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List of states with limited recognition

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UN member states that at least one other UN member state does
recognised as such.
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These entities often Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state
What links here have de facto control Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member
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of their territory. A states
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number of such Non-UN member state not recognised by any other state
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There are two traditional theories used to indicate how a de jure sovereign state comes into
Print/export being. The declarative theory defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the
Download as PDF following criteria:
Printable version 1. a defined territory

Languages 2. a permanent population

‫العربية‬
3. a government, and
Español 4. a capacity to enter into relations with other states.
िहन्दी
According to the declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition
Bahasa Indonesia
by other states. By contrast, the constitutive theory defines a state as a person of
Bahasa Melayu
international law only if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member
Română
Русский of the international community.[1][2]

!"#$ Proto-states often reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to
中⽂ statehood. There are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria (with de facto

61 more partial or complete control over their claimed territory, a government and a permanent
population), but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states. Non-recognition is
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often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of
their territory. In other cases, two or more partially recognised states may claim the same
territorial area, with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it (as have been the
cases of the Republic of China (ROC; commonly called 'Taiwan') and the People's Republic
of China (PRC), and North and South Korea). Entities that are recognised by only a
minority of the world's states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their
claims.

In many situations, international non-recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign

military force in the territory of the contested entity, making the description of the country's
de facto status problematic. The international community can judge this military presence
too intrusive, reducing the entity to a puppet state where effective sovereignty is retained by
the foreign power. Historical cases in this sense can be seen in Japanese-led Manchukuo
or the German-created Slovak Republic and Independent State of Croatia before and
during World War II. In the 1996 case Loizidou v. Turkey, the European Court of Human
Rights judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of Northern Cyprus.

There are also entities which do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally
meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist de jure as
sovereign entities by at least one other state. Historically this has happened in the case of
the Holy See (1870–1929), Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (during Soviet annexation), and
more recently the State of Palestine at the time of its declaration of independence in 1988.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is currently in this position. See list of governments in
exile for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed.

Contents [hide]
1 Criteria for inclusion
2 Background
3 Present geopolitical entities by level of recognition
3.1 UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state
3.2 UN observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state
3.3 States that are neither UN members nor UN observers
4 Excluded entities
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading

Criteria for inclusion

The criteria for inclusion mean that a polity must claim sovereignty, lack recognition from at
least one UN member state, and either:

satisfy the declarative theory of statehood, or

be recognised as a state by at least one UN member state.

Background
There are 193 United Nations (UN) member
states, while both the Holy See and Palestine have
observer state status in the United Nations.[3]
However, some countries fulfill the declarative
criteria, are recognised by the large majority of
other states and are members of the United
Nations, but are still included in the list here
because one or more other states do not recognise Women in Somaliland, wearing the
their statehood, due to territorial claims or other colors of the Somaliland flag.

conflicts.

Some states maintain informal (officially non-diplomatic) relations with states that do not
officially recognise them. The Republic of China (ROC; commonly called 'Taiwan') is one
such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its Economic
and Cultural Offices, which allow regular consular services. This allows the ROC to have
economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it. A total of 56 states,
including Germany,[4] Italy,[5] the United States,[6] and the United Kingdom,[7] maintain
some form of unofficial mission in Taiwan. Kosovo,[8] Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh),[9]
Northern Cyprus,[10] Abkhazia,[11] Transnistria,[11] the Sahrawi Republic,[12] Somaliland,[13]
and Palestine[14] also host informal diplomatic missions, and/or maintain special
delegations or other informal missions abroad.

Present geopolitical entities by level of recognition

UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state

Other Further
Name Declared Status References
claimants information

North
Korea
considers
itself to be
the sole
South Korea (officially the Republic Foreign
legitimate
of Korea), independent since 1948, is relations, [15][16]
Republic of 1948 government
not recognised by one UN member, missions (of,
Korea of Korea,
North Korea. to)
and claims
all territory
controlled by
South
Korea.

Armenia, independent since 1991, is

Foreign
not recognised by one UN member,
relations, [17][18]
Republic 1991 Pakistan, which has a position of None
missions (of,
of Armenia supporting Azerbaijan since the First
to)
Nagorno-Karabakh War.

The Republic of Cyprus (commonly

Northern
known as Cyprus), independent
Cyprus Foreign
since 1960, is not recognised by one
claims the relations, [19][20][21][22]
Republic 1960 UN member (Turkey) and one non-
northeastern missions (of,
of Cyprus UN member (Northern Cyprus), due
half of the to)
to the ongoing civil dispute over the
island of
island.
Cyprus.

