Essential content

C3,C4

13 and 14. Male and Female

Contraception Methods

What are the different

ways for birth control?

Which method is safer

and more advantageous?

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INTRODUCTION
C1,C4

Many elements need to be considered by women, men, or couples at any given point in their
lifetimes when choosing the most appropriate contraceptive method. These elements include
safety, effectiveness, availability (including accessibility and affordability), and acceptability.
Voluntary informed choice of contraceptive methods is an essential guiding principle, and
contraceptive counseling, when applicable, might be an important contributor to the successful
use of contraceptive methods.

In choosing a method of contraception, dual protection from the simultaneous risk for HIV and
other STDs also should be considered. Although hormonal contraceptives and IUDs are highly
effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against STDs, including HIV. Consistent
and correct use of the male latex condom reduces the risk for HIV infection and other STDs,
including chlamydial infection, gonococcal infection, and trichomoniasis.

Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUD)—The LNG IUD is a small T-

shaped device like the Copper T IUD. It is placed inside the uterus by a
doctor. It releases a small amount of progestin each day to keep you from
getting pregnant. The LNG IUD stays in your uterus for up to 3 to 6 years,
depending on the device. Typical use failure rate: 0.1-0.4%.

Copper T intrauterine device (IUD)—This IUD is a small device that is shaped

in the form of a “T.” Your doctor places it inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It can stay in
your uterus for up to 10 years. Typical use failure rate: 0.8%. 1

Hormonal Methods
HUMAN REPRODUCTION Instructor: JOHN PAUL V. VERZO, LPT
 Implant—The implant is a single, thin rod that is inserted under the skin of
a women’s upper arm. The rod contains a progestin that is released into the
body over 3 years. Typical use failure rate: 0.1%.

Injection or “shot”—Women get shots of the hormone progestin in the

buttocks or arm every three months from their doctor. Typical use failure
rate: 4%.

Combined oral contraceptives—Also called “the pill,” combined oral

contraceptives contain the hormones estrogen and progestin. It is prescribed
by a doctor. A pill is taken at the same time each day. If you are older than 35
years and smoke, have a history of blood clots or breast cancer, your doctor
may advise you not to take the pill. Typical use failure rate: 7%.

Progestin only pill—Unlike the combined pill, the progestin-only pill (sometimes called the
mini-pill) only has one hormone, progestin, instead of both estrogen and progestin. It is
prescribed by a doctor. It is taken at the same time each day. It may be a good option for
women who can’t take estrogen. Typical use failure rate: 7%

Patch—This skin patch is worn on the lower abdomen, buttocks, or upper

body (but not on the breasts). This method is prescribed by a doctor. It
releases hormones progestin and estrogen into the bloodstream. You put on
a new patch once a week for three weeks. During the fourth week, you do not
wear a patch, so you can have a menstrual period. Typical use failure rate:
7%.

Hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring—The ring releases the hormones

progestin and estrogen. You place the ring inside your vagina. You wear the
ring for three weeks, take it out for the week you have your period, and then
put in a new ring. Typical use failure rate: 7%.

Barrier Methods
Diaphragm or cervical cap—Each of these barrier methods are placed
inside the vagina to cover the cervix to block sperm. The diaphragm is shaped
like a shallow cup. The cervical cap is a thimble-shaped cup. Before sexual
intercourse, you insert them with spermicide to block or kill sperm. Visit your

HUMAN REPRODUCTION Instructor: JOHN PAUL V. VERZO, LPT

 doctor for a proper fitting because diaphragms and cervical caps come in different sizes.
Typical use failure rate for the diaphragm: 17%

Sponge—The contraceptive sponge contains spermicide and is placed in the vagina where it
fits over the cervix. The sponge works for up to 24 hours, and must be left in the vagina for at
least 6 hours after the last act of intercourse, at which time it is removed and discarded.
Typical use failure rate: 14% for women who have never had a baby and 27% for women who
have had a baby.

Male condom—Worn by the man, a male condom keeps sperm from getting
into a woman’s body. Latex condoms, the most common type, help prevent
pregnancy, and HIV and other STDs, as do the newer synthetic condoms.
“Natural” or “lambskin” condoms also help prevent pregnancy, but may not
provide protection against STDs, including HIV. Typical use failure rate:
13%.1 Condoms can only be used once. You can buy condoms, KY jelly, or
water-based lubricants at a drug store. Do not use oil-based lubricants such as massage oils,
baby oil, lotions, or petroleum jelly with latex condoms. They will weaken the condom, causing
it to tear or break.

