Lecture 1: Frequency

Response

1
dB and dBm :

u2
Voltage gain: u1 Gain = G u2
G
u1
Gain in dB : A  20 log(G ) [dB]

Circuit 1 Circuit 2
u1 u2 G= G1G2 :
Gain = G1 Gain = G2

A  20 log(G1G2 )  20 log(G1 )  20 log(G2 )

A  A1  A2
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  P 
Power level: dBm PdBM  10 log 
 1mW 

P = 1 mW  PdBM = 0 dBm
P = 10 mW  PdBM = 10 dBm
P = 100 mW  PdBM = 20 dBm
P=1W  PdBM = 30 dBm

P = 100 mW  PdBM = -10 dBm

P = 10 mW  PdBM = -20 dBm
P = 1 mW  PdBM = -30 dBm

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Power gain and Voltage gain

U2
Voltage gain:
GV  U1 R1 Amplifier R2 U2
U1

U12 U 22
Input Power : P1  Output power: P2 
R1 R2

U 22 R1 2  R1 
Power gain: GP  2
 GV  
R2 U1  R2 

For R1 = R2 GP = GV2 10 log(GP )  20 log(GV )

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Frequency Domain
RC Circuit :
1- High Pass Filter
ZC
C
I i(t)
U in R U out
uin(t) R uout(t)

uin ( t )  A sin(t )
 = 2p f
R 1
U OUT  U IN ZC 
R  ZC jC

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G() : Complex transfer function of the circuit

U OUT R 1 1
G ( )    C 
U IN 1  RC
R 1 j C
jC 
 C : Cutoff Frequency
U OUT 1
G ( )  
U IN  
2

1  C 
  

 Im(G )   C 
 ( )  a tan   a tan 
 Re (G )    

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 U OUT 1
Bode Diagram: G ( )    = 2pf
U IN  
2

1  C 
 
Approximation: Asymptotic behavior :


1:     C  G(  ) 
C
A(f) = 20 log (|G(f)| ) in dB (decibel)
1
2:   C  G ( ) 
2 A(f) [dB]

3:     C  G(  )  1 0
-3 dB

-10
Slope:
20 dB/déc
-20
f [Hz]
10 100 fC 1000 10000
-40

-50

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  Im( G )   C 
 ( )  a tan   a tan 
 Re (G )   
(f) [°]

90

75

60

45

30

15

f [Hz]
10 fC 100 1000 10000

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 Example 1: High-pass Filter

A( f ) [dB]
fC=159.155

10
C

i(t) 0
-3 dB
uin(t) uout(t) R
10

20

C=1mF
30
R=1kW

40

50
1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
3 4 5
1 10 100

f [Hz]
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Phase variation (f):
 (f)
fC=159.155

90

75

60

45

30

15

0
1 .10 1 .10 1 . 10
3 4 5
1 10 100

f [Hz]

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 2- Low-Pass Filter
R

1 i(t)
U OUT j C 1 uin(t) C uout(t)
G ( )   
U IN 1 
R 1 j
j C C
uin ( t )  A sin(t )
1
C  C : Cutoff frequency  =2 pf
RC

G ( ) 
U OUT

1  
 ( )  a tan 
U IN    C 
2

1  
 C 

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 R

Example 2: Low-Pass Filter i(t) C=1mF,

uin(t) C uout(t) R=1kW

A (f) [dB] fC=159.155

10

0
-3dB

10

20

30

40

50
1 .10 1 . 10 1 . 10
3 4 5
1 10 100
f [Hz]

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Approximation: Asymptotic behavior

U 1 1:    C  G( )  1
G ( )  OUT 
U IN 1
    C  G ( ) 
2
2:
1   2
 C  C
3:    C  G ( ) 

A (f) [dB] fC=159.155
10

0
-3dB

10

20

30

40

50
1 . 10 1 . 10 1 . 10
3 4 5
1 10 100
f [Hz]
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Phase variation (f):

 ( f) [deg]
fC=159.155
0

-15

-30

-45

-60

-75

-90
3 4 5
1 10 100 1 . 10 1 . 10 1 . 10

f [Hz]

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Graphical representation of
elementary functions
1. Graphical representation of G1(j) = A =
constant

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2. Graphical representation of G2(j) = j/c

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4. Graphical representation of G3(j) = 1 + j/c

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5. Graphical representation of G4(j) = 1/(1 + j/c)

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