South
Korea
considers
North Korea (officially the Democratic
itself to be
People's Republic of Korea),
the sole Foreign
Democratic independent since 1948, is not
legitimate relations, [25][26][27][28][29]
People's 1948 recognised by three UN members:
government missions (of,
Republic of France, Japan and South Korea; and
of Korea, to)
Korea one non-UN member:
and claims
Taiwan.[23][24][25][original research?][26][27]
all territory
controlled by
North Korea.

The People's Republic of China The

(PRC), proclaimed in 1949, is the Republic of
more widely recognised of the two China
claimant governments of China, the considers
other being the Republic of China itself to be
(ROC, also known as Taiwan). The the sole
United Nations recognised the ROC legitimate
as the sole representative of China government
until 1971, when it decided to give of China
this recognition to the PRC instead (including Foreign
(see United Nations General Taiwan), and relations,
Assembly Resolution 2758). The therefore missions (of,
PRC and the ROC do not recognise claims to)
People's
1949 each other's statehood, and each exclusive [30]
PRC's
Republic of
enforces its own version of the One- sovereignty diplomatic
China
China policy meaning that no state over all relations dates
can recognise both of them at the territory of
same time.[a] The states that controlled by establishment
recognise the ROC (14 UN members the PRC.
and the Holy See as of 20 See
September 2019) regard it as the also:
sole legitimate government of China Two
and therefore do not recognise the Chinas
PRC. Bhutan is the only UN member and One
state that has never explicitly China,
recognised either the PRC or the One
ROC. Taiwan

The
State of
Palestine
considers
itself to be
the
legitimate
government
of the West
Israel, founded in 1948, is not Bank, much
recognised by 28 UN members. The of which is
Palestine Liberation Organization under de
Foreign
(PLO), which enjoys majority facto
relations,
international recognition as sole occupation.
State missions (of, [33][34][35][36]
1948 representative of the Palestinian The
of Israel to) [37]
people, recognised Israel in 1993. In Syrian Arab
International
January 2018, the Palestinian Republic
recognition
Central Council voted to suspend considers
recognition of Israel, but the decision itself to be
has yet to be acted upon.[31][32] the
legitimate
government
of the Golan
Heights, a
territory
which Israel
claims with
limited
recognition.

UN observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state

Other Further
Name Declared Status References
claimants information

Israel gained
control of the
Palestinian
territories as a
result of the
Six-Day War
in 1967, but
has never
formally
annexed
them. The
State of
Palestine
(commonly
known as
Palestine)
was declared
in 1988 by the
Palestine
Liberation
Organization
(PLO), which
is recognised
by a majority
of UN
member
states and the
UN itself as
the sole
representative
of the
Palestinian
people. Since
the end of the
first
Palestinian
Intifada
against Israel
the Israeli
government
has gradually
moved its
armed forces
and settlers
out of certain
parts of
Palestine's
claimed
territory, while
still
maintaining
varying
degrees of
control over
most of it.[38]
The
Palestinian
National
Authority
(PNA), which
performs
limited
internal
government
functions over
certain areas
of Palestine,
was
established in
1994. The
2007 split
between the
Fatah and
Foreign
Hamas Israel
relations,
political regards the
missions (of,
parties area
to)
resulted in claimed by
International
competing Palestine as
recognition,
governments 'disputed' [53][54][55][56][57][58]
State of 1988 Israeli–
claiming to territory (that
Palestine Palestinian
represent the is, territory
peace
PNA and not legally
process,
Palestine, belonging to
Proposals for
with Fatah any
a Palestinian
exercising state).[44][b]
state
authority
exclusively
over the West
Bank and
enjoying
majority
recognition
from UN
member
states, and a
separate
Hamas
leadership
exercising
authority
exclusively
over the Gaza
area (except
for a short
period from
2014 to
2016).[b]
Palestine is
currently
officially
recognised as
a state by 138
UN member
states, the
Holy See,[39]
and the
Sahrawi Arab
Democratic
Republic.[40]
The
remaining UN
member
states,
including
Israel, do not
recognise the
State of
Palestine.
The United
Nations
designates
the claimed
Palestinian
territories as
'occupied' by
Israel,[41] and
accorded
Palestine
non-member
observer state
status in
2012[42] (see
United
Nations
General
Assembly
resolution
67/19).
Palestine also
has
membership
in the Arab
League, the
Organisation
of Islamic
Cooperation
and
UNESCO.[43]

