Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.

) (2004) 10, 113–123

The alien flowering plants of Mexico

Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.

BIODIVERSITY
RESEARCH
Jose L. Villaseñor1* and Francisco J. Espinosa-Garcia2

1
Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de
Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México, Apartado Postal 70 –233, 04510 México,
D. F., México and 2Centro de Investigaciones en
Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de México, Campus Morelia, Apartado Postal
27–3, 58090, Morelia, Michoacán, México
*Correspondence: Departamento de Botánica,
Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70–233,
04510 México, D. F., México.
Tel.: (52) 5622 9120. Fax.: (52) 5550 1760.
E-mail: vrios@ibiologia.unam.mx
ABSTRACT
A list of 618 species of alien flowering plants recorded for Mexico is presented; they
are distributed in 355 genera and 87 families. The families with the largest number
of species are Poaceae (171), Fabaceae sensu lato (57), Asteraceae (56), and Brassi-
caceae (45). The representation of most families with alien species in Mexico agrees
with the average distribution frequencies estimated by Pysek (1998) for 26 floras
throughout the World. Exceptions are an under-representation of Asteraceae and an
over-representation of Poaceae. Most alien species (78.9%) in Mexico have their
origin in the Old World; South America ranks second with 9.6%. As defined by
Richardson et al. (2000), 19.8% of the alien species could be considered casual aliens
and 80.2% of them naturalized. The proportion of alien species relative to the 22,968
native flowering plant species recorded for Mexico is 2.7%.
Keywords
Alien plants, diversity, floristics, Mexico, weeds.

Many alien plants do not represent a problem during the onset

INTRODUCTION
Species that have been transported by humans from one region
to another are defined as alien or exotic (Richardson et al., 2000).
This introduction of species to places outside their areas of natu-
ral distribution has been a common practice throughout human
history. The large colonization and trading enterprises have been
always accompanied by the dispersal of many useful plants. Beyond
valuable plants, humans unknowingly carry with them other
plants, frequently as contaminants of their products (Mack,
1991). Although a large number of plants have been introduced
elsewhere from their places of origin, only between 1 and 5% of
the total are responsible for severe problems in the wild, agricul-
tural and animal husbandry ecosystems (Williamson, 1996).
Notwithstanding this apparent innocuousness, the invasion of
natural communities by introduced (or alien) plants is one of the
most serious known threats to biodiversity (Lonsdale, 1999).
Due to the total replacement and the eradication of native species
that may result (Drake et al., 1989; Callaway et al., 1999), bio-
logical invasions are considered to be the second most important
cause of the extinction of native species (Vitousek et al., 1996). In
addition, alien plants may become noxious weeds that are
capable of causing significant losses to agriculture and to animal
husbandry; indeed at a global level, several of these weeds cause a
high damage to the economy (Holm et al., 1977, 1997). Besides
the severe problems posed by alien species in the invaded com-
munities, they also have a negative effect on the services obtained
from the ecosystems by humans (Williamson, 1996; Stohlgren
et al., 1999).
of their establishment. However, after they become adapted to
their new settings, and in the absence of their natural enemies,
their populations may rapidly increase their numbers and dis-
perse into natural communities where they become invasive
(Williamson, 1996). Thus, while an alien species may at first seem
to be innocuous or even useful, the possibility of it becoming
harmful at a later time cannot be overlooked. Unfortunately, the
present knowledge aimed at predicting which species may
become harmful is still inadequate and only general patterns
have been found; these do not significantly reduce the uncer-
tainty of assessing in advance what the potential harmfulness of
an alien species may be (Rejmánek, 1995; Mack, 1996a).
Few attempts have been made to identify the alien plants of
Mexico and to study their impact upon ecosystems (e.g.
Rzedowski & Calderón, 1990; Rzedowski, 1993). It is therefore
not known with certainty how many aliens have established in
Mexico, nor where they come from, or their distribution in the
country. The available studies about alien plants in Mexico are
largely of agronomical nature and relate to weed control and
management. Very few studies account for biological or eco-
logical traits of Mexican alien plants, most of which are of local
extent and have a floristic scope, especially as part of local or
regional weed checklists (e.g. Espinosa-García & Sarukhán, 1997;
Vibrans, 1998; Villaseñor & Espinosa-García, 1998; Rzedowski &
Calderón, 2001).
The goals of this paper are to provide an updated list of alien
flowering plants that are recorded in unmanaged habitats of
Mexico, to assess the taxonomic composition of this alien flora,

© 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd www.blackwellpublishing.com/ddi 113

