2020 - Skema Bab 7 Kadar Tindak Balas

Modul Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Kimia_Tingkatan4 2020
Bab 7_Kadar Tindak Balas
BAB KADAR TINDAK BALAS

7 RATE OF REACTION
7.1 Penentuan Kadar Tindak Balas

Determination of Rate of Reaction
7.1.1 Kadar Tindak balas

Rate of Reaction
1. Tindak balas kimia boleh dikelaskan kepada

Reaction can classified into
(a) Tindak balas cepat (b) Tindak balas perlahan
Fast reaction Slow reaction
2. Hubungan
Relationship
Tindak balas Masa yang diambil untuk tindak balas berlaku Kadar tindak balas
Reaction Time taken for the reaction occur Rate of reaction
Cepat Singkat / Pendek Tinggi
Fast Short High
Perlahan Lama / Panjang Rendah
Slow Long Low
3. Maksud kadar tindak balas
Meaning of reaction
a) Kelajuan apabila bahan tindak balas ditukarkan kepada hasil tindak balas dalam tindak
balas kimia.
The speed at which reactants are converted into the products in a chemical reaction.
b) Perubahan kuantiti bagi bahan tindak balas atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa
Change in the quantity of reactant or product per unit time:
c) Perubahan dalam amaun bahan/hasil per unit masa
The change of amount of (reactant/product) per unit time
Kadar tindak balas 1

Rate of reaction  Masa yang diambil/ Time taken
• Semakin pendek masa diambil, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas
The shorter the time taken , the higher the rate of reaction.
4. Kadar tindak balas boleh ditentukan dengan mengukur masa yang diambil bagi perubahan
yang dapat diperhatikan berlaku
The rate of reaction can be determined by measuring the time taken for an observable change to
occur
(a) Pengurangan jumlah bahan (bilangan mol/jisim/isipadu/kepekatan) tindak balas
melawan masa.
The decrease in the quantity (number of mole/ mass/ volume/ concentration ) of a reactant
with time taken
Jumlah bahan tindak balas Tafsir graf ;
Amount of reactant Interpret the graph.
• Jisim bahan tindak balas berkurang dengan
masa
Mass of reactant decrease with time.
• Pada akhir tindak balas, bahan tindak balas adalah
berlebihan dan sebanyak m g bahan tak larut.
m gram At the end of the reaction, marble is in excess and
Masa/time m grams of marble remains unchanged.
202 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

b) Peningkatan kuantiti (bilangan mol/jisim/isi padu / kepekatan) hasil tindak balas

terhadap masa.
Increase in the quantity (number of mole/ mass/ volume/ concentration ) of a product with time
taken.
Jumlah hasil tindak balas Tafsir graf

Amount of product Interpret the graph.
V cm3 • Isipadu hasil (contohnya gas) bertambah
dengan masa
Volume of product (eg gas) increases with time.
• Apabila tindak balas berhenti pada masa t,
jumlah isipadu gas mencapai nilai maksimun,
V cm3
Masa/time When the reaction stops at time, t the total volume
of gas achieves a maximum value, V cm3.
5. Perubahan pemerhatian untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas

Observable changes for measuring the rate of reaction.
a) Perubahan dalam jisim bahan atau hasil
Change in mass of reactant (decreasing) or product (increasing) during the reaction.
b) Isipadu gas yang dibebaskan (pertambahan) / Volume of a gas released (increasing)
c) Pembentukan mendakan/ Formation of a precipitate.
d) Kepekatan larutan bahan / Concentration of the solution of a reactant.
e) Suhu tindak balas / Temperature of reaction
f) Perubahan tekanan / Pressure changes
g) Perubahan warna / Colour changes
h) Perubahan pH / pH changes
Latihan 1 : Kelaskan tindak balas dalam jadual kepada tindak balas cepat atau lambat
Classify the reaction in the table into fast reaction or slow reaction.
• Pembakaran • Pengaratan besi

Combustion Rusting of iron
• Pembentukan stalagmit dan stalatik • Proses fotosintesis
Formation of stalagmites and stalacties Photosynthesis process
• Pembentukan mendakan argentum klorida • Tindak balas asid dengan logam
Formation a precipitate of silver chloride Reaction between acid and metal
Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas lambat

Fast reaction Slow reaction
Pertunjukan bunga api Pembentukan stalagmit dan stalatik
Pembentukan mendakan argentum klorida Pengaratan besi
Magnesium bertindak balas dengan asid Proses fotosintesis
hidroklorik Formation of stalagmites and stalacties
Firework display Rusting of iron
Formation a precipitate of silver chloride Photosynthesis process
Magnesium react with hydrochloric acid.
[3 markah]
Latihan 2 : Kenal pasti perubahan yang boleh diperhatikan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas.
Identify the changes are observed as below.
a) Mg + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ MgCl2 + H2 b) CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

• Pengurangan jisim magnesium. • Pengurangan jisim kalsium karbonat
Decrease in the mass of magnesium. Decresing the mass of calcium carbonate
• Peningkatan isipadu gas hidrogen.
• Peningkatan isi padu gas karbon dioksida.
Increase in the volume of hydrogen gas
Incresing the volume of carbon dioxide
(product)
Latihan 3 : Lakarkan graf