Female condom—Worn by the woman, the female condom helps keeps

sperm from getting into her body. It is packaged with a lubricant and is
available at drug stores. It can be inserted up to eight hours before sexual
intercourse. Typical use failure rate: 21%, and also may help prevent STDs.

Spermicides—These products work by killing sperm and come in several

forms—foam, gel, cream, film, suppository, or tablet. They are placed in the
vagina no more than one hour before intercourse. You leave them in place at
least six to eight hours after intercourse. You can use a spermicide in
addition to a male condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap. They can be
purchased at drug stores. Typical use failure rate: 21%.

Fertility Awareness-Based Methods

Fertility awareness-based methods—Understanding your monthly fertility
patternexternal  can help you plan to get pregnant or avoid getting pregnant.
Your fertility pattern is the number of days in the month when you are fertile
(able to get pregnant), days when you are infertile, and days when fertility is
unlikely, but possible. If you have a regular menstrual cycle, you have about
nine or more fertile days each month. If you do not want to get pregnant, you
do not have sex on the days you are fertile, or you use a barrier method of
birth control on those days. Failure rates vary across these methods. 1-2 Range of typical use
failure rates: 2-23%

For women who have recently had a baby and are breastfeeding, the
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) can be used as birth control when
three conditions are met: 1) amenorrhea (not having any menstrual periods
after delivering a baby), 2) fully or nearly fully breastfeeding, and 3) less than
6 months after delivering a baby. LAM is a temporary method of birth control,
and another birth control method must be used when any of the three
conditions are not met.

HUMAN REPRODUCTION Instructor: JOHN PAUL V. VERZO, LPT

 Emergency Contraception

Emergency contraception is NOT a regular method of birth control. Emergency contraception

can be used after no birth control was used during sex, or if the birth control method failed,
such as if a condom broke.

Copper IUD—Women can have the copper T IUD inserted within five days of
unprotected sex.
Emergency contraceptive pills—Women can take emergency contraceptive
pills up to 5 days after unprotected sex, but the sooner the pills are taken, the
better they will work. There are three different types of emergency
contraceptive pills available in the United States. Some emergency contraceptive pills are
available over the counter.

Permanent Methods of Birth Control

Female Sterilization—Tubal ligation or “tying tubes”— A woman can
have her fallopian tubes tied (or closed) so that sperm and eggs cannot meet
for fertilization. The procedure can be done in a hospital or in an outpatient
surgical center. You can go home the same day of the surgery and resume
your normal activities within a few days. This method is effective immediately.
Typical use failure rate: 0.5%

Male Sterilization–Vasectomy—This operation is done to keep a man’s sperm from going to

his penis, so his ejaculate never has any sperm in it that can fertilize an egg. The procedure is
typically done at an outpatient surgical center. The man can go home the same day. Recovery
time is less than one week. After the operation, a man visits his doctor for tests to count his
sperm and to make sure the sperm count has dropped to zero; this takes about 12 weeks.
Another form of birth control should be used until the man’s sperm count has dropped to zero.
Typical use failure rate: 0.15%.
Name: ________________________ BSED- English 2
Week 11, Finals

LEARNING
REFLECTION
In your opinion, which method is the worst of all in this discussion? Why? Which is
best for your community? Why?

HUMAN REPRODUCTION Instructor: JOHN PAUL V. VERZO, LPT

 LEARNING RUBRICS

21ST CENTURY LITERACY

INTEGRATION:

References
C1. CHARACTER
C2. CITIZENSHIP
C3. COMMUNICATION
C4. CRITICAL THINKING
C5. COLLABORATION
C6. CREATIVITY

1. Trussell J, Aiken ARA, Micks E, Guthrie KA. Efficacy, safety, and personal
considerations. In: Hatcher RA, Nelson AL, Trussell J, Cwiak C, Cason P, Policar
MS, Edelman A, Aiken ARA, Marrazzo J, Kowal D, eds. Contraceptive
technology. 21st ed. New York, NY: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., 2018.
2. Peragallo Urrutia R, Polis CB, Jensen ET, Greene ME, Kennedy E, Stanford
JB. Effectiveness of fertility awareness-based methods for pregnancy
prevention: A systematic reviewexternal icon. Obstet Gynecol 2018;132:591-
604.

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HUMAN REPRODUCTION Instructor: JOHN PAUL V. VERZO, LPT