J. L. Villaseñor and F. J. Espinosa-Garcia

and to summarize its geographical sources and distribution in Table 1 Taxonomic diversity in the families with the largest
the country. number of alien species in Mexico. The proportion of species per
family is compared with the average of 26 alien floras of the world
determined by Pysek (1998)
METHODS
Family Genera Species Mexico (%) World (%)
A preliminary list of alien species was based on a Mexican weeds
catalogue (Villaseñor & Espinosa-García, 1998), complemented
Poaceae 74 171 27.7 15.3 (± 5.79)
with a review of specialized literature. A species was included Fabaceae 36* 57* 9.2 8.7 (± 4.39)
only if there was a published report stating at least one wild (a) Fabaceae 22 36 5.8 NA
locality in which it was found in Mexico; accordingly, species (b) Caesalpiniaceae 11 18 2.9 NA
recorded as introduced or cultivated but without evidence of (c) Mimosaceae 3 3 0.5 NA
escape to natural habitats were not considered. The list thus Asteraceae 39 56 9.1 13.5 (± 4.06)
obtained was further depurated of synonyms through the verifi- Brassicaceae 25 45 7.3 5.1 (± 3.84)
cation of the correct nomenclature, either checking taxonomic Caryophyllaceae 12 20 3.2 3.0 (± 2.19)
revisions and other taxonomic sources or aided by specialists. In Lamiaceae 10 19 3.1 2.3 (± 1.43)
this paper we follow Richardson et al.’s (2000) definition of alien Malvaceae 8 19 3.1 1.8 (± 1.69)
Apiaceae 13 17 2.7 1.7 (± 1.4)
plants, as those occurring in Mexico but whose presence is due to
Chenopodiaceae 7 15 2.4 3.0 (± 3.15)
intentional or accidental introduction due to human activity.
Polygonaceae 4 15 2.4 2.0 (± 1.44)
The number of alien species in each of the 32 Mexican States Solanaceae 5 14 2.3 3.3 (± 2.45)
was determined. Likewise, the number of States in which each Scrophulariaceae 8 11 1.8 2.2 (± 1.44)
species occurred was obtained to provide a preliminary classifi- Cucurbitaceae 5 9 1.5 NA
cation of species according to some of the categories proposed by Euphorbiaceae 6 9 1.5 2.2 (± 1.68)
Richardson et al. (2000; i.e. casual alien, naturalized). Amaranthaceae 4 8 1.3 2.4 (± 2.77)
The taxonomic composition of alien Mexican taxa was Cyperaceae 1 7 1.1 1.0 (± 1.06)
assessed and compared with the native known richness. Propor- Rosaceae 6 7 1.1 1.9 (± 2.32)
tions of alien taxa by family were also compared with those Geraniaceae 3 6 1.0 1.0 (± 1.25)
recorded for several regions of the world (Pysek, 1998). The geo- Verbenaceae 2 6 0.8 1.2 (± 1.21)
graphical source of the species was obtained mostly from Tutin
In parentheses, the standard deviation; the asterisk (*) indicates a value
et al. (1964) and Randall (2002). Rzedowski & Calderón (2001)
representing the added species of the three families of Fabaceae sensu
helped for species not found in the former sources. For some lato; NA indicates the percentage was not available in Pysek’s report.
other species the geographical source was obtained from taxo-
nomic revisions or from specialized Internet web pages.
mentioned families, the remaining ones mostly agree with the
averages found by the author.
RESULTS
The geographical source of most of the alien species is the
A total of 618 alien flowering plants species were recorded in Old World (78.9%), here comprising Africa, Asia, and Europe
Mexico; they belong to 355 genera and 87 families (Appendix 1). (Table 2). The second most important source is South America,
More than 90% of these species are included in the Global Com- comprising the 9.6% of the species. About 2% of the species have
pendium of Weeds (Randall, 2002). Several are known in Mexico not a provenance reference; however, even if we are able now to
mostly as cultivated plants (such as Lens culinaris, Lycopersicon determine their geographical source, both the Old World and the
esculentum, or Solanum tuberosum); however, they have been Neotropics will continue as the main geographical sources of the
quoted or collected as escaped from cultivation. The Mexican Mexican alien flora.
alien flora records 1.7 species per genus, with upper limits in the In the Table 3 the number of alien (this paper) and native spe-
genus Bromus, Eragrostis, and Digitaria (16, 12, and 11 species, cies (Villaseñor, 2003) recorded in each of the 32 Mexican politi-
respectively). cal States are indicated. The Table 3 also includes the state area
The Poaceae family accounts for a 27.7% of the total number and the percentage of disturbed territory that includes secondary
of alien species (Table 1). This proportion is higher than the aver- vegetation, agriculture land, and rural and urban areas (Flores &
age for the family found by Pysek (1998) in his analysis of 26 Gerez, 1994). Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Veracruz in south-eastern
alien floras of the world (even taking into account the standard Mexico are the States with the richest native flora; Chiapas and
deviation). Families also important by their number of alien Veracruz are also the States with the richest alien flora, Oaxaca
species are Fabaceae sensu lato (9.2%), Asteraceae (9.1%), and located fifth after the States of México and Michoacán (Table 3).
Brassicaceae (7.3%). The proportional representation of these In general, a strong correlation was found between native and the
families in the alien flora does not completely agree with the alien floras at the state level (r = 0.76; P < 0.0001).
averages found by Pysek (1998). In Mexico the Fabaceae are Percentages of disturbed land (Flores & Gerez, 1994) in the
slightly better represented than the Asteraceae, the latter placed Mexican States ranges from 12.3% (Baja California Sur in
second in the alien flora of the all World. Except for the above- north-western Mexico) to 87% (Tabasco in south-eastern Mexico)

114 Diversity and Distributions, 10, 113–123, © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
 Alien plants of Mexico

Table 2 Geographical origin of the alien flowering plant species of Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Morelos, and Michoacán are the States
Mexico. The Old World includes Africa, Asia, and Europe with the largest concentration of alien species.
Invasion is a process that requires an alien taxon to overcome
Geographical source Species % both biotic and abiotic barriers (Richardson et al., 2000). To
become naturalized, the alien taxon must succeed to overcome
Not determined 14 2.3
such barriers. In the absence of data to document such kind of
Oceania 15 2.4
events in the Mexican alien flora, a species was considered as nat-
Old World 487 78.9
Old World and Oceania 12 1.9
uralized if its distribution in Mexico occurred in at least two
North America 15 2.4 political States of the 32 in which the country is divided. Most
South America 59 9.6 species (see Appendix 1), 80.2% of the total alien flora, can be
Caribbean Region 6 1.0 considered naturalized and 122 species, 19.8%, as casual aliens,
North and South America 5 0.8 because they were recorded from only one state (Table 4). On the
Northern Hemisphere 5 0.8 other extreme, only two species (Eleusine indica and Sonchus
oleraceus) have been recorded from the 32 Mexican States; they
could be called invasive species according to Richardson et al.
(2000).
(Table 3). These percentages were used to estimate a density Table 5 shows the occurrence frequencies of alien species
index of alien species richness by dividing the number of alien among the Mexican States. They were classified by their prove-
species by the log10 of the disturbed area of each state (Table 3). nance source. Only 107 species (17.3%) are recorded in half or
This index roughly corresponds to the extrapolated mean more States, the larger number showing only a limited distribu-
number of alien species per 10 km2 (Rejmánek, 1996a). Veracruz, tion in the country. The Old World species record the broader

Table 3 Number of native and alien

flowering plants in the 32 Mexican States. Native Introduced Alien species
The percentage of disturbed territory is State Surface (km2) species species density
indicated in parenthesis. The alien species
density represents the number of alien Aguascalientes 5,471 (59.7) 1,520 108 30.7
species divided by the log10 of the disturbed Baja California Norte 69,921 (20.5) 2,111 219 52.7
area Baja California Sur 73,475 (12.3) 1,700 114 29.8
Campeche 50,812 (26.1) 1,970 118 28.6
Chiapas 74,211 (56.0) 7,573 302 65.4
Chihuahua 244,938 (38.1) 3,356 150 30.2
Coahuila 144,982 (15.1) 3,125 186 42.8
Colima 5,191 (45.5) 1,807 85 25.2
Distrito Federal 1,479 (74.1) 1,722 197 64.8
Durango 123,181 (27.6) 3,288 128 28.2
Guanajuato 30,491 (64.8) 1,755 92 21.4
Guerrero 64,281 (43.6) 4,648 126 28.3
Hidalgo 20,813 (54.1) 3,239 193 47.6
Jalisco 80,836 (40.4) 5,105 221 48.9
State of México 21,355 (75.2) 3,401 243 57.8
Michoacán 59,928 (49.4) 4,672 243 54.3
Morelos 4,950 (86.5) 3,134 216 59.5
Nayarit 26,979 (27.0) 3,428 122 31.6
Nuevo León 64,924 (19.6) 2,600 128 31.2
Oaxaca 93,952 (56.7) 7,399 220 46.5
Puebla 33,902 (63.2) 3,200 175 40.4
Querétaro 11,449 (45.9) 2,887 149 40.0
Quintana Roo 50,212 (29.6) 1,501 76 18.2
San Luis Potosí 63,068 (37.9) 2,858 102 23.3
Sinaloa 58,328 (29.1) 2,668 129 30.5
Sonora 182,052 (25.6) 3,079 163 34.9
Tabasco 25,267 (87.0) 2,292 115 26.5
Tamaulipas 79,384 (39.2) 2,824 128 28.5
Tlaxcala 4,016 (84.0) 1,049 104 29.5
Veracruz 71,699 (73.6) 6,869 333 70.5
Yucatán 38,402 (69.9) 1,499 99 22.3
Zacatecas 73,252 (28.6) 2,251 92 21.3