Sketch the graph
Tindak balas di antara marmar berlebihan (kalsium karbonat,CaCO3) dan asid nitrik cair, HNO3
The reaction between excess marble, calcium carbonate, CaCO3 and dilute nitric acid, HNO3
CaCO3 + 2HNO3 ⎯⎯→ Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
a) jisim marmar, CaCO3 terhadap masa b) Kepekatan asid nitrik, HNO3 terhadap masa
mass of marble against time Concentration of nitric acid, HNO3 against time
Masa(s) Masa(s)
c) kepekatan Ca(NO3)2 terhasil terhadap masa d) isi padu gas CO2 terbebas terhadap masa
concentration of Ca(NO3)2 produced against time volume of CO2 gas produced against time
Masa(s) Masa(s)
Soalan 4 :
Rajah 4 menunjukkan graf jisim zink melawan masa bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik.
Dalam eksperimen ini, 4.0 g zink ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 untuk
mengkaji kadar tindak balas pada suhu 30 0C.
Diagram 4 shows the graph of the mass of zinc againts time for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. In
this experiment, 4.0 g of zinc is added to 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid to study the rate of reaction at
the temperature of 30 0C
Jisim/g
Mass /g
4-
Lengkung pada suhu 30 0C
The curve at the temperature of 30 0C
2.3 -
Masa /s
t1 Time
(a) Apakah maksud kadar tindak balas

State the meaning of the rate of reaction.
✓ Perubahan kuantiti bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas per unit masa.
The change of amount of reactant or product per unit time
(b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu : Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Write the chemical equation for the reaction
(c) (i) Mengapakah lengkung bagi graf kekal mendatar selepas t1 s
Why is the curve in the graph remains constan after t1 second
✓ Ion hidrogen telah lengkap bertindak balas
Hydrogen ion is completely reacts
(ii) tentukan jisim zink yang tidak bertindak balas dalam eksperimen itu
determine the mass of unreacted zinc in the experiment.
= 4 – 2.3 = 1.7 g
(1.7 g)
Soalan 5
Proses manakah yang mempunyai kadar tindak balas yang paling rendah?
Which process has the lowest rate of reaction?
A. Pembakaran B. Penapaian
Combustion Fermentation
C. Peneutralan D. Fotosintesis
Neutralisation Photosynthesis
Soalan 6 ;
Tindak balas dalam satu eksperimen diwakili dengan persamaan berikut.
The reaction in the experiment is represented by the following equation.
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(a) Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas bagi tindak balas di atas
State the meaning of rate of reaction for reaction above?
✓ Jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida terbebas per unit masa.
The total of volume of carbon dioxide release per unit time
[1markah]
(b) Namakan gas yang terbebas di dalam tindak balas ini
Name the gas release in this experiment
✓ Karbon dioksida / carbon dioxide

[1 markah]
(b) Antara hasil yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan, manakah yang paling sesuai dipilih untuk
menentukan kadar tindak balas ?
Among the products stated in the equation, which is the most suitable to be chosen to determine the rate of
reaction?
✓ Isi padu gas karbon dioksida/ Volume of carbon dioxide gas

[ 1markah]
(c) Nyatakan satu sebab pemilihan hasil dalam (b)
State one reason for choosing the products in (b)
✓ Isi padu gas mudah diukur dengan menggunakan buret

The volume of the gas easily to measure by the burette
[1markah]

7.2 Kadar Tindak balas Purata dan Kadar Tindak balas pada Masa Tertentu
Average Rate of Reaction nad Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
1. Kadar tindak balas purata / Average rate of reaction
a) Maksud Nilai purata kadar tindak balas yang berlaku dalam satu tempoh masa.
Meaning The average value of the rate of reaction within a specified period of time
b) Kadar tindak = perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas
balas purata change of amount of a reactant or product
Average rate masa yang diambil untuk perubahan berlaku
of reaction time taken for the change to occur
c) Langkah pengiraan ;
Calculation steps ;
Isi padu gas,cm3 i) Kadar tindak balas purata dalam t1 saat pertama
Volume of gas,cm3 The average rate of reaction in the first t1 second.
= V1 − 0 = V1 cm3 s-1
V3 t1 − 0 t1
ii) Kadar tindak balas purata dari masa t1 ke t2
V2 The average rate of reaction from the time t1 to t2
V1 = V2 − V1 cm3 s-1
t2 − t1
0 t1 t2 t3 iii) Kadar tindak balas purata bagi keseluruhan

Masa,s tindak balas.
Time,s The average rate of reaction for the overall reaction.
= V3 cm3
t3
2. Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu
Rate of reaction at any given time (instantinous)
(a) Maksud Kadar tindak balas sebenar pada masa tertentu
Meaning The actual rate of reaction at a specific time
(b) Kaedah pengiraan / Calculation steps ;
Isi padu gas,cm3 Kadar tindak balas pada masa t
Volume of gas,cm3 Rate of reaction at time t
perubahan dalam isi padu gas
V2 A = (change in volume of the gas)
perubahan dalam masa
(change in time)
= kecerunan lengkungan pada masa, t
V1 B C
gradient of the curve at time t.
0 t Masa,s = panjang AC / length of AC = V2 − V1 cm3 s-1