States that are neither UN members nor UN observers

States recognised by at least one UN member state

Other Further
Name Declared Status References
claimants information

Kosovo declared its

independence in 2008. It is
currently recognised by 98
UN members, the Republic
of China, the Cook Islands,
Niue, and the Sovereign
Military Order of Malta. Ten
other UN members have
recognised Kosovo and
subsequently withdrawn
recognition. The United
Nations, as stipulated in
Foreign
Security Council Serbia
relations,
Resolution 1244, has claims
missions (of,
Republic administered the territory Kosovo as
2008 to) [59][60]
of Kosovo since 1999 through the part of its
International
United Nations Interim sovereign
recognition;
Administration Mission in territory.
Political status
Kosovo, with cooperation
from the European Union
since 2008. Kosovo is a
member of the
International Monetary
Fund, World Bank Group,
Venice Commission,
European Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development, and the
International Olympic
Committee, among others.

Morocco invaded and

annexed most of Western
Sahara, forcing Spain to
withdraw from the territory
in 1975.[61] In 1976, the
Polisario Front declared
the independence of
Western Sahara as the
Sahrawi Arab Democratic
Republic (SADR). The
SADR is largely a
government in exile
located in Algeria, which
claims the entire territory of
Western Sahara, but
controls only a small
fraction of it. The SADR is
recognised by 39 UN
member states and South
Ossetia. 45 other UN
member states have
recognised the SADR but
subsequently retracted or
suspended recognition,
Morocco
pending the outcome of a
claims
referendum on self- Foreign
Western
determination.[62][63] The relations,
Sahrawi Sahara
remaining UN member missions (of,
Arab (including
1976 states, including Morocco, to) [67]
Democratic the area
have never recognised the
Republic controlled by International
SADR. The SADR is a recognition;
the SADR)
member of the African Political status
as part of its
Union. United Nations
sovereign
General Assembly
territory.
Resolution 34/37
recognised the right of the
Western Sahara people to
self-determination and
recognised also the
Polisario Front as the
representative of the
Western Sahara people.[64]
Western Sahara is listed
on the United Nations list
of Non-Self-Governing
Territories. Other than
Morocco and the United
States,[65] no state officially
recognises Morocco's
annexation of Western
Sahara, but some states
support the Moroccan
autonomy plan. The Arab
League supports
Morocco's claim over the
entire territory of Western
Sahara.[66]

The Republic of China

(ROC), constitutionally
formed in 1912, and
located primarily in Taiwan
since 1949 (resulting in
'Taiwan' being frequently
used to refer to the state),
enjoyed majority
recognition as the sole
government of China until
roughly the late
1950s/1960s, when a
majority of UN member
states started to gradually
switch recognition to the
People's Republic of China
(PRC). The United Nations
itself recognised the ROC
as the sole representative
of China until 1971, when it The
decided to give this People's
recognition to the PRC Republic of
instead (see United China
Nations General Assembly considers
Resolution 2758). The itself to be
ROC and PRC do not the sole
recognise each other's legitimate
statehood, and each government
enforces its own version of of China
the One-China policy (including
meaning that no state can Taiwan) and
Foreign
recognise both of them at therefore
relations,
Republic the same time[a]. The ROC claims
1912[c] missions (of, [71]
of China is currently recognised by exclusive
to)
14 UN members and the sovereignty
over all Political status
Holy See. Almost all the
remaining UN member territory
states, as well as the Cook controlled by
Islands and Niue, the ROC.
recognise the PRC instead See
of the ROC and either also:
accept the PRC's territorial Two
claim over Taiwan, take a Chinas
non-committal position on and One
Taiwan's status, or China,
sidestep the Taiwan issue One
entirely. A significant Taiwan
number of PRC-
recognising UN member
states, as well as the
Republic of Somaliland,
nonetheless conduct
officially non-diplomatic
relations with the ROC,
designating it as either
'Taipei' or 'Taiwan'. Bhutan
is the only UN member
state that has never
explicitly recognised the
ROC or the PRC. Since
the early 1990s, the ROC
has sought separate
United Nations
membership under a
variety of names, including
'Taiwan'.[70]