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J. L. Villaseñor and F. J. Espinosa-Garcia

Table 4 Number of casual alien flowering plants (i.e. those in Peru, also a country with a large floristic richness, is 1.7%
recorded from a single state) and Mexican States where recorded (Vitousek et al., 1997). However, if only the weeds are consid-
ered, i.e. unwanted plants growing in disturbed or anthropogenic
State Number of species sites, the resulting proportion is not so undersized. Most species
enlisted in this work can be considered weeds; in fact, 90% of
Baja California 34
them are included in Randall, 2002) Global Compendium of
Veracruz 20
Weeds. The number of species of weeds in Mexico is 2812
Chiapas 13
Distrito Federal 7
(Villaseñor & Espinosa-García, unpublished data); of these, the
State of Mexico 7 proportion of alien species is of 21.9%. This proportion contrasts
Coahuila 6 with the floras of other countries in the American continent,
Nayarit 5 such as Argentina, Canada, United States and Uruguay, where
Jalisco 4 over 50% of the weed species are alien (Rzedowski, 1991;
Durango 3 Rapoport, 2000).
Guerrero 3 If our estimate of 21.9% alien weeds in the Mexican flora is
Morelos 3 real, then such a figure seems low compared to that found in
Nuevo León 3 other countries. The idea of this estimate being close to reality is
Chihuahua 2
supported by the long time of large human Mexican settlements,
Michoacán 2
which have been practicing agriculture for at least two millennia
Oaxaca 2
Querétaro 2
(Bye, 1998; Hernández-Xolocotzi, 1998). They undoubtedly
Tabasco 2 exerted a selective force that may have contributed to the evolu-
Campeche 1 tion of a local weed flora (Stebbins, 1965; Vibrans, 1998). A large
Sinaloa 1 proportion (78%) of the weeds in Mexico is native (with nearly a
Sonora 1 15% of these being endemic) and could thus act as a biological
Yucatán 1 barrier that constrains the establishment and naturalization of
many exotic species (Rejmánek, 1989, 1996b). Support for the
idea of a biological barrier against exotic plants is provided by the
Table 5 Number of States where recorded the alien species found observations of Rapoport (1991) regarding the flora of native
in Mexico by geographical source and introduced weeds in Argentina, where he found that native
weeds are predominant in the areas that were occupied by pre-
Source 1 2–3 4–7 8–15 16–31 32 Total
Hispanic agricultural peoples while introduced weeds are rela-
tively better represented in areas that were opened to agriculture
Not determined 5 2 5 1 1 0 14
Oceania 3 4 2 4 2 0 15 during the Colonial period and more recently. Also, the percent-
Old World 95 91 101 111 87 2 487 age of exotic plants out of the total flora of a country has been
Old World and Oceania 3 5 3 1 0 0 12 found to decrease as latitude decreases (Rejmánek, 1996a; Sax,
North America 4 4 4 1 2 0 15 2001).
South America 10 10 13 16 10 0 59 Further herbarium and field work are necessary to determine
North and South America 0 0 1 2 2 0 5 whether the 19.8% of the alien flora that we have classified as
Caribbean Region 0 3 1 1 1 0 5 ‘casual aliens’ (i.e. scored from only one state) can be considered
Northern Hemisphere 2 0 2 1 0 0 5 as naturalized. The narrow geographical distribution known for
these species suggests that they probably represent occasional
Note from editor – to be set in very small type & 3 columns (?) To
reports that have failed to maintain reproductive populations.
minimize space – to take up no more than 3 pages if possible.
We did not attempt to find out which of the noncasual species
were invasive because additional work is necessary to investigate
geographical distributions, followed by the South American the field behaviour of these species.
species. Most of the alien flowering species of Mexico have their origin
in the Old World (Africa, Asia, or Europe). The low number of
elements from other regions of the world is probably due to
DISCUSSION
historical factors. Mexico has not established as strong a cultural
The recorded native flora for Mexico is close to 22,968 species and commercial link with other regions as it has with Europe.
(Villaseñor, 2003). Thus, the 618 alien species reported here The dominant presence of species from the Old World has surely
raises the floristic richness of the country to 23,585 species. The to be related to the lengthy colonization of the territory by the
alien flora represents 2.7% of the total plant richness; this figure Spaniards; for more than three centuries, they introduced their
seems small when compared to the corresponding proportion of crops, cattle and technology, together with their weeds. In addi-
10–15% recorded for Australia and several European countries tion, for a long time the bulk of the commercial exchange was
(Heywood, 1989). In contrast, the figure may seem high if we carried on with European countries. Di Castri (1989) suggests
consider that the percentage of alien species for Mexico is 2.7 and that the predominance of European plants in the alien floras of

