SAINT MARY’S ANGELS COLLEGE OF PAMPANGA

Olongapo-Gapan Road, Sta. Ana, 2022, Pampanga

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
IN MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
(TRIGONOMETRY AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY)
(CE MATH 113A)

A.Y. 2020-2021

REFERENCES:

1. Rider, P. R. (1942). Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, USA, The Macmillan Company
2. Fuller, G. (1954). Analytic Geometry. USA, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Unit 2: Trigonometry of Right Triangles
OBJECTIVE

 Use the Sum of Angles Formula and the Pythagorean Theorem to find the missing lengths of the sides
of a right triangle.
 Know the Pythagorean Theorem and be shown an informal proof of the theorem.
 Find the missing lengths and angles of a right triangle.
 Find the exact trigonometric function values for angles that measure 30°, 45°, and 60°.
 Solve applied problems using right triangle trigonometry.

BASIC DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics dealing with the relations of the sides and angles of
triangles and with the relevant functions of any angles.
2. Right Angles is an angle of exactly 90° (degrees).
3. Acute Angles is an angle of having a measurement between 0 and 90 degrees.
4. Pythagorean Theorem is a theorem attributed to Pythagoras that the square of the hypotenuse
of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
5. A Right triangle is triangle with an angle of 90 degrees. The sides a, b and c of such
a triangle satisfy the Pythagorean theorem
6. The Angle of elevation is the angle between a horizontal line from the observer and the line of
sight to an object that is above the horizontal line.
7. The Angle of depression is the angle between a horizontal line from the observer and the line of
sight to an object that is below the horizontal line.

THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Formula:
a 2+b 2=c 2
Where:
c: Hypotenuse of the Right Triangle
a & b: Legs of the Right Triangle

PROOF OF PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Area of Square ABCD
2 2 2
Area=( a+b ) =a +2 ab+b
Area of Four Triangles
Area=4 ( 12 ab)=2 ab
Area of Square EFGH
Area=c 2
Proof:
Area of Square ABCD = Area of Square EFGH + Area of Triangles
a 2+2 ab+ b2=c2 +2 ab
a 2+b 2=c 2

SUM OF ANGLES OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE

Formula:
A + B = 90
A + B + C = 180
Where:
C: Right Angle of the Triangle
A & B: Acute Angles of the Triangle

THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

IF THE REFERENCE ANGLE IS ANGLE A

a
A= =SideOpposite ¿ Angle A c Hypotenuse
c cscA = = Angle A ¿
sin ¿ a SideOpposite ¿
Hypotenuse

b ¿
cosA = =Side Adjacent ¿ Angle A
c Hypotenuse
c Hypotenuse
secA= = Angle A ¿
b Side Adjacent ¿
 a ¿
tanA= =Side Opposite¿ Angle A Angle A ¿
b Side Adjacent ¿
b ¿
cotA = =Side Adjacent ¿ Angle A Angle A ¿
a Side Opposite¿

IF THE REFERENCE ANGLE IS ANGLE B

b
B= =Side Opposite ¿ Angle B c Hypotenuse
c cscB= = Angle B ¿
sin ¿ b SideOpposite ¿
Hypotenuse
a ¿
cosB= =Side Adjacent ¿ Angle B
c Hypotenuse
c Hypotenuse
secA= = Angle B ¿
a Side Adjacent ¿
b ¿
tanB= =SideOpposite ¿ Angle B Angle B ¿
a Side Adjacent ¿
b ¿
cotB= =Side Adjacent ¿ Angle B Angle B ¿
a Side Opposite¿

RIGHT TRIANGLES

 45-45-90 TRIANGLE THEOREM

In a 45-45-90 Triangle, both legs are congruent and the length of the hypotenuse is √ 2 times the
length of a leg.
Hypotenuse = √ 2 * leg length

 30-60-90 TRIANGLE THEOREM

 In a 30-60-90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is two times the length of the shorter side. The
length of the longer leg is √ 3 times the length of the shorter leg.
Hypotenuse = 2 * shorter leg
Longer Leg = √ 3 * shorter leg 

ANGLE OF ELEVATION

The angle of elevation is the angle between a horizontal line from the observer and the line of sight to an
object that is above the horizontal line.

In the diagram below, AB is the horizontal line. θ is the angle of elevation from the observer at A to the
object at C.

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

The angle of depression is the angle between a horizontal line from the observer and the line of sight to
an object that is below the horizontal line.

In the diagram below, PQ is the horizontal line. θ is the angle of depression from the observer at P to the
object at R.

DIRECTIONS AND BEARINGS

The direction to a point is stated as the number of degrees east or west of north or south.

Illustration:
Examples:
The direction of A from O is N30ºE.
 The bearing to a point is the angle measured in a clockwise direction from the north line.

Examples:
The bearing of P from O is 065º.
The bearing of Q from O is 300º.
The direction of P from O is N65ºE.
The direction of Q from O is N60ºW.

A bearing is used to represent the direction of one point relative to another point.

Examples:
The bearing of A from B is 065º.
The bearing of B from A is 245º.

Notes:
 Three figures are used to
give bearings.
 All bearings are measured
in a horizontal plane.

PROBLEM 1

Find the value of each of the six trigonometric functions of the angle θ in figure below

PROBLEM 2
Given sin θ=√ 5 /5 and cos θ=2 √ 5 /5 find the value of each of the four remaining trigonometric
functions of θ .

PROBLEM 3

In the 30 – 60 – 90 degrees triangle at the right, the length of the shorter leg is given. Determine the
longer leg of the right triangle as shown below.

PROBLEM 4

Find the length of the hypotenuse in the 45 – 45 – 90 degrees triangle shown below:

PROBLEM 5

The sum of the two interior angles of the triangle is equal to the third angle and the difference of the two
angles is equal to 2/3 of the angle. Find the third angle.

PROBLEM 6

A tiny but horrible alien is standing at the top of the Eiffel Tower (which is 324 meters tall) and
threatening to destroy the city of Paris! A Man in Black agent is standing at ground level, 54 meters
across the Eiffel square, aiming his laser gun at the alien. At what angle, in degrees, should the agent
shoot his laser gun?

PROBLEM 7

A boat sails from a certain port in the direction N30ºW. After the boat has sailed 20 km, how far is it west
of the port?

PROBLEM 8

A cyclist travels 10 km south, then 8 km east. Find the cyclist's bearing from her starting point to the
nearest degree.

PROBLEM 9

Towers A and B are constructed on a horizontal plain, B being 200 m above the plain. The angle of
elevation of the top of the tower A as seen from point C in the plain (in the same vertical plane with A
and B)is 50°, while the angle of depression of C viewed from the top of the tower B is 28°28’ and the
angle subtended at the top of tower B by the top of tower A and C is 50°. Find the height of A.

PROBLEM 10
The angle of elevation of the top point D of a tower from A is 25°. From another point B, the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower at D is 56°. Points A and B is 300 m apart and are the same horizontal
planes as the foot C of the tower. The horizontal angle subtended by A and B at the foot of the tower is
90°. Find the height of the tower in meters.