Time,s Panjang BC / length of BC t 2 − t1
Soalan 7 :
1. Jadual 7.1 di bawah menunjukkan jumlah isi padu gas yang terbebas pada sela masa tertentu bagi
penguraian hidrogen peroksida, H2O2
Table 7.1 shows the total volume of gas released at different intervals for the dissociation of hydrogen
peroxide, H2O2
Masa, min 0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Time, min
Isi padu gas, cm3 0.0 10.0 20.0 28.0 35.0 35.0
Volume of gas, cm3
Jadual 7.1
Apakah kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit kedua.

What is the average rate of reaction in the second minute?
A 14.0 cm3 min-1 B 16.0 cm3 min-1

C 18.0 cm3 min-1 D 28.0 cm3 min-1
2. Jadual 7.2 menunjukkan jumlah isi padu gas hidrogen yang dikutip pada sela masa tertentu di
antara magnesium, Mg dan asid nitrik, HNO3
Table 7.2 shows the total volume of hydrogen gas collected at regular time interval for the reaction
between magnesium and nitric acid.
Masa,s 0 30 60 90 120
Time, s
Isi padu gas hidrogen, cm3 0 15 25 30 30
Volume of hydrogen gas, cm3
Jadual 7.2
Apakah tindak balas purata ?
What is the average rate of the reaction?
A 0.25 cm3 s-1 B 0.33 cm3 s-1
C 0.83 cm3 s-1 D 1.11 cm3 s-1
3. Jadual 7.3 menunjukkan jumlah isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dikumpulkan pada sela
masa tertentu dalam tindak balas kalsium karbonat dengan asid hidroklorik
Table 7.3 shows the total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected at various time interval in a reaction
of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
Masa,s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Time,s
Isi padu gas CO2 ,cm3 0 4.20 7.70 10.90 13.70 15.20 16.00 16.00
Volume of CO2 gas ,cm3
Jadual 7.3
Apakah tindak balas purata dalam minit kedua ?
What is the average rate of reaction in the second minute?
A 0.128 cm3 s –1 B 0.114 cm3 s –1
C 0.100 cm3 s –1 D 0.088 cm3 s –1
4. Jadual 7.4 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh dari penguraian hidrogen peroksida, H2O2
Table 7.4 shows the result obtained from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
Masa, min 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time, min
Isi padu gas oksigen, cm3 0 4 8 11 12 12
Volume of oxygen gas, cm3
Jadual 7.4
Kira kadar tindak balas purata bagi penguraian hidrogen peroksida dalam minit kedua.
Calculate the average rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide within the second minute.
A 2.0 cm3 min-1 B 3.0 cm3 min-1
C 4.0 cm3 min-1 D 12.0 cm3 min-1
[1.C/2.B/3.C/4.C]

Soalan 8 :
Dalam satu eksperimen, satu sudu serbuk mangan(IV) oksida,MnO2 ditambah ke dalam 50 cm3 larutan
natrium klorat(I) NaOCl. Gas oksigen yang terbebas dikumpulkan melalui sesaran air ke bawah.
Keputusan seperti ditunjukkan dalam jadual 8 di bawah
In an experiment , one spatula of manganese (IV) oxide,MnO2 powder is added to 50 cm3 of sodium chlorate(I)
solution.
The oxygen gas released is collected in a burette by downward displacement. The results are shown in Table 8
Masa,s / Time, s 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Isi padu gas oksigen,cm3
0.00 12.00 20.50 26.50 31.50 35.50 39.00 41.50
Volume of oxygen gas,cm3
Masa,s / Time, s 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

Isi padu gas oksigen,cm3
43.50 45.50 46.50 47.50 48.50 48.50 48.50
Volume of oxygen gas,cm3
Jadual 8 / Table 8
(a) Plot graf isi padu gas oksigen yang terkumpul terhadap masa
Plot a graph of the volume of oxygen gas collected against time.
isi padu gas oksigen (cm3)
Volume of oxygen gas
Masa(s)
Time

(b) Kira kadar tindak balas purata (tunjukkan langkah dalam kertas graf) Jawapan dengan unit yang betul
Calculate the average rate of reaction (shows the steps on the graph)
****Jawapan graf diterima (julat +- 0.05)
(i) dalam 2 minit pertama (ii) dalam minit kedua
in the first 2 minutes in the second minute
= 39 / 120 = 0.325 cm3s-1 = 39 – 26.5 / (120 – 60)
= 0.21 cm3s-1
( 0.33 cm3s-1 ) (0.21 cm3s-1 )
c) Kira kadar tindak balas / Calculate the rate of reaction.

i) pada 20 saat / at 20 seconds. ii) pada 80 saat /at 80 seconds
= 29 – 7 / 56 – 8 = 0.46 cm3s-1 = 45 – 25 / 140 – 52 cm3s-1

