the result.
around the mean before you add them all up.
2. From the Statistical Functions menu, select SKEW to
Kurtosis takes it all to a higher power – the fourth
open the Function Arguments dialog box for SKEW.
power, to be exact.
3. In the Function Arguments dialog box, type the
SKEW AND SKEW.P (x3)
appropriate values for the arguments.
There are histograms which shows symmetry and there
In the Number 1 box, enter the array of cells that holds
are also some which shows asymmetry.
the data. For this example, the array is B1:E10. With the
SYMMETRIC HISTOGRAMS data array entered, the Function Arguments dialog box
shows the skewness, which for this example is negative.
 have skewness of 0.
4. Click OK to put the result into the selected cell.
The Function Arguments dialog box for SKEW.P (the
skewness of a population) looks the same
KURT (x4)
 Kurtosis is used to describe the peak of
skewness.
 If the histogram shows that the peak is at its
center, then it is leptokurtic. Its kurtosis must
be positive.
 Otherwise, it is platykurtic wherein it shows
that its center is flat. Its kurtosis is negative.
 Here’s the formula for kurtosis:
Where 𝑋ത is the mean of the scores, N is the number of
scores, and s is the standard deviation of the sample.
To use KURT in excel, here are the steps:
1. Enter your numbers into a worksheet and select a cell
for the result.
For this example, enter scores into the first ten rows of
Columns B, C, D, and E.
Select H2 for the result.
2. From the Statistical Functions menu, select KURT to
open the Function Arguments dialog box for KURT.
3. In the Function Arguments dialog box, enter the
appropriate values for the arguments.
In the Number 1 box, enter the array of cells that holds
the data. Here, the array is
B1:E10. With the data array entered, the Function
Arguments dialog box shows the
kurtosis, which for this example is negative.
4. Click OK to put the result into the selected cell.
FREQUENCY
 Although the calculations for skewness and
kurtosis are all well and good, it is helpful to see
how the scores are distributed.
 To do this, create a frequency distribution, a
table that divides the possible scores into
intervals and shows the number (the frequency)
of scores that fall into each interval.
 Excel offers two ways to create a frequency
distribution. One is worksheet function, and the
other is a data analysis tool.
 Here’s how it is done in worksheet function:
1. Enter the scores into an array of cells.
The array, as in the preceding examples
is B1:E10.
2. Enter the intervals into an array. Enter
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 into G2:G7 in
this example.
3. Select an array for the resulting
frequencies. Put Frequency as the label
at the top of Column H, so select H2
through H7 to hold the resulting
frequencies.
4. From the Statistical Function menu,
select FREQUENCY to open the Function
Arguments dialog box for FREQUENCY.
5. In the Function Arguments dialog box,
enter the appropriate values for the
arguments.
In the Data_array box, enter the cells
that holds the scores. For this example,
that’s B1:E10.
FREQUENCY refers to the intervals as “bins,”
and holds the intervals in the Bin_array
box. For this example, G2:G7 goes into
the Bin-array box. After you identified
both arrays, the Function Arguments
dialog box shows the frequencies inside
a pair of curly brackets. Look closely the
next figure and you will see that Excel
adds a frequency of zero to the end of
the set of frequencies.
 6. Press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to close the
Function Arguments dialog box Use this
keystroke combination because
FREQUENCY is an array function. When
you close the Function Arguments
dialog box, the frequencies go into the
appropriate cells as shown in the figure
in the next slide.

DATA ARRAY BOX

 Data array of cells containing of those scores

BIN ARRAY BOX

 Holds interval or cells that holds the interval