Abkhazia declared its

independence in 1999.[72]
It is currently recognised
by 6 UN member states
(Russia, Syria, Nicaragua,
Venezuela, Nauru, and
Foreign
Vanuatu[73][74][75][76][77][78]),
relations,
and three non-UN member
Republic missions (of,
1999 states (South Ossetia, [83][84][85][86][87]
of Abkhazia to)
Artsakh (Nagorno-
International
Karabakh) and
recognition
Transnistria).[79][80] One
UN member state (Tuvalu)
Georgia
had recognised Abkhazia,
claims both
but subsequently
Abkhazia
withdrawn its
and South
recognition.[81][82]
Ossetia as
South Ossetia declared its
part of its
independence in 1991. It is
sovereign
currently recognised by 5
territory.
UN member states
(Russia, Syria, Nicaragua,
Venezuela, and Nauru), Foreign
and four non-UN member relations,
Republic
states (Abkhazia, Artsakh missions (of,
of South 1991 [83][84][85]
(Nagorno-Karabakh), to)
Ossetia
Transnistria, and the International
Sahrawi Arab Democratic recognition
Republic).[79][88] One UN
member state (Tuvalu) had
recognised South Ossetia,
but subsequently withdrew
its recognition.[81][82]

Northern Cyprus declared

its independence in 1983
with its official name being
the "Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus" (TRNC).
It is recognised by one UN
member, Turkey. The
Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation and the
Economic Cooperation
Organization have granted
Northern Cyprus observer
status under the name
"Turkish Cypriot State". The
United Nations Security Republic of
Council Resolution 541 Cyprus Foreign
Turkish defines the declaration of claims the relations,
Republic of independence of Northern area missions (of,
1983 [91]
Northern Cyprus as legally controlled by to)
Cyprus invalid.[89] The the TRNC Cyprus
International Court of as part of its dispute
Justice stated in its sovereign
advisory opinion on territory.
Kosovo's declaration of
independence in 2010 that
"the Security Council in an
exceptional character
attached illegality to the
DOI of TRNC because it
was, or would have been
connected with the
unlawful use of force" and
"general international law
contains no applicable
prohibition of declarations
of independence".[90]

States recognised only by other non-UN member states

Other Further
Name Declared Status References
claimants information

Transnistria (officially the

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Foreign
Republic) declared its Moldova relations,
independence in 1990. It is claims missions (of,
Pridnestrovian
1990 recognised by three non- Transnistria to) [92][93]
Moldavian
UN members: Abkhazia, as part of its International
Republic
Artsakh (Nagorno- sovereign recognition,
Karabakh) and South territory. Political status
Ossetia.

Artsakh (formerly known as

the Nagorno-Karabakh
Republic) declared its Foreign
independence in 1991 Azerbaijan relations,
(roughly at the same time claims missions (of,
Republic
1991 as Azerbaijan itself when Artsakh as to) [92][94]
of Artsakh
the Soviet Union fell). It is part of its International
recognised by three non- sovereign recognition,
UN members: Abkhazia, territory. Political status
South Ossetia and
Transnistria.[88]

Somaliland declared its

independence in 1991. It
claims to be the successor
to the State of Somaliland,
a short lived sovereign
state that existed from 26
June 1960 (when the Somalia
British Somaliland claims Foreign
Republic Protectorate gained full Somaliland relations, [92][97]
1991
of Somaliland independence from the as part of its missions (of,
United Kingdom) to 1 July sovereign to)
1960 (when the State of territory.
Somaliland united with
Somalia to form the Somali
Republic). It is recognised
by one non-UN member:
the Republic of
China.[95][96]

Excluded entities
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a non-state sovereign entity and is not
included, as it claims neither statehood nor territory.[98][99][100][101][102] It has established
full diplomatic relations with 107 sovereign states as a sovereign subject of international
 law,[103] and also maintains full diplomatic relations with the European Union, the Holy
See, and the State of Palestine. Additionally, it participates in the United Nations as an
observer entity. Although it is not recognised as a subject of international law by
France,[104] the order maintains official, but not diplomatic, relations with France and
also with four other states: Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Canada.[105][106]
Uncontacted peoples who either live in societies that cannot be defined as states or
whose statuses as such are not definitively known.
Some subnational entities and regions function as de facto independent states, with the
central government exercising little or no control over their territory. These entities,
however, do not explicitly claim to be independent states and are therefore not included.
Examples include Galmudug and Puntland in Somalia, Gaza in Palestine, the Kurdistan
Region in Iraq, Rojava in Syria, and the Wa State in Myanmar.
Entities considered to be micronations are not included.[d] Even though micronations
generally claim to be sovereign and independent, it is often debatable whether a
micronation truly controls its claimed territory.[e] For this reason, micronations are
usually not considered of geopolitical relevance. For a list of micronations, see list of
micronations.
Those areas undergoing current civil wars and other situations with problems over
government succession, regardless of temporary alignment with the inclusion criteria
(e.g. by receiving recognition as state or legitimate government), where the conflict is
still in its active phase, the situation is too rapidly changing and no relatively stable
proto-states have emerged yet.
Rebel groups that have declared independence and exert some control over territory,
but that reliable sources do not describe as meeting the threshold of a sovereign state
under international law. Examples include Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk
People's Republic, though both entities have received international recognition from
partially-recognized states (see list of rebel groups that control territory for a more
complete list of such groups).
Those of the current irredentist movements and governments in exile that do not satisfy
the inclusion criteria by simultaneously not satisfying the declarative theory and not
having been recognised as state or legitimate government by any other state.
Some states can be slow to establish relations with new UN member states and thus do
not explicitly recognise them, despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable
relations. These are excluded from the list. Examples include Croatia and
Montenegro.[citation needed]

