MPCBE Class X_Text Book_CDF (CBSE)

PHYSICS
I. LIGHT: REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

1. A smooth highly polished surface from which regular reflection can take place is
called mirror

2. Laws of reflection of light:

i. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and

ii. The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the
reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.

3. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, that is, faces
towards the center of the sphere is called a concave mirror.

4. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, is called a convex

mirror.

5. The midpoint of a spherical mirror is called pole.

6. The center of the sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part, is called center
of curvature

7. An imaginary line passing through the pole and center of curvature of a spherical
mirror is called principal axis

8. Principal focus is a point on principal axis, where a beam of light, parallel to

principal axis after reflection either actually meets or appear to diverge.

9. The linear distance between pole and principal focus is called focal length.

10. The linear distance between pole and center of curvature is called radius of
curvature.

11. Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and vehicles
headlights to get powerful parallel beam of light.

12. Concave mirrors are often used as shaving mirrors to see a large image of the
face

13. The dentists use concave mirrors to see large image of the teeth of patients.

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14. Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar
furnaces.

15. Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles.

16. Convex mirrors always give an erect and diminished image

17. Image formation by a concave mirror for different positions of the object:
Position of Position of the Size of the Nature of the
the object image image image

At infinity At the focus F Highly diminished, Real and inverted

point-sized
Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted

At C At C Same size Real and inverted

Between C Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted

and F
At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted

Between P Behind the Enlarged Virtual and erect

and F mirror
18. Image formation by a convex mirror for different positions of the object:
Position of the Position of the Size of the Nature of the
object image image image

At infinity At the focus F, Highly Virtual and erect

behind the diminished,
mirror point-sized
Between infinity Between P and F, Diminished Virtual and erect
and pole P of the behind the
mirror mirror

19. Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors:

i. The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light
from the object falls on the mirror from the left-hand side.
ii. All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the
mirror.
iii. All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken
as positive while those measured to the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are
taken as negative.

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iv. Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y-
axis) are taken as positive.
v. Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along –y-
axis) are taken as negative.
20. Mirror Formula:

1 1 1
+ =
v u f
21. i. Magnification produced by a spherical mirror gives the relative extent to which
the image of an object is magnified with respect to the object size.

(Height of the image (h' ))

m=
(Height of the object ( h))
ii. The magnification m is also related to the object distance (u) and image distance
(v). It can be expressed as:

h' - v
m= =
h u
22. If the light rays are travelling from one medium to another they change their
direction at the boundary between two mediums.
Cause: It is due to the change of speed of light in different medium that the light
rays are refracted.
23. Laws of Refraction Of Light:
i. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
ii. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a
constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is
also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then,

sin i
= constant
sin r

This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect

sin i n2
to the first. i.e. 
sin r n1

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24. Refractive Index:

i. Absolute Refractive Index: Absolute refractive index is the ratio of the speed of

light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.

The value of absolute refractive index is greater than unity.

(Speed of light in air ) c

nm = =
(Speed of light in the medium) v

Where c  3 108 m/s.

ii. Relative Refractive Index: Relative refractive index is the ratio of the speed of

light in the medium 1 to the speed of light in medium 2.

The value of absolute refractive index may be greater than or less than unity.

The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 is given by

(Speed of light in medium 1) v1

n 21 = =
(Speed of light in medium 2) v 2

25. Image formation by a convex lens for different positions of the object:
Position of the Position of Size of the Nature of the
object the image image image

At infinity At the focus F Highly Real and inverted

diminished,
point-sized
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 Diminished Real and inverted
and 2F2
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and inverted

Between F1 and Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and inverted

2F1
At Focus F1 At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted

Between F1and In front of the Enlarged Virtual and erect

optical center O lens

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26. Image formation by a concave lens for different positions of the object:
Position of the Position of the Size of the Nature of the
object image image image

At infinity At focus F1 Highly diminished, Virtual and

point-sized erect

Between infinity Between F1 and Diminished Virtual and

and optical optical centre O erect
centre O of the
lens

1 1 1
27. Lens Formula: = -
f v u

h' v
Magnification : m= =
h u
28. The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a lens is
expressed in terms of its power.

(or)

The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. It is represented
by the letter P. The power P of a lens of focal length f is given by

P = 1/f(m) = 100/f(cm)

Power is measured in diopter [D]

II. THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD

1. The front transparent part of the sclera is called cornea. Light enters the eye
through the cornea.
2. A dark muscular tissue and ring-like structure behind the cornea are known as
the iris. The colour of iris actually indicates the colour of the eye. The iris also
helps regulate or adjust exposure by adjusting the iris.

3. A small opening in the iris is known as a pupil. Its size is controlled by the help of
iris. It controls the amount of light that enters into the eye.

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4. Behind the pupil, there is a transparent structure called a lens. By the action of
ciliary muscles, it changes its shape to focus light on the retina. It becomes
thinner to focus distant objects and becomes thicker to focus nearby objects.
5. It is a light-sensitive layer that consists of numerous nerve cells. It converts
images formed by the lens into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are
then transmitted to the brain through optic nerves.