(0.46 cm3 s-1 ) (0.22 cm3 s-1)
d) Hitungkan kadar tindak balas keseluruhan eksperimen

Calculate the rate of reaction for experiment
= 48.50 / 240 = 0.20 cm3s-1
(0.20 cm3s-1)
Soalan 9 :
Dalam satu eksperimen, 2.0 g ketulan marmar,CaCO3 ditambahkan kepada 60 cm3 asid nitrik,HNO3 di
dalam kelalang kon. Jadual 9 menunjukkan isi padu gas CO2 yang dikumpulkan dalam picagari pada sela
masa tertentu.
In an experiment , 2.0 g of excess marble chips, CaCO3 are added to 60 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 in a
conical flask. Table 9 shows the volume of CO2 gas collected in a syringe at regular time.
Masa,s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

Time, s
Isi padu gas CO2,cm3 0.0 26.0 36.8 46.5 52.0 58.0 63.0 67.0 70.0 72.0 72.0 72.0
Volume of CO2 gas, cm3
(a) Labelkan rajah bagi susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen
Labelled the diagram for the set-up of apparatus used in experime
3. buret/ Burette
1. asid nitrik/nitric acid

5. air/ water
2. marmar / kalsium karbonat

Marble / calcium carbonate b) Penyesaran air ke
bawah
Downward
displacement of water
b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas dalam experiment ini.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment
• CaCO3 + 2HNO3 ⎯⎯→ Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
c) Plot graf isipadu gas karbon dioksida terkumpul melawan masa. (guna graf muka surat 8)
Plot a graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected against time.
d) Daripada graf, tentukan kadar tindak balas purata
From the graph, determine the average rate of reaction
i) dalam 3 minit ii) dalam 3 minit pertama iii) keseluruhan tindak balas
in the third minute in the first 3 minute overall reac
63.0 – 52.0 / 180 – 120
= 0.18 cm3s-1 63/180 = 0.35 cm3s-1 72.0 – 270 = 0.27 cm3s-1
(0.18 cm3s-1 ) (0.35 cm3s-1 )
(0.27 cm3s-1 )

e) Tentukan kadar tindak balas pada masa

Determine the rate of reaction at
(i) 0.5 minit/ 0.5 minute (ii) 2 minit/ 2 minute
= 64 – 13 / 144 – 0 = 0.4 cm3s-1 = 70 – 36 / 210 – 31 = 0.2 cm3s-1

(0.44 cm3 s-1 ) (0.23 cm3 s-1)
Soalan 9 : Jawapan graf +- 0.05
isi padu gas oksigen (cm3)

Volume of oxygen gas
Masa(s)
Time

Soalan 10 ;
Seorang murid menjalankan tiga eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak
balas. Jadual 10 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen itu.
A student carried out three experiments to study a factor that affects the rate of reaction.
Table 10 shows the result for the experiment.
Eksperimen
I II III
Experiment
Susunan radas Asid hidroklorik berlebihan
Set-up of apparatus Excess hydrochloric acid
1.2g pita magnesium

1.2 g magnesium ribbon
Suhu,0C 35
30 40
Temperature,0C
Masa yang diambil
untuk semua
magnesium melarut,s 50 20 15
Time taken for all the
magnesium dissolved,s
Rajah 10
Berdasarkan rajah 10,
Based on diagram 10,
a) Tuliskan persamaan kimia dalam eksperimen I
Write a chemical equation in experiment I Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
[2 markah ]
b) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian bagi tindak balas Gas tak berwarna terbebas // magnesium
State one observation for the reaction . melarut
Colourless gas is re;eased/ magnesium
dissolves
[2 markah ]
c) i) Namakan gas yang dihasilkan dalam eksperimen : Gas hidrogen/ Hydrogen
Name the gas produced in the experiment .
[1 markah ]
ii) Kira isipadu maksimun gas yang dihasilkan dalam eksperimen
Calculate the maximum volume of the gas produced in the experiment.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass : Mg,24;
Isi padu 1 mol gas pada suhu bilik / Volume of 1 mole of gas at room temperature = 24 dm3 ]
• mol Mg = 1.2 / 24 = 0.05 mol Isi padu H2 = 0.05 mol x 24 = 1.2 dm3
• 1 mol Mg menghasilkan 1 mol H2
• 0.05 mol Mg menghasilkan 0.05 mol H2
[3 markah](1.2 dm 3 /1200 cm 3)
3 -1
d) Kira kadar tindak balas purata dalam cm s bagi
Calculate the average rate of reaction in cm3 s-1 for
[ 3 markah]
(i) Eksperimen I (ii) Eksperimen II (iii) Eksperimen III
Experiment I Experiment II Experiment III
= 1200 / 50 = 24 cm3 = 1200 / 20 = 60 cm3 = 1200 / 15 = 80 cm3
[24 cm3s-1 ; 60 cm3 s-1 ; 80 cm3s-1]