116 Diversity and Distributions, 10, 113–123, © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

the world is due to the higher invasive potential of the European
weeds; however, they probably succeed because of their repeated
introduction during the Spaniard colonialist activities (Crosby,
1986; Heywood, 1989). The research activities of the agronomists
in search for new crop and fodder plants, and the globalization of
markets starting during the past century, released a new upsurge
of plant invaders. Thus, it is possible that most grasses coming
from Africa, made their arrival during the 20th century.
The proportional representation of families in Mexico, relative
to the total species of introduced flowering plants, agrees closely
with data reported for other World’s floras (Table 1). The average
number of species of most families represented in the alien flora
of Mexico is close to the averages (or within their corresponding
standard deviations) reported by Pysek (1998) for 26 floras
throughout the World. This agreement suggests that the compi-
lation of introduced species reported here provides an objective
estimate for the families that are included. The exceptions to this
agreement are the families Poaceae, with a representation in
Mexico beyond the upper limit estimated by Pysek (1998), and
Asteraceae in the opposite case. Many species of Poaceae that
were intentionally introduced to Mexico, mainly as fodder crops,
have escaped from cultivation and become invasive. It is thus
likely that the numerous introductions in Mexico of fodder grass
species have contributed to the observed over-representation of
introduced Poaceae in the country, in relation with the World esti-
mates. With regard to the family Asteraceae, a possible explanation
for their under-representation in Mexico may be found in the
richness of native species in the country, which has prevented
the establishment of many of the new arrivals. Mexico harbours
the largest concentration of species of Asteraceae in the world
(Villaseñor, 1993). This latter suggestion agrees with the taxo-
nomic hypothesis concerning biological invasions, which states
that the probability of an exotic plant becoming established in a
new territory is directly proportional to the absence there of
closely related species. If closely related plant species exist in the
new territory, the natural enemies of the native species would
constrain the establishment and naturalization of the exotic
newcomers, also, the competition between the exotic species and
their congeners would be much stronger than that from the
nonrelated plants, thus favouring the exclusion of the newcomers
(Mack, 1996b; Rejmánek, 1996b; but see Daheler, 2001).
Hobbs & Huenneke (1992) and Rejmánek (1996a) point out
that alien plants most probably invade human-disturbed habitats
rather than relative pristine habitats. Three of the top five Mexi-
can States with the largest alien species density (Distrito Federal,
State of Mexico, and Morelos, Table 3) are also among the States
with the largest percentages of disturbed land. However, an
important fact is also the strong correlation found between total
native richness and alien richness in the country; in addition to
the relation between disturbance and high alien species richness,
there is an important native richness-alien richness relation.
Chiapas, Michoacán, and Veracruz are among the States with a
high number of native species and a high alien species density.
The list of flowering plants presented in this work surely
includes most of the alien flora of Mexico. Unfortunately it is
currently difficult to determine the degree of damage that they
Diversity and Distributions, 10, 113–123, © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Alien plants of Mexico
are causing or may cause to the native flora. The reputation
gained by many of these alien elements in their places of origin,
and sometimes in other places where they are now thriving, has
served as empirical evidence to estimate their potential danger
(Scott & Panetta, 1993). Accordingly, this catalogue could serve
as a guideline for further studies aimed to know more about the
natural history of this part of the flora of a megadiverse country
as Mexico is. Likewise, to know what part of the flora of a place is
an alien one, can help to better understand the patterns and
processes of biodiversity (Rejmánek, 1996a).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr Jerzy Rzedowski carefully reviewed the species list and the
paper and contributed substantially to the list depuration and to
the ideas written on it. Several sections of the checklist were
kindly reviewed by specialists, which included Dr Graciela
Calderón (Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae
and Plantaginaceae), Dr Patricia Dávila (Poaceae), M. Sc. Mario
Sousa (Fabaceae) and Dr Heike Vibrans (Brassicaceae and Poly-
gonaceae). We are grateful to Dr Marcel Rejmánek, who provided
us with many useful papers on plant invasions. M. Sc. Heberto
Ferreira provided computational support and Judith and Clara
Sánchez-Blanco, and Everardo Medina-Murillo helped in the
search of the places of origin of many of the species. This research
was supported in part by the Comisión Nacional para el
Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico
(Project U024).
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Appendix 1 Checklist of alien flowering plants of Mexico. In parenthesis the place of origin is indicated: Old World includes either Africa, Asia,
or Europe; ND means that the place of origin was not determined. The numbers after the geographical source indicate in how many Mexican
States the species has been recorded
Family Acanthaceae
Hypoestes phyllostachya Baker (Old World, 2)
Pseuderanthemum carruthersi (Seem.) Guillaumin (Oceania, 2)
Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims (Old World, 15)
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. (Old World, 9)
Family Agavaceae
Sanseviera hyacinthoides (L.) Druce (Old World, 2)
Family Aizoaceae
Carpobrotus chilensis (Molina) N.E. Br. (South America, 1)
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. (South America, 1)
Lampranthus coccineus (Haw.) N.E. Br. (Old World, 1)
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (Old World, 4)
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. (Old World, 3)
Family Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera L. (Old World, 14)
Achyranthes indica (L.) Mill. (Old World, 7)
Amaranthus graecizans L. (North America, 10)
Amaranthus lividus L. (Old World, 1)
Amaranthus muricatus (Moq.) Gillies ex Hicken (South America, 1)
Amaranthus viridis L. (ND, 10)
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume (Old World, 1)
Gomphrena globosa L. (South America, 13)
Family Amaryllidaceae
Crinum longifolium (L.) Thunb. (Old World, 1)
Family Anacardiaceae
Schinus molle L. (South America, 19)
Family Annonaceae
Annona cherimola Mill. (South America, 17)
Family Anthericaceae
Chlorophytum capense (L.) Kuntze (Old World, 20)
Family Apiaceae
Ammi majus L. (Old World, 10)
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. (Old World, 2)
Anethum graveolens L. (Old World, 6)
Apium graveolens L. (Old World, 14)
Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. (Old World, 1)
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Oceania, Old World, 3)
Centella erecta (L. f) Fernald (Old World, 20)
Cicuta maculata L. (North America, 3)
Conium maculatum L. (Old World, 10)
Coriandrum sativum L. (Old World, 24)
Daucus carota L. (Old World, 13)
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Old World, 15)
Pastinaca sativa L. (Old World, 2)
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill (Old World, 10)
Pimpinella anisum L. (Old World, 2)
Sium suave Walter (Northern Hemisphere, 1)
Family Apocynaceae
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Old World, 18)
Vinca major L. (Old World, 20)
Family Araceae
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Old World, 11)
Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. (Old World, 22)
Family Araliaceae
Hedera helix L. (Old World, 4)
Family Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia littoralis Parodi (South America, 4)
Aristolochia ringens Vahl (South America, 1)
Family Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton (Old World, 2)
Cryptostegia grandiflora (Roxb.) R. Br. (Old World, 17)
Family Asphodelaceae
Aloe barbadensis Mill. (Old World, 21)
Asphodelus fistulosus L. (Old World, 15)
Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Hook. (Old World, 15)
Family Asteliaceae
Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth (Old World, 13)
Family Asteraceae
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (North America, 19)
Ambrosia trifida L. (North America, 3)
Diversity and Distributions, 10, 113–123, © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Alien plants of Mexico
Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) A. Gray (Old World, 1)
Anthemis cotula L. (Old World, 2)
Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. (Old World, 3)
Artemisia absinthium L. (Old World, 10)
Artemisia dracunculus L. (Old World, 6)
Bellis perennis L. (Old World, 2)
Calendula officinalis L. (Old World, 12)
Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis (Old World, 2)
Carthamus tinctorius L. (Old World, 8)
Centaurea calcitrapa L. (Old World, 1)
Centaurea melitensis L. (Old World, 4)
Centaurea repens L. (Old World, 1)
Centaurea solstitialis L. (Old World, 1)
Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. (Old World, 3)
Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Old World, 11)
Cichorium intybus L. (Old World, 6)
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Old World, 2)
Cnicus benedictus L. (Old World, 1)
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (South America, 29)
Cotula australis (Spreng.) Hook. f. (Oceania, 7)
Cotula coronopifolia L. (Old World, 1)
Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. (Oceania, 7)
Cynara cardunculus L. (Old World, 6)
Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev (Old World, 5)
Emilia fosbergii Nicolson (Old World, 4)
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight (Old World, 4)
Guizotia abyssinica (L. f) Cass. (Old World, 1)
Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC. (Oceania, Old World, 1)
Hedypnois cretica L. (Old World, 1)
Hypochaeris glabra L. (Old World, 2)
Hypochaeris radicata L. (Old World, 1)
Lactuca serriola L. (Old World, 14)
Lapsana communis L. (Old World, 3)
Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat (Old World, 1)
Leucanthemum lacustre (Brot.) Samp. (Old World, 5)
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Old World, 7)
Matricaria recutita L. (Old World, 16)
Picris echioides L. (Old World, 9)
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & Burtt (Old World, 6)
Senecio inaequidens DC. (Old World, 3)
Senecio vulgaris L. (Old World, 15)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Old World, 3)
Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R. Br. ex Less. (South America, 7)
Soliva pterosperma (Juss.) Less. (Old World, 5)
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. (Old World, 23)
Sonchus oleraceus L. (Old World, 32)
Sonchus tenerrimus L. (Old World, 4)
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. (Old World, 21)
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. (Old World, 27)
Tragopogon porrifolius L. (Old World, 3)
Xanthium spinosum L. (South America, 5)
Youngia japonica (L.) DC. (Old World, 4)
Family Balsaminaceae
Impatiens balsamina L. (Old World, 15)
Impatiens walleriana Hook. f. (South America, 11)
Family Basellaceae
Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (South America, 10)
Family Boraginaceae
Borago officinalis L. (Old World, 8)
Cynoglossum amabile Stapf. & J.R. Drumm. (Old World, 14)
Heliotropium europaeum L. (Old World, 2)
Myosotis discolor Pers. ex Murray (Old World, 1)
Myosotis scorpioides L. (Old World, 4)
Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. (Old World, 1)
Family Brassicaceae
Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh. (Old World, 1)
Brassica chinensis L. (Old World, 1)
Brassica integrifolia (Willd.) Rupr. (Old World, 3)
Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson (Old World, 10)
Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler (Old World, 5)
119
J. L. Villaseñor and F. J. Espinosa-Garcia

