8.9.

2 jj-couplings

When the interaction between each Li and S; is strong, this type of coupling develops
where the individual Li's combine with the corresponding S;'s to form a Ji, the total
angular momentum of the ith electron. Then these J;'s couple to form J, the total
angular momentum of the atom. This coupling scheme is called jj-coupling which is,
distinctly different from the LS-coupling. Symbolically, therefore,
= +51; J2 D2 + S2;
=

and J= Jh +Ja t..=2

This type of coupling is applicable to heavy elements.
Pure ij-coupling is rather rare. Many heavy elements have spectra requiring tor
their interpretation a coupling which is interinediate between
the LS and jj.
Let consider two valence electrons with angular quantum numbers ji
us

and j2. These angular quantum numbers combine in various possible

relative orientations. The resultant angular quantum number J which
varies from lji - j2| to (i1 + 2). The resultant of jil Vij1 + 1 and
is J" VJ(J+1). The resultant terms denotord
3= Vi2(j2 + 1)] = are

as (ii2)J. Schematic representation of the jj-coupling is shown in

Figure 4.
J

*******************"**********************************
***************** * *****************
***

*s********************* *****
J2 ...
*

****************************************************a*osue*o******************************* a******
**** **********
******************
******************

.* * * * * * * * * * .s T* * * * * * * * * * * *****************
**
.

* * *as e*gen e * * * * * * * * *
. .
.....
... .
..
. *************************************** ***************** ******************************ss*

************"******************.
. . *****************

******************

"* * * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * .* * * * ;
************
.. *** ***

****************************** *****************************************"**************************

***********************************

******I *T*********
**** ***** ..

********* r.
*****
*****
* *

Schematic representatnon of jj
Figure 4: coupling.