7. Cones are the nerve cells that are more sensitive to bright light. They help in
detailed central and colour vision.

8. Rods are the optic nerve cells that are more sensitive to dim lights. They help in
peripheral vision.

9. At the junction of the optic nerve and retina, there are no sensory nerve cells. So
no vision is possible at that point and is known as a blind spot.

10. The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called accommodation.

11. The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen most distinctly without
strain, is called the least distance of distinct vision. It is also called the near
point of the eye.

12. For a young adult with normal vision, the near point is about 25 cm. The farthest
point up to which the eye can see objects clearly is called the far point of the eye.
It is infinity for a normal eye.

13. A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects
distinctly.

14. Myopia is also known as near-sightedness.

15. Causes of myopia:

(i) Excessive curvature of the eye lens, or

(ii) Elongation of the eyeball.

16. Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power. For myopic
person power is negative (-ve)

17. A person with Hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby
objects distinctly. Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness.

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18. Causes of Hypermetropia:

i. The focal length of eye lens is too long

ii. the eyeball has become too small

19. Hypermetropia can be corrected by using a convex lens of appropriate power. For
hypermetropic person power is positive (+ ve)

20. Presbyopia is that defect of vision due to which an old age person cannot see the
nearby objects clearly due to loss of power of accommodation of the eye.

21. Causes of presbyopia: It arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles
and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens.

22. Presbyopia can be corrected by using bifocal lenses.

23. Prism is a transparent medium bounded by any number of surfaces in such a way
that the surface on which light is incident and the surface from which light
emergence are parallel.

24. ‘Dispersion of Light’ can be defined as the splitting of white light when it passes
through a glass prism into its constituent spectrum of colors (i.e. violet, indigo,
blue, green, yellow, orange and red).

25. Angle of deviation (ä) is the angle between emergent ray and incident ray.

26. Scattering of light means to throw light in various random directions. Light is
scattered when it falls on various types of suspended particles in its path.

27. The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of star light.

28. The sun visible to us about 2 minutes before the actual sunrise, and about 2
minutes after the actual sunset because of atmospheric refraction.

29. The colour of the clear sky, blue is due scattering of light.

30. Sun appears red in colour during sunrise and sunset time due to scattering of
light.

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III. ELECTRICITY
1. Charge is the property of matter that produces and experiences electrical and
magnetic effects.

2. Charge is an integral multiple of a basic unit of charge (electron) and charge is

always transferred as on integral multiple of charge of an electron i.e, Q=  n e
Here n= integer and
e = charge of electron
e= 1.6×10-19 coulombs(c)
3. The strength of electric current is defined as rate of flow of charge through any
cross section of a conductor.
4. If a net charge Q passes through any cross-section of the conductor in time‘t’
then current (I)

Ch arg e(Q )
 Current (I) = Time(t )
Current is a scalar quantity
SI unit of current is ampere

1C
 1 A=
1S
5. Number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge is
Q=ne

Q
n=
e
6. Electric potential (v) at a point in an electric field is defined as the work done (w)
per unit positive test charge (q) in bringing it from infinity to that point against
the electric field.

workdone( w)
 Electric potential (v)= ch arg e(q)

w
 v = q (or) w = vq

S.I Unit is volt(v)

S.I Unit of work (w)=Joule(J)
S.I Unit of charge (q)=Coulomb (c)

1J
1v 
1C

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7. Potential difference between two points in an electric field is defined as the work
done (w) per unit positive test charge (q) in moving it from one point to the other
against the electric field.

8. For a given conductor at a given temperature the strength of electric current

through it is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across it.

VI
9. The resistance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the potential difference ‘v’
across the conductor to the current ‘i’ Flowing through the conductor.

Potential (v )
 Resistance (R) = Current ( I )

10. The resistance of a specimen is said to be one ohm if one volt potential difference
across it causes a current of one Ampere to flow through it.

1volt (v )
1ohm() 
1Ampure( A)

l
11.  R=
A
 =specific resistance (or) resistivity
RA
12. =
l
S.I unit of resistance=  -m
Area (A) = m2
Length (l) = m

1.m 2

m
 S.I unit of (  ) =   m
13. The reciprocal of resistivity is called conductivity (-) 

1 l
     RA

S.I – unit= Siemen/m (or) s.m-1 for insulators   0

For perfect conductors  is infinity.
14. House hold consumption of electrical energy is measured in kilowatt hours (Kwh).

