Introductory Surveying

(GEO100/SUG100)

Basic Concept of Plane Surveying

Department Surveying Science and Geomatics

Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying
 Surveying

• Science
• Art
• Technology
 Surveying
The Science, Art, Technology of
determining relative positions of
points above, on or beneath the
surface of the earth, or
establishing such points
 Surveying
• Science – refer on the formula will be used in
surveying.

• Art – refer on techniques and methods what we used in

mapping.

• Technology- refer on the equipments and

instrument in carried out the survey.
Definition of ‘Geomatics’
• Geomatics is the discipline of gathering, storing, processing,
and delivering geographic information, or spatially referenced
information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Geomatics is concerned with the measurement,

representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of
spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and
the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by
Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management,
geographic information systems, environmental visualisation,
geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying.

From the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne

 Objective of Surveying
• Prepare map or plan to show the
relative position of the object on
the surface of the earth.
• Map or plan with suitable scale.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEY

SURVEYING

GEODETIC SURVEYS PLANE SURVEYS

• High Precision Information
• High precision instruments
• Curve of the earth is considered in
calculation
• Complex calculation
• Can be apply for small and large
area
•Usually use to establish primary
control point
• Less accurate compare with
geodetic
• Curve of the earth is not considered
in calculation
• Simple calculation
•Area is assumed flat and small
•Usually use to sub-sub control point.
 Branches of Surveying
• Cadastral Survey
• Engineering Survey
• Hydrographic Survey
• Photogrammetry
• Topographic Survey
• Remote Sensing
• Geographical Information System
• Global Positioning System
 MEASUREMENT METHOD
• LINEAR MEASUREMENT
 Measure the area using distance only from a point to other
point.
• ANGLE MEASUREMENT
 Horizontal angle (X and Y plane) and Vertical angle (Z plane) are
observed.
• TRIANGULATION
 is the process of determining the location of a point by
measuring angles to it from known points at either end of a
fixed baseline.
• TRILATERATION
 Is the process of determining absolute or relative locations of
points by measurement of distances.
 MEASUREMENT METHOD
• RESECTION
A technique of ascertaining the location of a point by
taking bearings from the point on two other points of
known location.
• INTERSECTION
When intersecting lines of position are used to fix the
position of an unmapped feature or point by fixing its
position relative to two (or more) mapped or known
points.
• BEARING AND DISTANCE
 WHOLE TO THE PART
• Principle in surveying work
• Primary Control network must be fixed and cover
whole of area to be surveyed
• High degree precision are required (geodetic
method)
• Secondary control network are fixed with help
from primary control network.
 WHOLE TO THE PART
• In Malaysia, the control primary network is
triangulation point
 WHOLE TO THE PART
• Advantages concept whole to the part prevent
accumulation of error and to control and
localize the minor errors.
• survey work conducted from part to the whole,
the errors of the survey become
uncontrollable.
 SCALE

• Ratio between measured distance on the map/plan and

true on the ground of the same features.
 SCALE
Method to showing scale on the map
• Using Word
Example : 1 centimeter represent 1
meter
: 1 inch represent 10 meter
• Using Scale Bar

• Using representative fraction

Example : 1 : 20000, 1: 1000, 1: 100
 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
• Distance Measurement
1 centimeter = 10 millimeter
1 meter = 100 centimeter
1 Kilometer = 1000 meter
• Area Measurement
(Sexagesimal System)
1 circle = 360° (Degree)
1° = 60’ (Minutes)
1’ = 60” (Second)
 North Direction
True
North
3 type of North: Magnetic
Grid
North
North
• True North
• Magnetic North
• Grid North δ

Declination is differences in horizontal

angle between North Direction
 Bearing
• Horizontal angle
• Measured from North Line (North
Direction)
• Survey line North

Bearing

A
 TYPES OF BEARING
3 TYPES OF BEARING
• TRUE BEARING
• MAGNETIC BEARING
• GRID BEARING
 Coordinates System

Polar Coordinates System

• Commonly used in surveying work
• Relative position
North
• Bear ing and Distance
B

Bearing

A
 Coordinates System
Rectangular Coordinates System
• Popular coordinates system
• Simple Calculation
• 2 Major Axes ( X = East , Y= North)

Northing

S (+Ys,+Xs)
S (+Ys,-Xs)

West Easting

S (-Ys,-Xs)
S (-Ys,+Xs)

South
ACCURACY AND PRECISION

ACCURATE PRECISE
 ERRORS

• Differences between Measured Value and True

Value
 TYPES OF ERRORS

• Gross Errors
• Systematic Errors
• Random Errors
 Errors in Linear Measurement
• There are lots of things which we call errors. We also use a lot of
other terms for this. The fundamental issue is that we can never
know the true value of any measured quantity, so we always
have some uncertainty associated with the value we adopt We
can use a lot of methods to try to minimize our errors, but we
can never eliminate them. For the purposes of working with
errors, we can divide them into three groups: gross, systematic
and random errors. This division is based on what causes the
errors and how we deal with them, rather than any other aspect
of their nature. You will see other classification
schemes, but this one is both comprehensive and useful.
 Gross errors
• are those which we can also call `blunders'. They can
be of any size or nature, and tend to occur through
carelessness. Writing down the wrong value, reading
the instrument incorrectly, measuring to the wrong
mark; these are gross errors. They can be caused by
people, machinery, weather conditions and various
other things. We deal with gross errors by
careful procedures and relentless checking of our
work.
 Systematic errors
• are those which we can model mathematically and therefore correct.
They are caused by the mathematical model of the procedure that we
are using being different to what is going on in the real world. We
reduce and compute with measurements on the basis of models and if
the models are not complete, we will have discrepancies. For example, if
we measure a distance without allowing for the slope of the tape, we
will have a systematic error, which can be eliminated if we use the
correct model of the measurement process. We can eliminate, or at
least minimize, systematic errors by careful work, using the appropriate
model for the process in use, and by using checks that will reveal
systematic errors in measurements. Note that checks that use the same
measurement processes may not detect some systematic errors, so you
have to be fairly creative in developing methods for detecting
systematic errors.
 Random errors
• are those which have no apparent cause, but are a consequence of the
measurement process itself. All measurements have to be done to some
limit of precision and we cannot predict the exact measurement we will
obtain. However, random errors have very definite statistical behavior and
so can be dealt with by statistical methods. Random errors are the small
differences between repeated measurements of the same quantity, often
of the order of the finest division in the measuring scale. We can eliminate
or minimize the effects of random errors by statistical procedures: for
example we can adopt the mean of a set of measurements as the value to
be used in later calculations. With the idea of the ubiquity of errors in all
our measurements and everything we do, we can