Brassica napus L. (Old World, 5) Silene armeria L. (Old World, 1)

Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch (Old World, 17) Silene gallica L. (Old World, 10)
Brassica rapa L. (Europe, Old World, 26) Silene noctiflora L. (Old World, 2)
Brassica tournefortii Gouan (Old World, 4) Spergula arvensis L. (Old World, 11)
Cakile maritima Scop. (Old World, 2) Spergularia bocconii (Scheele) Foucaud (Old World, 1)
Camelina rumelica Velen (Old World, 1) Spergularia villosa (Pers.) Cambess. (South America, 1)
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (Old World, 3) Stellaria graminea L. (Old World, 1)
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Old World, 19) Stellaria media (L.) Cirillo (Old World, 19)
Cardamine flexuosa With. (Old World, 1) Stellaria nemorum L. (Old World, 8)
Cardamine hirsuta L. (Old World, 3) Family Casuarinaceae
Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith (Old World, 9) Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Oceania, 21)
Crambe hispanica L. (Old World, 1) Family Chenopodiaceae
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl (Old World, 4) Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (North America, 1)
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. (Old World, 5) Atriplex patula L. (Old World, 3)
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. (Old World, 1) Atriplex rosea L. (Old World, 2)
Eruca sativa Mill. (Old World, 22) Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. (Oceania, 8)
Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz (Old World, 2) Atriplex suberecta Verd. (Old World, Oceania, 4)
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. (North America, 3) Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze (Old World, 3)
Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) Desv. (Old World, 2) Beta vulgaris L. (Old World, 8)
Iberis amara L. (Old World, 1) Chenopodium album L. (Old World, 25)
Lepidium draba L. (Old World, 5) Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. (Old World, 1)
Lepidium latifolium L. (Old World, 6) Chenopodium giganteum Willd. (Old World, 1)
Lepidium sativum L. (Old World, 1) Chenopodium glaucum L. (Old World, 7)
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (Old World, 6) Chenopodium murale L. (Old World, 25)
Malcolmia graeca Boiss. & Spruner (Old World, 1) Corispermum nitidum Kit. ex Schult. (ND, 1)
Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. (Old World, 5) Kochia scoparia (L.) Roth ex Schrad. (Old World, 13)
Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Old World, 20) Salsola tragus L. (Old World, 16)
Raphanus sativus L. (Old World, 14) Family Commelinaceae
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. (Old World, 7) Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (Old World, 7)
Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern (Old World, 1) Family Convolvulaceae
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell. (Old World, 24) Convolvulus arvensis L. (Old World, 20)
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser (Old World, 7) Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet (South America, 2)
Sisymbrium altissimum L. (Old World, 3) Ipomoea quamoclit L. (ND, 14)
Sisymbrium irio L. (Old World, 18) Family Crassulaceae
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (Old World, 7) Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz (Old World, 8)
Sisymbrium orientale L. (Old World, 2) Kalanchoe daigremontiana Hamet & E.P. Perrier (Old World, 2)
Thlaspi arvense L. (Old World, 2) Kalanchoe delagoensis Ecklon & Zeyh. (Old World, 4)
Family Cactaceae Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Hamet & E.P. Perrier (Oceania, 3)
Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britton & Rose (Caribbean Region, 3) Family Cucurbitaceae
Family Caesalpiniaceae Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumara & Nakai (Old World, 13)
Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D. Dietr. (South America, 8) Cucumis anguria L. (Old World, 21)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (Caribbean Region, 26) Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach (Old World, 8)
Cassia fistula L. (Old World, 10) Cucumis melo L. (Old World, 22)
Cassia javanica L. (Old World, 3) Cucumis sativus L. (Old World, 7)
Ceratonia siliqua L. (Old World, 3) Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (Old World, 15)
Cercis siliquastrum L. (Old World, 1) Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. (Old World, 17)
Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Old World, 11) Momordica balsamina L. (Old World, 2)
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (South America, 14) Momordica charantia L. (Old World, 18)
Senna alexandrina Mill. (ND, 1) Family Cuscutaceae
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Old World, 8) Cuscuta epithymum Murria (Old World, 2)
Senna multijuga (L.C. Rich.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (South America, 4) Family Cyperaceae
Senna siamea Lam. (Old World, 4) Cyperus alternifolius L. (Old World, 4)
Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (ND, 6) Cyperus difformis L. (Old World, 6)
Senna sulphurea (Collad.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (ND, 1) Cyperus esculentus L. (Old World, 31)
Family Campanulaceae Cyperus involucratus Rottb. (Old World, 19)
Campanula rapunculoides L. (Old World, 2) Cyperus iria L. (Old World, 13)
Family Cannabaceae Cyperus oxylepis Nees ex Steud. (ND, 5)
Cannabis sativa L. (Old World, 15) Cyperus rotundus L. (Old World, 27)
Family Cannaceae Family Dioscoreaceae
Canna indica L. (South America, 22) Dioscorea alata L. (Old World, 7)
Family Caprifoliaceae Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Oceanía, Old World, 10)
Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Old World, 5) Family Dipsacaceae
Family Caryophyllaceae Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honck. (Old World, 5)
Cerastium viscosum L. (Old World, 9) Family Euphorbiaceae
Cerastium vulgatum L. (Old World, 2) Acalypha hispida Burm. f. (Oceania, 9)
Gypsophila paniculata L. (Old World, 2) Acalypha infesta Poepp. & Endl. (South America, 2)
Herniaria cinerea DC. (Old World, 1) Acalypha wilkesiana Müll. Arg. (Oceania, 8)
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. (Old World, 1) Euphorbia lathyris L. (Old World, 2)
Polycarpon apurense Kunth (South America, 1) Euphorbia peplus L. (Old World, 13)
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. (Old World, 2) Euphorbia terracina L. (Old World, 3)
Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi (Old World, 1) Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (South America, 7)
Saponaria officinalis L. (Old World, 6) Ricinus communis L. (Old World, 31)
Scleranthus annuus L. (Old World, 9) Family Fabaceae
Silene antirrhina L. (North America, 4) Abrus precatorius L. (Old World, 3)