See also
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
Politics portal
Decolonization
Diplomatic recognition
Exclusive mandate
Frozen conflict
Gallery of sovereign state flags
Government in exile
Irredentism
List of civil wars
List of current heads of state of fully or partially unrecognized
states
List of historical unrecognized states
List of micronations
List of rebel groups that control territory
List of sovereign states
List of territorial disputes
List of rump states
Nation state
List of modern proto-states
Self-determination
Separatism
List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
List of active separatist movements recognized by
intergovernmental organizations
Sovereignty
Territorial dispute
Territorial integrity
Unilateral declaration of independence
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

Notes
a. ^ a b Both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China officially claim to
represent the whole of China, stating China is de jure a single sovereign entity
encompassing both the area controlled by the PRC and the area controlled by the ROC.
Neither the PRC nor the ROC officially recognise each other's claim to statehood, and they
compete for diplomatic recognition as the only legitimate representative of China among
other states. Historically, both the PRC and the ROC have broken off diplomatic relations
with any state engaging in diplomatic relations or claiming to recognise the other, though
the ROC has in some instances accepted dual recognition since it transitioned to
democracy in the 1990s. However, as of 2021 no state officially recognises both the ROC
and the PRC.[68][69]
b. ^ a b Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories,
depending on special area classification. Israel maintains minimal interference (retaining
control of borders: air,[45] sea beyond internal waters,[45][46] land[47]) in the Gaza strip (its
interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control), maximum in "Area
C" and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.[48][49][50][51][52] See also Israeli-occupied
territories.
[38][48][49][50][51][52]

c. ^ Date of constitutional formation.

d. ^ Micronations are not included even if they are recognised by another micronation
e. ^ It is far from certain that micronations, which are generally of minuscule size, have
sovereign control over their claimed territories, contrasted with the mere disregard and
indifference toward micronations' assertions by the states from which they allege to have
seceded. By not deeming such declarations (and other acts of the micronation) important
enough to react in any way, these states generally consider micronations to be private
property and their claims as unofficial private announcements of individuals, who remain
subject to the laws of the states in which their properties are located.