Soalan 11 ;
Sekumpulan pelajar menjalankan eksperimen untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas antara kepingan
marmar, CaCO3 berlebihan dan 50 cm3 asid nitrik 0.1 mol dm-3 pada suhu bilik.
Tindak balas lengkap dalam masa 300 saat.
A group of students carried out an experiment to determine the rate of reaction between excess marble,CaCO3 chips
and 50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 nitric acid at room temperature. The reaction was completed within 300 seconds
a) Lakarkan graf isi padu gas melawan masa bagi eksperimen

Sketch a graph of volume of gas against time for this experiment.
.
Isi padu gas CO2 (cm3)
Masa(s)
[2 markah]
b) i) Kira bilangan mol bagi asid nitrik
Calculate the number of mole for nitrik acid.
Mol = MxV bilangan mol HCl = (0.1)(50) / 1000 = 0.005 mol

1000
(0.005 mol)[1 markah]
ii) Kira isi padu maksimun gas karbon dioksida yang terbebas
Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide are released.
[JAR / RAM ; H=1, C=12, O=16, Ca= 40 and 1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature
and pressure]
Nisbah mol = Isipadu gas,Vg =

• mol HCl menghasilkan 1 mol CO2
• 0.005 mol HCl menghasilkan 0.005 / 2 CO2 = 0.0025 mol CO2
• Isi padu CO2 = 0.0025 x 24 = 0.06 dm3
(0.06 dm3)[3 markah]
iii) Kirakan kadar tindak balas keseluruhan.

Calculate the overall rate of reaction.
Kadar tindak balas = V gas /masa

Kadar tindak balas = (0.06 x 1000) / 300 = 0.2 cm3s-1
Atau 600 / 300 = 2.0 cm3s-1
(0.2 cm3s-1) [2 markah]
c) Lukis susunan radas untuk menjalankan eksperimen ini

Draw the apparatus set-up to carry out this experimen
Asid nitrik Air

Nitric acid Water
Kalsium karbonat [2 markah]

Calcium carbonate

7.2 Faktor-faktor Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak balas

Factors that affect the Rate of Reaction
1. Saiz Bahan Tindak balas

Size of Reactants
2. Suhu larutan
Temperature of solution
3. Kepekatan larutan
Concentration of solution
4. Kehadiran mangkin
Present of catalyst
5. Tekanan
Pressure
7.2.1 Faktor 1 : Saiz Bahan Tindak balas

Size of Reactants
Compare the size of
Saiz bahan tindak
Eksperimen Saiz bahan tindak balas Suhu, 0C

Perbandingan
Experiment Size of reactant Temperature, 0C

reactant
balas
I menggunakan serbuk /ketulan kecil pepejal 60

use a small marble chips/ powder.
II menggunakan ketulan/ ketulan besar pepejal 60
use a large marble chips / granulated
Tindak balas di antara kalsium karbonat dan asid hidroklorik

Persama
Chemical
an kimia
equation
Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Saiz bahan tindak balas  Jumlah luas permukaan terdedah

 1/ Kadar tindak balas
Size of reactants  Total exposed surface area of particle 1/rate of reaction
Saiz bahan tindak balas Jumlah luas permukaan Kadar tindak

Hubungkait
Relationship
Size of reactant yang terdedah balas

Total exposed surface area Rate of reaction
Lebih kecil (serbuk/butiran kecil) Lebih luas Lebih tinggi

Smaller (powder/ small chip) Larger Higher
Lebih besar (ketulan/butiran besar) Lebih kecil Lebih rendah

Bigger (granules / big chip) Smaller Lower

Bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen set I dan II

Compare the rate of reaction betweeen experimen in set I and II
Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas

Experiment Reactants
I serbuk magnesium + 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.2 mol dm-3
magnesium powder + 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
II ketulan magnesium + 50 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.2 mol dm-3
magnesium granulated + 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
Example
Contoh
Penerangan
Explanation ;
✓ Kadar tindak balas eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II.
The rate of reaction in experimen I is higher than experimen II.
✓ Saiz magnesium dalam eksperimen I lebih kecil berbanding eksperimen II
The size of magnesium in experimen I is smaller than experimen II.
✓ Jumlah luas permukaan magnesium lebih besar,
The total surface area of magnesium is larger.
Isi padu hidrogen,cm3 Isi padu maksimun gas
Volume of hydrogen,cm3
hidrogen yang dikutip adalah
sama
Same maximum volume of
Skecthing graph
Kecerunan lebih tinggi

Melakar graf
-kadar tindak balas hydrogen gas collected

lebih tinggi Set I Set II
Higher gradient
higher rate of reaction
Masa,s
time,s
Graf 1
a) Graf 1 menunjukkan isi padu gas hidrogen yang terbebas terhadap masa bagi set I
dan set II
Graph 1 show the volume of hydrogen gas released against time for set 1 and 2.
b) Kecerunan lengkungan set I lebih cerun daripada set II
The gradient of the curve set 1 is more steep than curve set II.
✓ Kadar tindak balas dalam set I lebih tinggi daripada set II

Intepret of graph
Tafsir graf
the rate of reaction in set 1 is higher than set 2.

