TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES (Continuation)

Gabriel Asare Okyere (PHD)

Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.

October 19, 2017

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 1 / 14
 Outline

1 APPLICATION OF TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES

2 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 2 / 14
 APPLICATION OF TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES

Using Taylor Polynomials to Approximate a Sine Value

Example
Use a Taylor series to approximate sin(1.234567) accurate within 10−11 .

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 3 / 14
 APPLICATION OF TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES

Solution
From previous lectures, we established that the Taylor expansion for f (x) = sin x
about x = 0 is
∞
X (−1)k 2k+1
sin x = x
(2k + 1)!
k=0

with interval of convergence (−∞, ∞).

Taking x = 1.234567
P∞ (−1)k
sin 1.234567 = k=0 (1.234567)2k+1 which is an alternating series.
(2k + 1)!
To determine the number of terms needed for the summation, we must find the
(1.234567)2k+1
integer k such that < 10−11 . By trial and error,
(2k + 1)!
k = 8. Thus we compute the partial sums
7
X (−1)k
sin 1.234567 ≈ (1.234567)2k+1 ≈ 0.94400543137
(2k + 1)!
k=0

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 4 / 14
 APPLICATION OF TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES

Using Taylor Series to Approximate a Definite Integral

Example
R1
Use a Taylor polynomial with n = 8 to approximate −1
cos(x 2 )dx

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 5 / 14
 APPLICATION OF TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES

Solution
Since we do not know an antiderivative of cos(x 2 ), we must rely on a numerical
approximation of the integral. Since we are integrating on the interval (−1, 1), a
Maclaurin series expansion (i.e, a Taylor series expansion about x = 0) is a good
choice. We have
∞
X (−1)k 2k
cos x = x
(2k)!
k=0

which converges on all of (−∞, infty ) Replacing x by x 2 gives us

∞
X (−1)k 1 1 1
cos(x 2 ) = x 4k = 1 − x 4 + x 8 − x 6 + . . .
(2k!) 2 4! 6!
k=0

1 1
=⇒ cos(x 2 ) ≈ 1 − x 4 + x 8
2 4!
The approximation is hence
!
Z 1 Z 1
2 1 4 1 8
cos(x )dx ≈ 1 − x + x dx
−1 −1 2 4!

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 6 / 14
 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

The Bessel Function

While you have now calculated Taylor series expansions of many familiar
functions, many other functions are actually defined by a power series. These
include many functions in the very important class of special functions that
frequently arise in physics and engineering applications. One important family of
special functions are the Bessel functions, which arise in the study of fluid
mechanics, acoustics, wave propagation and other areas of applied mathematics.

The Bessel function of order p is defined by the power series:

∞
X (−1)k x 2k+p
Jp (x) =
22k+p k!(k + p)!2
k=0

for nonnegative integers p.

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 7 / 14
 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

The Radius of Convergence of a Bessel Function

Example
Find the radius of convergence for the series defining the Bessel function J0 (x)

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 8 / 14
 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

Solution
∞
X (−1)k x 2k
J0 (x) =
22k k!(k!)2
k=0

The Ratio test gives

     
a 
 k+1 
 x 2k+2 22k (k!)2   x2 
lim   = lim  2k+2 = lim =0<1
  
k→infty  ak  k→∞  2 [(k + 1)!]2 x 2k  k→∞  4(k + 1)2 
 

for all x. The series then converges absolutely for all x and so, the radius of
convergence is ∞

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 9 / 14
 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

The Zeros of Bessel Functions

Example
Verify graphically that on the interval [0, 10], the zeros of J0 (x) and J1 (x)
alternate.

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 10 / 14
 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

Solution
n
X (−1)k x 2k
J0 (x) ≈
22k k!(k!)2
k=0

and
n
X (−1)k x 2k+1
J1 (x) ≈
22k+1 k!(k + 1)!2
k=0

Determining how large n should be in order to produce a reasonable graph,

 
n
 X (−1)k x 2k  x 2n+2
J0 (x) −  ≤ 2n+2

 2k 2
2 k!(k!)  2 [(n + 1)!]2
k=0

and  
n
 X (−1)k x 2k+1  x 2n+3
J1 (x) − ≤

22k+1 k!(k + 1)!2  22n+3 (n + 1)!(n + 2)!2


k=0

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 11 / 14
 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

Solution Cont’d
With the maximum error in each occurring at x = 10. For n = 12, we have
 
12
 X (−1)k x 2k  x 2(12)+2
J0 (x) − ≤ < 0.04

22k k!(k!)2  22(12)+2 [((12) + 1)!]2


k=0

and
 12

 X (−1)k x 2k+1  x 2(12)+3
J1 (x) − ≤ < 0.04

22k+1 k!(k + 1)!2  22(12)+3 ((12) + 1)!((12) + 2)!2


k=0

So for n = 12, an approximation within 0.04 is correct for values of x in the

interval [0, 10].

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 12 / 14
 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

Solution Cont’d

Figure:

From this, it is now apparent that the zeros of J0 (x) and J1 (x) do indeed
alternate on the interval [0, 10]

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 13 / 14
 THE BESSEL FUNCTION

Remark
To any interval of positive numbers and any two Bessel functions of consecutive
order. That is, between consecutive zeros of Jp (x) is a zero of Jp+1 (x) and
between consecutive zeros of Jp+1 (x) is a zero of Jp (x).

Gabriel Asare Okyere (Kwame Nkrumah Unversity of Science and Technology.)

Sequence and Series October 19, 2017 14 / 14