References
1. ^ Thomas D. Grant, The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution
(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1999), chapter 1.
2. ^ Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). Recognition in International Law . Cambridge University
Press. p. 64. ISBN 9781107609433. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
3. ^ "Non-member State" . Un.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007.
Retrieved 25 June 2010.
4. ^ "Germany – Countries A to Z" . Auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
5. ^ "Ambasciate Consolati e Uffici di promozione" . Esteri.it. Retrieved 29 April
2011.[dead link]
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Missions Retrieved 3 February 2011
7. ^ "Find an Embassy" . Fco.gov.uk. 14 March 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
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10. ^ "Representative Offices Abroad" . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Public
Information Office. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November
2010.
11. ^ a b "Abkhazia in the system of international relations" . Government of Abkhazia,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
12. ^ "Pagina nueva 1" . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011.
13. ^ "Contacts and addresses of the Somaliland Representative Offices around the world" .
Government of Somaliland. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
14. ^ "Embassies, Missions, General and Special Delegations of Palestine abroad" .
WebGaza.net. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
15. ^ US Library of Congress (7 October 2000). "World War II and Korea" . Country Studies.
Retrieved 28 February 2008.
16. ^ Sterngold, James (3 September 1994). "China, Backing North Korea, Quits Armistice
Commission" . The New York Times. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
17. ^ Pakistan Worldview – Report 21 – Visit to Azerbaijan Senate of Pakistan — Senate
foreign relations committee, 2008
18. ^ Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country"
13 September 2006 [14:03] – Today.Az
19. ^ European Parliament Directorate-General External Policies Policy Department "Turkey
and the problem of the recognition of Cyprus" 20 January 2005 Retrieved 3 February
2011
20. ^ CIA World Factbook (28 February 2008). "Cyprus" . Central Intelligence Agency.
Retrieved 28 February 2008.
21. ^ "Cyprus exists without Turkey's recognition: president" . XINHUA. 1 October 2005.
Retrieved 7 March 2008.
22. ^ European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs "The influence of Turkish military
forces on political agenda-setting in Turkey, analysed on the basis of the Cyprus
question" 18 February 2008 Retrieved 3 February 2011
23. ^ See South Korea–Taiwan relations.
24. ^ Seung-Ho Joo, Tae-Hwan Kwak – Korea in the 21st Century
25. ^ a b "Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea" . Retrieved
27 October 2008.
26. ^ a b Commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées (30 March 2010). "Audition
de M. Jack Lang, envoyé spécial du Président de la République pour la Corée du Nord"
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27. ^ a b Goodman, David (2015). Handbook of the Politics of China .
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28. ^ "Declaration of Independence" . TIME. 19 August 1966. Archived from the original on
6 November 2010. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
29. ^ Scofield, David (4 January 2005). "Seoul's double-talk on reunification" . Asia Times.
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30. ^ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China" . International Human Rights Treaties
and Documents Database. Archived from the original on 16 January 2000. Retrieved
28 February 2008.
31. ^ "PA's Mahmoud Abbas declares suspension of all deals with Israel" . Al Jazeera. 26
July 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
32. ^ "PLO suspends recognition of Israel" . Middle East Monitor. 30 October 2018.
33. ^ Government of Israel (14 May 1948). "Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948" . Yale
University. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
34. ^ United States Congress (5 June 2008). "H. RES. 1249" (PDF).
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36. ^ "Khartoum Resolution" . Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 5
March 2016.
37. ^ Government of Israel. "Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations" .
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38. ^ a b Staff writers (20 February 2008). "Palestinians 'may declare state' " . BBC News.
British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 22 January 2011.:"Saeb Erekat, disagreed
arguing that the Palestine Liberation Organisation had already declared independence in
1988. "Now we need real independence, not a declaration. We need real independence by
ending the occupation. We are not Kosovo. We are under Israeli occupation and for
independence we need to acquire independence".
39. ^ Bannoura, Saed (28 August 2011). "124 Out Of 193 Countries Recognize Palestinian
Independence" . IMEMC News. International Middle East Media Center. Retrieved
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40. ^ Shelley, Toby (1988). "Spotlight on Morocco". West Africa. London: West Africa
Publishing Company Ltd (3712–3723: 5–31 December): 2282. "... the SADR was one of the
first countries to recognise the state of Palestine."
41. ^ Heaney, Christopher. "Committee on Exercise of Inalienable Rights of Palestinian People
– GA Resolution (A/RES/73/18)" .
42. ^ "Palestinians win upgraded UN status by wide margin" . BBC News. 29 November
2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
43. ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. "Arab States:
Palestine" . United Nations. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
44. ^ "Disputed Territories- Forgotten Facts About the West Bank and Gaza Strip" . Israel
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 February 2003. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
45. ^ a b "Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip" .
btselem.org.
46. ^ "Map of Gaza fishing limits, "security zones" " . dissidentvoice.org. December 2009.
Retrieved 11 February 2016.
47. ^ Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace Process : "Israel will guard the
perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the
sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to
prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt (Philadelphi
Route), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security
arrangement."
48. ^ a b Dore Gold (26 August 2005). "Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is
Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws" . Jerusalem Issue Brief. Jerusalem Center
for Public Affairs. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
49. ^ a b Bell, Abraham (28 January 2008). "International Law and Gaza: The Assault on
Israel's Right to Self-Defense" . Jerusalem Issue Brief. Jerusalem Center for Public
Affairs. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
50. ^ a b "Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference" (Press release).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel. 22 January 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
51. ^ a b Zak M. Salih (17 November 2005). "Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation
Status" . University of Virginia School of Law. Archived from the original on 3 March
2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
52. ^ a b "Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation" . Human Rights Watch. 28
October 2004. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
53. ^ "International Recognition of the State of Palestine" . Official website of the Palestinian
National Authority. November 1988. Archived from the original on 10 October 2003.. The
PNA has publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states, including the former
Yugoslavia.
54. ^ Venezuela Pledges Support for Palestinian Statehood during Abbas Visit , November
2009.
55. ^ "Costa Rica Recognizes 'Palestine'" Archived 15 February 2016 at the Wayback
Machine, The Journal of Turkish Weekly 26 February 2008 Retrieved 7 February 2011
56. ^ "South African Representative Office to the Palestinian National Authority" . Sarep.org.
Retrieved 25 June 2010.
57. ^ "Embassies of Palestine" . Webgaza.net. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
58. ^ "Embassy of the State of Palestine in Bratislava" . Palestine.sk. Archived from the
original on 9 August 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
59. ^ "Kosovo MPs proclaim independence" . BBC News. 17 February 2008. Retrieved
28 February 2008.
60. ^ "Kosovo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved
25 June 2010.
61. ^ Zunes, Stephen; Mundy, Jacob (4 August 2010). Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and
Conflict Irresolution . Syracuse University Press. p. 5-6. ISBN 978-0-8156-3219-1.
Retrieved 3 November 2020.
62. ^ "Here the states which recognize the SADR. It is a non-official list, with dates of
recognition and cancellation" . ARSO. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
63. ^ "About Western Sahara" . Australia Western Sahara Association. November 2006.
Retrieved 4 January 2010.
64. ^ Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly at its 34th session , United Nations.
65. ^ "Proclamation on Recognizing The Sovereignty Of The Kingdom Of Morocco Over The
Western Sahara" . whitehouse.gov. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021 – via
National Archives.
66. ^ "Morocco king rejects independence for Western Sahara" . Arab News. 7 November
2017.
67. ^ "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" . 27 February 1976. Archived from the original
on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
68. ^ "Routledge Handbook of State Recognition" . Routledge & CRC Press.
69. ^ "Taiwan cuts ties with Costa Rica over recognition for China" . The New York Times. 7
June 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
70. ^ Winkler, Sigrid (20 June 2012). "Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be" .
71. ^ Global Investment and Business Center, Inc. Staff Taiwan Foreign Policy and National
Security Yearbook 2011 Second Edition International Business Publications, USA ISBN 0-
7397-3660-4 Online version available at Google Books
72. ^ "Regions and territories: Abkhazia" . BBC news. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March
2011.
73. ^ Government of Vanuatu (17 June 2011). "Vanuatu's recognition to the Republic of
Abkhazia" . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
74. ^ Vanuatu's initial recognition was invalidated after the Kilman government was annulled by
the Supreme Court. Kilman was subsequently re-elected and its recognition was re-
confirmed by its Foreign Minister in July 2011: Natapei withdraws recognition of Abkhazia,
Vanuatu Daily Post, 19 June 2011
75. ^ "Vanuatu official denies Abkhazia recognition" . Solomon Star. 6 June 2011. Archived
from the original on 11 June 2011.
76. ^ "Transparency International Vanuatu press release on recognition of Abkhazia" . TI
Georgia.
77. ^ "Vanuatu annuls recognition of Abkhazia – report" . Radio New Zealand International.
19 June 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
78. ^ "Georgia Says Vanuatu Has Withdrawn Recognition of Abkhazia" . Bloomberg L.P. 20
May 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
79. ^ a b "South Ossetia opens embassy in Abkhazia" . The Tiraspol Times. Archived from the
original on 22 April 2008.
80. ^ Government of Tuvalu (20 September 2011). "On the establishment of diplomatic
relations between Republic of Abkhazia and Tuvalu" . Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived
from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
81. ^ a b "Tuvalu takes back recognition of independence of Abkhazia and so-called South
Ossetia" . 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved
31 March 2014.
82. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia – Ministry's Statements" . Archived from the
original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
83. ^ a b "Russia recognises Georgian rebels" . 26 August 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
84. ^ a b "Venezuela's Chavez draws closer to Moscow" . Reuters. 10 September 2009.
Retrieved 20 October 2009.
85. ^ a b "Syria formally recognizes Abkhazia and South Ossetia" . Eurasianet. 29 May 2018.
Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
86. ^ Clogg, Rachel (2001). "Abkhazia: Ten Years On" (PDF). Conciliation Resources.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
87. ^ John Pike. "Georgia mocks Nauru's recognition of Abkhazia" . Globalsecurity.org.