✓ Sebab : jumlah luas permukaan serbuk magnesium lebih besar daripada ketulan
magnesium
Because: the total exposed surface area of magnesium powder is larger than that of
granulated magnesium.
c) Isi padu maksimun gas hidrogen dalam set I dan set II adalah sama kerana
bilangan mol ion hidrogen dalam 2 set adalah sama.
The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas in both sets I and II are same because the
number of mole of hidrogen ions in both experiment is same

7.2.2 Faktor 2 : Suhu Larutan

Temperature of Solution (TOS)
Eksperimen Suhu, 0C Penerangan

Perbandingan
Compare the
temperature Experiment Temperature, 0C Explanation
suhu
I 60 Suhu larutan lebih tinggi

Temperature of solution is higher
II 30 Suhu larutan lebih rendah
Temperature of solution is lower
Tindak balas di antara natrium tiosulfat,Na2S2O3 dan asid sulfurik,H2SO4

A reaction between sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric acid
Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation
• Persamaan kimia : Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O + S

chemical equation
• Persamaan ion : S2O32- + 2H+ ⎯⎯→ SO2 + H2O + S

Ionic equation
• Pemerhatian : mendakan kuning (pembentukan sulfur,S)
Observation yellow precipiate (the formation of sulphur,S)
Relationship with the rate of reaction
Suhu larutan  tenaga kinetik  zarah bergerak  Kadar tindak balas

Concentration of solution  number of particles per unit volume  rate of reaction
Hubungkait dengan
kadar tindak balas
Eksperimen Suhu larutan Tenaga kinetik Pergerakan Kadar tindak

Experiment Temperature zarah tindak balas zarah balas
of solution Kinetic energy of Particles moving Rate of
the particles reaction
I (60 0C) Lebih tinggi Lebih tinggi Lebih cepat Tinggi
Higher Higher Faster High
II (30 0C) Lebih rendah Lebih rendah Lebih perlahan Rendah
Lower Lower Slower Low
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen I dan II

Compare the rate of reaction betweeen experimen I and II
Serbuk marmar, CaCO3 + 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.5 mol dm-3
I pada suhu 60.0 0C
Marble chips, CaCO3 + 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid,HCl at a
Example of comparation
Contoh perbandingan
temperature of 60.0 0C
Serbuk marmar, CaCO3 + 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.5 mol dm-3
II pada suhu 30.0 0C
Marble chips, CaCO3 + 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl at a
temperature of 30.0 0C
Panduan;
The rate of reaction in experiment I is higher than experiment II..
✓ Suhu larutan dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II
The temperature of solution in experiment I is higher than experimen II
✓ Tenaga kinetik zarah lebih tinggi / Kinetik energy of particles is higher
✓ zarah bergerak lebih cepat untuk berlanggar di antara satu sama lain
Partices moves faster to collide each other.

Isi padu CO2 ,cm3

Volume of CO2 cm3 Isi padu maksimun gas CO2
yang dikutip adalah sama
Same maximum volume of CO2
Skecthing graph Kecerunan lebih tinggi
Melakar graf
gas collected
-kadar tindak balas lebih
tinggi
Higher gradient I II
Masa,s / Time (s)

Graf 2
a) Kecerunan lengkungan set I lebih cerun daripada set 2
The gradient of the curve set 1 is more steep than curve set 2.
✓ Kadar tindak balas dalam set I lebih tinggi daripada set set II
the rate of reaction in set I is higher than set II.
✓ Kerana : suhu larutan dalam set I lebih tinggi daripada set II.
Intepret
Tafsir
tenaga kinetik zarah lebih tinggi. Zarah bergerak lebih laju

because : the temperature of solution in set I is higher than set II.
The kinetic neergy of particles is higher. Particles move faster .
b) Isi padu maksimun gas karbon dioksida dalam set I dan set II adalah sama kerana
The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas in both sets I and II are same
because the number of mole of hidrogen ions in both experiment is same
7.2.3 Faktor 3 : Kepekatan Larutan

Concentration of Solution (COS)
Eksperimen Kepekatan Penerangan

concentration
Experiment Concentration Explanation

Perbezaan
Difference of
kepekatan
I 1.0 mol dm-3 Kepekatan asid lebih tinggi

Concentration of acid is higher
II 0.001 mol dm-3 Kepekatan asid lebih rendah
Concentration of acid is lower
Tindak balas di antara natrium tiosulfat, Na2SO3 dan asid sulfurik,H2SO4

Reaction between sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 and sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Persamaan kimia : Na2S2O3 + 2H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + SO2 + S + H2O

Chemical equation
Persamaan ion : S2O32- + 2H+ ⎯⎯→ SO2 + H2O + S
Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation
Ionic equation (mendakan kuning)
Pemerhatian/ Observation :
• Apabila kepekatan Na2SO3 bertambah, masa yang diambil untuk tanda X yang
terletak di bawah kelalang kon menghilang semakin berkurang/semakin
pendek/cepat
When the concentration of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 increases, the time taken for
the “X” sign placed under the conical flask to disappear from sight decreases/become
shorter/faster
• Mendakan kuning sulfur terbentuk.

Yellow sulphur precipitate is formed.