120 Diversity and Distributions, 10, 113–123, © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
 Alien plants of Mexico

Alhagi camelorum Fisch. (Old World, 1) Ocimum carnosum Link & Otto (Old World, 1)
Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Schumach.) J. Léon. (Old World, 1) Ocimum micranthum Willd. (Old World, 15)
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. (Old World, 6) Ocimum sellowii Benth. (South America, 6)
Arachis hypogaea L. (South America, 8) Origanum majorana L. (Old World, 4)
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Old World, 11) Origanum vulgare L. (Old World, 7)
Cicer arietinum L. (Old World, 7) Salvia verbenacea L. (Old World, 3)
Clitoria ternatea L. (Old World, 12) Family Linaceae
Crotalaria mucronata Desv. (Old World, 1) Linum usitatissimum L. (Old World, 11)
Crotalaria retusa L. (Old World, 8) Family Lythraceae
Indigofera hirsuta L. (Old World, 4) Cuphea carthaginensis (Jacq.) J. Macbr. (South America, 8)
Indigofera spicata Forssk. (Old World, 1) Family Malvaceae
Indigofera tinctoria L. (Old World, 1) Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. (Old World, 3)
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet (Old World, 5) Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. (Oceania, Old World, 5)
Lathyrus latifolius L. (Old World, 1) Abutilon striatum Dickson ex Lindl. (South America, 11)
Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. (Old World, 1) Alcea rosea L. (Old World, 12)
Lathyrus tingitanus L. (Old World, 2) Hibiscus radiatus Cav. (ND, 5)
Lens culinaris Medik. (Old World, 1) Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Old World, 13)
Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don (Old World, 1) Hibiscus trionum L. (Old World, 2)
Medicago lupulina L. (Old World, 17) Lavatera arborea L. (Old World, 1)
Medicago polymorpha L. (Old World, 23) Malva crispa (L.) L. (Old World, 4)
Medicago sativa L. (Old World, 20) Malva neglecta Wallroth (Old World, 8)
Melilotus albus Medik. (Old World, 21) Malva nicaeensis All. (Old World, 9)
Melilotus indicus (L.) All. (Old World, 24) Malva parviflora L. (Old World, 28)
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. (Old World, 7) Malva rotundifolia L. (Old World, 3)
Pisum sativum L. (Old World, 6) Malva sylvestris L. (Old World, 13)
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. (Oceania, Old World, 2) Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don. (ND, 19)
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (North America, 1) Urena sinuata L. (ND, 3)
Securigera varia (L.) Lassen (Old World, 1) Family Meliaceae
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. (Old World, 3) Melia azederach L. (Old World, 27)
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. (Oceanía, Old World, 1) Family Mimosaceae
Spartium junceum L. (Old World, 6) Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. (Oceania, 2)
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br. (Old World, 11) Mimosa casta L. (South America, 1)
Trifolium dubium Sibth. (Old World, 2) Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill (Caribbean Region, 7)
Trifolium pratense L. (Old World, 3) Family Molluginaceae
Trifolium repens L. (Old World, 15) Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. ex DC. (Old World, 6)
Vicia angustifolia L. (Old World, 1) Mollugo verticillata L. (South America, 20)
Vicia faba Pers. (Old World, 11) Family Moraceae
Vicia sativa L. (Old World, 10) Ficus carica L. (Old World, 13)
Vicia villosa Roth (Old World, 3) Family Myrtaceae
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Old World, 8) Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Oceania, 14)
Family Fumariaceae Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Old World, 11)
Fumaria parviflora Lam. (Old World, 11) Family Nyctaginaceae
Family Geraniaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. (South America, 12)
Erodium brachycarpum (Godr.) Thell. (Old World, 1) Family Oleaceae
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. ex Aiton (Old World, 24) Jasminum azoricum L. (Old World, 1)
Erodium malacoides (L.) Willd. (Old World, 1) Family Orobanchaceae
Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hér. (Old World, 12) Orobanche ramosa L. (Old World, 2)
Geranium molle L. (Old World, 2) Family Oxalidaceae
Pelargonium zonale (L.) L’Hér. ex Aiton (Old World, 6) Oxalis pes-caprae L. (Old World, 6)
Family Haloragaceae Oxalis rubra A. St. Hil. (South America, 4)
Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. (South America, 7) Family Papaveraceae
Family Hemerocallidaceae Papaver rhoeas L. (Old World, 7)
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (Old World, 3) Papaver somniferum L. (Old World, 8)
Family Hydrangeaceae Family Passifloraceae
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) DC. (Old World, 5) Passiflora quadrangularis L. (Caribbean Region, 2)
Family Hydrocharitaceae Family Pedaliaceae
Egeria densa Planch. (South America, 9) Sesamum indicum L. (Old World, 12)
Hydrilla verticillata (L. f) Royle (Oceania, Old World, 2) Family Plantaginaceae
Family Iridaceae Plantago lanceolata L. (Old World, 17)
Tritonia crocosmiiflora Nichols (Old World, 5) Plantago major L. (Old World, 30)
Family Lamiaceae Plantago ovata Forssk. (Old World, 6)
Ajuga reptans L. (Old World, 1) Plantago virginica L. (North America, 7)
Lamium amplexicaule L. (Old World, 11) Family Poaceae
Lamium purpureum L. (Old World, 5) Aegilops cylindrica Host. (Old World, 1)
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (Old World, 28) Agropyron parishii Scribn. & Sm. (Old World, 1)
Leonurus sibiricus L. (Old World, 7) Agropyron pycnanthum (Godr.) Godr. & Gren. (Old World, 1)
Marrubium vulgare L. (Old World, 24) Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. (Old World, 10)
Mentha arvensis L. var canadensis (L.) Kuntze (Old World, 7) Agrostis alba L. (Old World, 7)
Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. (Old World, 13) Agrostis stolonifera L. (Northern Hemisphere, 8)
Mentha spicata L. (Old World, 8) Aira caryophyllea L. (Old World, 2)
Mentha x piperita L. (Old World, 9) Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (Old World, 1)
Molucella laevis L. (Old World, 1) Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. (Old World, 1)
Ocimum americanum L. (Old World, 1) Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (Old World, 5)
Ocimum basilicum L. (Old World, 14) Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino (Old World, 3)