Retrieved 25 June 2010.
88. ^ a b (in Russian) Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют
всем международным стандартам : "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и
Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно
сотрудничают между собой", – сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ...
"...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." – сказал
он." English language translation from Microsoft Translator
89. ^ "Security Council resolution 541 (1983) on Cyprus" . Un.int. Archived from the original
on 28 August 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
90. ^ "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in
Respect of Kosovo, Paragraph 81" (PDF). International Court of Justice. 22 July 2010.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
91. ^ Hadar, Leon (16 November 2005). "In Praise of 'Virtual States' " . AntiWar. Retrieved
28 February 2008.
92. ^ a b c Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing
the Recognition of Contested States . Oxford University Press. p. 53.
ISBN 9780199698394. "...there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared
independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for
statehood but have not been recognized by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh,
and Somaliland."
93. ^ "Abkhazia: Ten Years On" . BBC 2. 2001. Archived from the original on 21 December
2009. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
94. ^ BBC Country Profiles: Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh . Retrieved 14
September 2009.
95. ^ "Taiwan, Somaliland to set up representative offices - Taipei Times" .
www.taipeitimes.com. 2 July 2020.
96. ^ "Taiwan, Somaliland announce bilateral relations" . www.aa.com.tr.
97. ^ BBC Country Profiles: Regions and territories: Somaliland . Retrieved 14 September
2009.
98. ^ "La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica" . Venezuela Analitica. 1 May 1999.
Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. English language
translation "The Order of Malta, within the limits that are compatible with its actual position
as a subject deprived of territory, is in the international community, a sovereign entity on par
with the States, and the Prince Grand Master is comparable, from the point of view of
international law, to the Heads of State."
99. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York
"The admission of Order of Malta to the United Nations also further solidified its legally
recognized sovereignty ..."
100. ^ Shaw, Malcolm Nathan International Law Fifth Edition Cambridge University Press 2003
ISBN 0-521-82473-7 p. 218 Searchable text , available via Amazon.com, "The Italian
Court of Cassation in 1935 recognised the international personality of the Order, noting that
'the modern theory of the subjects of international law recognises a number of collective
units whose composition is independent of the nationality of their constituent members and
whose scope transcends by virtue of their universal character the territorial confines of any
single state.' (Nanni v. Pace and the Sovereign Order of Malta 8 AD, p. 2. See also …)"
101. ^ "Reconócese a la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta como Entidad Internacionál
Independiente" . Boletín Oficiál de la República Argentina, Año LIX, Número 16.92.
Buenos Aires. 19 June 1951. p. 1. "The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Argentina, in
Congress assembled, enact as LAW: Article 1 – The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is
hereby recognized as an international independent entity."
102. ^ "La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica" . Venezuela Analitica. 1 May 1999.
Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. English language
translation "[T]he clear territorial separation of sovereign areas that exists between the
Italian State and the State of Vatican City does not exist between the Order of Malta and
the Italian State, but neither can it be said that the treatment given to the headquarters of
the Order (Aventine, Via Condotti) is, simply, that reserved for the headquarters of
diplomatic missions accredited to the Italian State. In fact, the headquarters of the Order
have diplomatic extraterritoriality (authoritarian acts of any kind – executive, acts of
inspection, judicial – cannot take place inside), but in addition, the Italian State recognizes
the exercise, in the headquarters, of the prerogatives of sovereignty. This means that Italian
sovereignty and Maltese sovereignty coexist without overlapping, because the Order
exercises sovereign functions in a wider area than occurs in the diplomatic missions of the
States for, although [those diplomatic missions] enjoy extraterritoriality, the guarantees
deriving from the privilege of immunity are constrained to a purely administrative area; the
Order, instead, makes use of extraterritoriality to meet the very acts of sovereign self-
determination that are the same as the States (legislative, judicial, administrative, financial
acts)."
103. ^ The Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintains embassies around the world and
receives accreditations from foreign ambassadors.
104. ^ "The Sovereignty of the Order of Malta" . heraldica.org.
105. ^ Ordine di Malta. "Bilateral relations" . orderofmalta.org. Archived from the original on
7 August 2010.
106. ^ "Schengen States Visa Working Party – Table of travel documents" . Council of the
European Union. 27 June 2010. Archived from the original (Online PDF) on 20 November
2010.

Further reading
Adrian Florea, "De Facto States: Survival and Disappearance (1945–2011)."
International Studies Quarterly, Volume 61, Issue 2, June 2017, Pages 337–351
Florea, Adrian (6 May 2020). "Rebel governance in de facto states" (PDF). European
Journal of International Relations. SAGE Publishing. 26 (4): 1004–1031.
doi:10.1177/1354066120919481 . S2CID 53365477 .
Geldenhuys, Deon (2009). Contested States in World Politics . Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN 978-0-230-23418-5.
Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the
Recognition of Contested States (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 9780199698394.
Nationalities Papers. Special Issue on the Emergence and Resilience of Parastates.

V ·T ·E States with limited recognition [show]

Categories: Lists of countries States with limited recognition

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