Tips ;

Kepekatan larutan  Bilangan zarah per unit isi padu  Kadar tindak balas
dengan kadar tindak balas Concentration of solution  number of particles per unit volume  Rate of reaction
Eksperimen Kepekatan Bilangan zarah (ion) Kadar tindak
Hubungkait
Experimen larutan per unit isipadu balas

Concentration of Number of particles (ions) Rate of
solution per unit volume reaction
I Lebih tinggi Bertambah/lebih tinggi Lebih tinggi
(0.4 mol dm-3) Higher Increases/higher Higher
II Lebih rendah Berkurangan/lebih Lebih rendah

(0.2 mol dm-3) Lower rendah Lower
Decreases/lower


I Serbuk zink berlebihan + 20 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.2 mol dm-3
Excess zinc powder + 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
II Serbuk zink berlebihan + 10 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.4 mol dm-3
Example
Contoh
Excess zinc powder + 10 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
Panduan/ guidelines ;
✓ Kadar tindak balas eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I.
The rate of reaction in eksperimen II is higher than eksperimen I
✓ Kepekatan asid sulfurik dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
The concentration of sulphuric acid in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
✓ Bilangan zarah (ion hidrogen) per unit isi padu bertambah
The number of particles (hydrogen ions) per unit volume increases.
Isi padu hidrogen,cm3

Volume of hydrogen , cm3
Isi padu maksimun gas
Sketching graph
hidrogen yang dikutip

Lakaran graf
Kecerunan lebih tinggi adalah sama

-kadar tindak balas Same maximum volume of
lebih tinggi hydrogen gas collected
the higher the gradient II I
the higher rate of
reaction
Graf 3 Masa,s / Time,s

a) Kecerunan lengkungan set II lebih cerun daripada set I
The gradient of the curve set II is more steep than curve set I.
✓ Kadar tindak balas dalam set II lebih tinggi daripada set I
Intepretation of graph
the rate of reaction in set II is higher than set I.

Tafsiran graf
✓ Kepekatan asid sulfurik dalam set II lebih tinggi daripada set I.

Concentration of sulphuric acid in set II is higher than set I.
✓ Asid mempunyai bilangan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi
The acid contain more number of hydrogen ions
b) Isi padu maksimun gas hidrogen dalam set I dan set II adalah sama kerana
The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas in both sets I and II are same because
the number of mole of hidrogen ions in both experiment is same

7.2.4 Faktor 4 : Kehadiran Mangkin

Present of Catalyst
• Suatu bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah kadar tindak balas kimia.
Meaning of
mangkin
Maksud
catalyst
A chemical that enables to change the rate of chemical reaction.
• Suatu bahan kimia yang boleh meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.
A chemical that can able to increase the rate of reaction.
a) Mangkin tidak berubah secara kimia di akhir tindak balas

it is unchanged chemically at the end of reaction.
b) Mangkin dapat mengubah kadar tindak balas (meningkat/ mengurang)
it is alter the rate of a chemical reaction. (increase / decrease the rate)
c) Mangkin tidak mengubah kuantiti hasil tindak balas yang diperolehi
Ciri-ciri mangkin.
Characteristic
it is does not change the amount of products formed.

of catalyst
d) Jisim mangkin adalah sama sebelum dan selepas tindak balas

it amount of catalyst is the same before and after the reaction.
e) Mangkin adalah khusus untuk suatu tindak balas tertentu
It is spesific for a reaction
f) Hanya sedikit kuantiti mangkin yang diperlukan.
only small amount of catalyst is needed.
g) Kebanyakan mangkin merupakan unsur atau sebatian peralihan
most catalyst are transition elements or compounds.
a) Tindak balas penguraian hidrogen peroksida,H2O2 (kehadiran mangkin:
mangan(IV) oksida, MnO4
Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst manganese (IV) oxide,

MnO2
2H2O2 ⎯⎯→ 2 H2O + O2
b) Tindak balas di antara zink dan asid hidroklorik (kehadiran mangkin: larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid in the present of a catalyst copper (II) sulphate
solution.
Zn + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2
Mangkin  laluan alternatif  tenaga pengaktifan  Kadar tindak balas

Relationship with the rate of
Catalyst  alternative path  activation energy  Rate of reaction

Hubungkait dengan
kadar tindak balas
Eksperimen Kehadiran Laluan Tenaga Kadar tindak

Experiment mangkin alternatif pengaktifan balas
reaction
Present of Alternative Activation Rate of reaction

catalyst path energy
I Ada Menyediakan Rendah Tinggi
Present Provide Low Higher
II Tiada Tiada Rendah Rendah
Without No provide High Lower


ketulan zink + 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.1 mol dm-3
I + 1 cm3 of larutan copper(II) sulphate,CuSO4
zink granulated + 25 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl
Example of comparation
Contoh perbandingan
+ 1 cm3 of copper(II) sulfat, CuSO4 solution
II ketulan zink + 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.1 mol dm-3

zink granulated + 25 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl
Panduan ;
✓ Eksperimen I menggunakan mangkin, larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
Eksperimen II tidak menggunakan mangkin.
Experiment I use catalyst, copper(II) sulphate solution. Eksperimen II without catalyst
✓ Kehadiran mangkin, tindak balas berlaku pada satu laluan alternatif dimana
tenaga pengaktifannya lebih rendah.
With catalyst, reaction occurs at alternative path where lower activation energy.
The rate of reaction in eksperimen I is higher than eksperimen II.
Isi padu hidrogen (cm3)