Diversity and Distributions, 10, 113–123, © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 121
J. L. Villaseñor and F. J. Espinosa-Garcia
Arthraxon quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash (Old World, 4)
Arundo donax L. (Old World, 25)
Avena barbata Pott ex Link (Old World, 2)
Avena fatua L. (Old World, 24)
Avena sativa L. (Old World, 18)
Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng (Old World, 8)
Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus (Old World, 8)
Briza minor L. (Old World, 11)
Bromus arenarius Labill. (Oceania, 1)
Bromus arvensis L. (Old World, 2)
Bromus berteroanus Colla (South America, 2)
Bromus brizaeformis Fisch & C.A. Mey. (Old World, 1)
Bromus catharticus Vahl (Old World, 18)
Bromus diandrus Roth (Old World, 3)
Bromus hordeaceus L. (Old World, 1)
Bromus inermis Leysser (Old World, 2)
Bromus japonicus Thunb. (Old World, 1)
Bromus madritensis L. (Old World, 1)
Bromus mollis L. (Old World, 1)
Bromus racemosus L. (Old World, 1)
Bromus rigidus Roth (Old World, 2)
Bromus rubens L. (Old World, 3)
Bromus secalinus L. (Old World, 1)
Bromus tectorum L. (Old World, 6)
Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Old World, 27)
Chloris gayana Kunth (Old World, 14)
Chloris inflata Link (South America, 14)
Chloris virgata Sw. (Old World, 31)
Chusquea scandens Sw. (Old World, 1)
Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Old World, 11)
Crypsis vaginiflora (Forssk.) Opiz. (Old World, 1)
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Old World, 14)
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Old World, 31)
Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst (Old World, 12)
Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A. Camus (Old World, 1)
Dactylis glomerata L. (Old World, 14)
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. (Old World, 27)
Danthonia intermedia Vasey (North America, 1)
Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. (Old World, 14)
Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubb. (Old World, 5)
Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) A. Camus (Oceania, 1)
Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. (Oceania, 20)
Digitaria biformis Willd. (Old World, 1)
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler (Old World, 28)
Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. & Muhl. (Old World, 2)
Digitaria nuda Schumach. (Old World, 1)
Digitaria pentzii Stent (Old World, 11)
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Old World, 24)
Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roem. & Schult. (Oceania, Old World, 2)
Digitaria ternata (A. Rich.) Stapf (Old World, 15)
Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) P. Beauv. (Old World, 1)
Digitaria wallichiana (Wight & Arn.) Stapf (ND, 1)
Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link (Old World, 29)
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. (Old World, 27)
Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase (Old World, 7)
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (Old World, 1)
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Old World, 32)
Eleusine multiflora Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Old World, 18)
Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam. (Old World, 2)
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners (North America, 7)
Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud. (Old World, 4)
Eragrostis bahiensis Schrad. ex Schult. (South America, 3)
Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau (Old World, 11)
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) E. Mosher (Old World, 25)
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees (Old World, 7)
Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees (Old World, 4)
Eragrostis minor Host (Old World, 1)
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. (Old World, 20)
Eragrostis superba Peyr. (Old World, 3)
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv ex Roem & Schult. (Old World, 14)
Eragrostis tenuifolia (A. Rich.) Hochst. ex Steud. (Old World, 5)
Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin. (Old World, 15)
Euclasta condylotricha (Steud.) Stapf (Old World, 9)
Eustachys petraea Desv. (ND, 5)
122
Festuca arundinacea Scribn. (Old World, 8)
Festuca ovina L. (Old World, 1)
Festuca rubra L. (Northern Hemisphere, 6)
Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. (Northern Hemisphere, 1)
Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. (Northern Hemisphere, 7)
Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze (ND, 23)
Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb. (Old World, 4)
Hemarthria compressa (L.f) R.Br. (Old World, 1)
Holcus lanatus L. (Old World, 4)
Hordeum jubatum L. (North America, 16)
Hordeum marinum Huds. (Old World, 1)
Hordeum murinum L. (Old World, 4)
Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (North America, 3)
Hordeum vulgare L. (Old World, 17)
Hyparrhenia bracteata (Willd.) Stapf (ND, 1)
Hyparrhenia foliosa (Kunth) Fourn. (Old World, 1)
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. (Old World, 4)
Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf (Old World, 13)
Hyperthelia dissoluta (Steud.) W.D. Clayton (Old World, 8)
Hypogynium virgatum (Desv.) Dandy (South America, 1)
Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. (Old World, 2)
Lagurus ovatus L. (Old World, 1)
Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench (Old World, 1)
Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Old World, 17)
Lolium perenne L. (Old World, 19)
Lolium temulentum L. (Old World, 6)
Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. (Old World, 9)
Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Old World, 1)
Monerma cylindrica (Willd.) Coss. & T. Durand (Old World, 1)
Oryza sativa L. (Old World, 10)
Panicum antidotale Retz. (Old World, 5)
Panicum maximum Jacq. (Old World, 24)
Panicum miliaceum L. (Old World, 3)
Panicum repens L. (South America, 2)
Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb. (Old World, 1)
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (South America, 16)
Paspalum dystachion Poit. (South America, 1)
Paspalum urvillei Steud. (South America, 4)
Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. (Old World, 15)
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (Old World, 16)
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. (Old World, 3)
Pennisetum villosum R. Br. ex Fresen. (Old World, 9)
Phalaris angusta Nees ex Trin. (South America, 2)
Phalaris canariensis L. (Old World, 20)
Phalaris minor Retz. (Old World, 18)
Phalaris paradoxa L. (Old World, 6)
Phleum alpinum L. (Old World, 5)
Phleum pratense L. (Old World, 3)
Phyllostachys aurea Rivière & C. Rivière (Old World, 3)
Poa annua L. (Old World, 24)
Poa compressa L. (Old World, 1)
Poa pratensis L. (Old World, 9)
Polypogon interruptus Kunth (Old World, 9)