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15. One Kilowatt hour (1kwh) is defined as the electrical energy consumed at the
rate of one kilowatt (one thousand watts) for one hour
 1 Kilowatt-hour (1kwh)=1000 wat×1hr
1kwh=(1000 watts) (3600 seconds)
=36×105 Joules
1 kwh=36×105J
(or) 1 kwh=3.6×106J

16. The rate of electrical work is done by the source of e.m.f is called electric power

Work ( w)
 Electric power (P)= time(t )

Vit
P= =Vi
t
S.I-Unit=watt (or) J/S (or) J.S-1
17. Expression for electric power in terms of I and R According to ohms law v= IR now
eq of power (P)=i2R

IV. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

1. Magnet has two poles, North Pole and South Pole. Like poles repel and unlike
poles attract.

2. Magnetic field is The region around a magnet in which the force of attraction or
repulsion produced by magnet can be detected.

3. Magnetic field around a straight current carrying conductor: Magnetic field

produced by a conductor at a distance ‘r’ in vacuum is

• Proportional to current (I).

• Inversely proportional to the distance ‘r’.

Direction of field is given by Right Hand Thumb Rule.

4. Solenoid is a long coil of many turns of insulated copper wire wrapped in the
shape of a cylinder.

5. Magnetic field produced by a solenoid similar to that of a bar magnet.

6. Strength of magnetic field around a solenoid is proportional to number of turns

and magnitude of current.

7. Electric Motor is a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

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8. Principle of electric motor: when a current carrying conductor is placed in a

magnetic field it experiences a force.

9. Electromagnetic Induction is the phenomenon of inducing an electric current in

a coil by changing magnetic field around it.

10. Electric Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

11. Principle of electric generator : Electromagnetic induction

12. Ac generator produces current which changes direction after equal interval

of time.

13. Dc generator produces current which is unidirectional.

14. The domestic supply circuit consists of three types wires

i) Live wire having red insulation

ii) Neutral wire having black insulation

iii) Earth wire having green insulation

15. If the live wire and neutral wire come in contact either directly or via conducting

wire. Then situation is called short circuiting.

16. If many electrical appliances of high power rating are switched on the same time,
then they draw large current from the circuit this is called over load.

17. Fuse: is the most important safety device used in domestic power supply circuits
which prevents the possible damage caused by over loading and short circuiting.

V. SOURCES OF ENERGY
1. Conventional source of energy is one which can provide adequate amount of energy
in a convenient form over a long period of time.

2. All the sources of energy can be divided into two main categories.

i) Non-renewable source of energy

ii) Renewable source of energy

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3. Those sources of energy which have accumulated in nature over a very long time
and cannot be quickly replaced when exhausted are called non-renewable source
of energy.

Ex:- Coal, Petroleum, and natural gas

4. Non- renewable source of energy are also called conventional sources of energy
(or) exhaustible source of energy
5. Those sources of energy which are being produced continuously in nature and
are in exhaustible are called renewable source of energy.

Ex:- Wood, Biogas, and Alcohol

6. The renewable source of energy are :

Hydro energy (energy from flowing water)
Wind energy, Solar energy, energy from sea, Geothermal energy.

7. Renewable source of energy are also called non-conventional source of energy.

(or)

in exhaust able source of energy.

8. Whenever work has to be done, energy is needed. This energy is supplied by a

source of energy.

9. Conditions of the good fuel

a) High calorific value b) Less smoke

c) Cheap and easily available d) Easy to store and transport

e) not does cause environmental pollution

f) Safe to handle and use

10. The materials which are burnt to produce heat energy are known as fuels

Ex: Wood, Coal, Cooking gas (LPG), Kerosene

11. Nuclear fuels (like uranium) non-renewable source of energy other than fossil
fuel

12. The amount of heat produced by burning a unit mass of the fuel completely is
known as its calorific value.

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13. LPG is produces more heat (per unit mass) on burning

14. Coal is a complex mixture of compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen and
some free carbon.

15. A lot of heat is produced during the burning of Coal which makes it a good fuel.

16. Coke is 98% Carbon

17. Coke is better fuel than coal

18. Uses of coal :

i) Coal is used as a fuel for heating purposes in homes and in industry.

ii) Coal is used as a fuel in thermal power plants for generating electricity

iii) Coal is used in the manufacture of fuel gases like coal gas

iv) Coal is used in the manufacture of petrol and synthetic natural gas

19. Petroleum is a complex mixture of several solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons
mixed with water, salt, and earth particles

20. The fractional distillation of petroleum gives petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, kerosene
and fuel oil

21. Diesel is used as a fuel for heavy vehicles like buses, trucks, tractors, extra

22. Kerosene oil is used as a household fuel.

23. The main constituent of petroleum gas is butane.

24. The gas used for domestic cooking is called liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)

25. LPG cylinder contain a mixture of liquefied butane, propane and ethane
hydrocarbons under pressure.

26. Natural gas consists mainly of methane (CH 4) with small quantities of ethane
and propane.

27. CNG means compressed natural gas

28. A power plant in which the heat required to make steam to drive turbines is
obtained by burning fuels is called thermal power plant.

29. Hydro power plant converts the potential energy of water stored in the reservoir
of a tall dam into electric energy

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