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. (Old World, 17)
Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. (Old World, 23)
Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb. (Old World, 31)
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. Clayton (Old World, 4)
Saccharum trinii (Hack.) Renvoize (Old World, 2)
Schismus arabicus Nees (Old World, 3)
Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. (Old World, 3)
Secale cereale L. (Old World, 6)
Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov. (ND, 16)
Setaria faberi F. Herm. (Old World, 1)
Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F.T. Hubb. (Old World, 17)
Setaria setosa (Sw.) P. Beauv. (Caribbean Region, 3)
Setaria sphacelata (Schum.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb. (Old World, 5)
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. (Old World, 15)
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (Old World, 14)
Sorghum almum (L.) Parodi (South America, 2)
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. (Old World, 27)
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Old World, 30)
Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf. (Old World, 1)
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Old World, 25)
Sporobolus jacquemontii Kunth (America, 7)
Diversity and Distributions, 10, 113–123, © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze (South America, 14)
Tragus berteronianus Schult. (Old World, 20)
Trichoneura elegans Swallen (ND, 1)
Triticum aestivum L. (Old World, 21)
Urochloa distachya (L.) Nguyen (Oceania, Old World, 4)
Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) Nguyen (Old World, 16)
Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. (Old World, 2)
Urochloa ramosa (L.) Nguyen (Old World, 1)
Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf (Old World, 17)
Urochloa subquadripara (Trin.) R.D. Webster (Old World, 2)
Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash (Old World, 1)
Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray (Old World, 7)
Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. (Old World, 17)
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. (North America, 4)
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. (Oceania, Old World, 1)
Family Polygonaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Old World, 2)
Muehlenbeckia complexa Meisn. (Oceania, 1)
Polygonum arenastrum Bureau (Old World, 2)
Polygonum argyrocoleon Steud. ex Kunze (Old World, 7)
Polygonum aviculare L. (Old World, 17)
Polygonum convolvulus L. (Old World, 4)
Polygonum hydropiper L. (Old World, 2)
Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Old World, 22)
Polygonum persicaria L. (Old World, 6)
Rumex acetosella L. (Old World, 13)
Rumex conglomeratus Murray (Old World, 9)
Rumex crispus L. (Old World, 27)
Rumex maritimus L. (Old World, 4)
Rumex obtusifolius L. (Old World, 16)
Rumex pulcher L. (Old World, 11)
Family Pontederiaceae
Eichhornia crassipes (C. Mart.) Solms (South America, 29)
Family Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton crispus L. (Oceania, Old World, 3)
Family Primulaceae
Anagallis arvensis L. (Old World, 29)
Centunculus minimus L. (Old World, 13)
Family Primulaceae
Primula malacoides Franch. (Old World, 2)
Family Resedaceae
Reseda luteola L. (Old World, 19)
Family Rhamnaceae
Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch (Old World, 1)
Family Rosaceae
Cotoneaster pannosus Franch. (Old World, 4)
Duchesnea indica (Andrz.) Focke (Old World, 10)
Rosa canina L. (Old World, 6)
Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex A. Murray (Old World, 2)
Rubus rosifolius J.E. Sm. (South America, 2)
Family Rubiaceae
Galium aparine L. (Old World, 6)
Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. (Old World, 3)
Sherardia arvensis L. (Old World, 6)
Family Rutaceae
Citrus aurantium L. (Old World, 11)
Ruta chalepensis L. (Old World, 16)
Family Salicaceae
Populus alba L. (Old World, 11)
Family Sapotaceae
Chrysophyllum cainito L. (Caribbean Region, 9)
Diversity and Distributions, 10, 113–123, © 2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Alien plants of Mexico
Family Saxifragaceae
Parnassia parviflora DC. (North America, 1)
Family Scrophulariaceae
Antirrhinum majus L. (Old World, 3)
Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn. (Old World, 9)
Digitalis purpurea L. (Old World, 5)
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. (Old World, 1)
Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Old World, 1)
Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. (Old World, 2)
Verbascum virgatum Stokes ex With. (Old World, 7)
Veronica arvensis L. (Old World, 4)
Veronica persica Poir. (Old World, 13)
Veronica polita R.E. Fr. (Old World, 8)
Veronica sepyllifolia L. (Old World, 5)
Family Solanaceae
Brugmansia candida Pers. (South America, 13)
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (South America, 25)
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. (South America, 13)
Nicotiana glauca Graham (South America, 28)
Nicotiana rustica L. (ND, 5)
Nicotiana tabacum L. (ND, 19)
Petunia hybrida Hort ex Vilm. (South America, 4)
Saracha procumbens (Cav.) Ruiz & Pav. (South America, 5)
Solanum capsicoides All. (South America, 5)
Solanum dulcamara L. (Old World, 1)
Solanum furcatum Dunal (South America, 2)
Solanum marginatum L. f. (Old World, 8)
Solanum pseudocapsicum L. (South America, 5)
Solanum sarachoides Sendtn. (South America, 5)
Solanum seaforthianum Andrews (South America, 18)
Solanum tuberosum L. (South America, 12)
Family Sphenocleaceae
Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. (Old World, 6)
Family Tamaricaceae
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. (Old World, 5)
Tamarix gallica L. (Old World, 7)
Tamarix juniperina Bunge (Old World, 3)
Tamarix parviflora DC. (Old World, 3)
Tamarix pentandra Pall. (Old World, 7)
Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (Old World, 8)
Family Tropaeolaceae
Tropaeolum majus L. (South America, 12)
Family Urticaceae
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudin (Old World, 3)
Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f) Wedd. (Old World, 1)
Soleirolia soleirolii (Req.) Dandy (Old World, 2)
Urtica urens L. (Old World, 10)
Family Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum bungei Steud. (Old World, 10)
Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet (Old World, 3)
Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer (Old World, 18)
Clerodendrum speciosum D’Ombrain (Oceania, 3)
Verbena rigida Spreng. (South America, 1)
Family Violaceae
Viola odorata L. (Old World, 2)
Family Zingiberaceae
Hedychium coronarium D. Koenig (Old World, 14)
Zingiber officinale L. (Old World, 11)
Family Zygophyllaceae
Tribulus cistoides L. (Old World, 20)
Tribulus terrestris L. (Old World, 16)
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