Volume of hydrogen (cm3) Isi padu maksimun gas
hidrogen yang dikutip
adalah sama
Sketching graph
Same maximum volume of

Lakaran graf
Kecerunan lebih tinggi

-kadar tindak balas hydrogen gas collected
lebih tinggi I II
Higher gradient
Masa,s / Time,s
Graf 4
a) Kecerunan lengkungan set I lebih cerun daripada set II
The gradient of the curve set 1 is more steep than curve set II.
✓ Kadar tindak balas dalam set I lebih tinggi daripada set II
the rate of reaction in set I is higher than set II
Intepretation of graph
✓ Sebab : Eksperimen I menggunakan mangkin dan eksperimen I tanpa

Tafsiran graf
mangkin
Larutan CuSO4 dalam eksperimen I sebagai mangkin untuk
Mempercepatkan kadar tindak balas.
because : the exp I using the catalyst and exp II without catalyst.
CuSO4 solution in exp I acts as a catalyst to speed up the reaction.
b) Isi padu maksimun gas hidrogen dalam set I dan set II adalah sama kerana
The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas in both sets I and II are same
because the number of mole of hidrogen ions in both experiment is same

7.2.5 Faktor 5 : Tekanan Tindak Balas (hanya gas)

Pressure of Reaction (for gas only)
Tekanan
yang Eksperimen I 2.0 atm Tekanan lebih rendah
berlainan Experimen I The pressure is lower
Difference
Eksperimen II 4.0 atm Tekanan lebih tinggi
pressure
Experimen II The pressure is higher
Persamaan Tindak balas penguraian hidrogen peroksida.H2O2

kimia Decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide,H2O2
Chemical
equation 2H2O2 ⎯⎯→ 2H2O + O2
Tekanan  Bilangan zarah per unit isi padu  Kadar tindak balas
Pressure  number of particles per unit volume  rate of reaction
Eksperimen Tekanan Bilangan zarah per Kadar tindak

Experiment tindak balas unit isipadu balas
Pressure of Number of particles per Rate of reaction
Hubungkait dengan kadar tindak balas
reaction unit volume

I Lebih tinggi Bertambah Lebih tinggi

(4 atm) Higher Increases Higher
II Lebih rendah Berkurangan Lebih rendah

(2 atm) Lower Decreases Lower
Tips ;
✓ Tekanan tindak balas dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II,
The pressure of reaction in experiment I is higher than experiment II.
✓ Jarak di antara zarah menjadi lebih rapat
particles are close together
✓ Lebih banyak zarah per unit isi padu
more particles per unit volume
✓ tindak berlaku dengan lebih pantas
the reaction occurs faster.
The rate of reaction in eksperimen I is higher than eksperimen II.
Latihan 11 ;
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara serbuk kuprum(II) karbonat dengan asid nitrik.
The following equation shows the reaction between copper(II) carbonate and nitric acid.
CuCO3 + 2HNO3 ⎯⎯→ Cu(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O

Bagaimanakah kadar penghasilan gas karbon dioksida boleh ditingkatkan?
How can the rate of production of carbon dioxide gas be increased?
A. Tingkatkan saiz kuprum(II) karbonat C. Tingkatkan isi padu asid nitrik

Increases the size of copper(II) carbonate Increases the volume of nitric acid
B. Tingkatkan isi padu air da/am asid D. Tingkatkan suhu nitric acid
Increases the volume of water in acid Increases the temperature of nitric acid.

Latihan 12: Lakarkan graf kadar tindak balas berikut

Sketh the graph as followed
a) Experiment I : Isi padu gas,cm3

Ketulan kecil kalsium karbonate berlebihan dan Volume of gas,cm3
25 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of 1.0
mol dm-3 hydrichloric acid, HCl
Experiment II : Eksp I Eksp II
Ketulan besar kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan
Excess calcium carbonate granulated and
25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrchloric acid, HCl Masa,s / Time,s
b) Experiment I : Isi padu gas,cm3
Ketulan kecil kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan Volume of gas,cm3
25 cm3 asid nitrik, HNO3 1.0 mol dm-3 pada 60 0C
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 at 60 0C
Ketulan kecil kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan
25 cm3 asid nitrik, HNO31.0 mol dm-3 pada 80 0C
Excess calcium carbonate chips and
25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 at 80 0C
Masa,s / Time,s
c) Experiment I : Isi padu gas, cm3
Serbuk kalsium karbonate berlebihan dan Volume of gas,cm3
Excess calcium carbonate powder and 20 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm-3 hydrchloric acid, HCl
Eksp I Eksp II
Experiment II :
Serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan
Excess calcium carbonate powder and
30 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrchloric acid, HCl
Masa,s / Time,s
d) Experiment I : Isi padu gas,cm3
Serbuk zink berlebihan Volume of gas, cm3
+ 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Excess zink powder + 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrchloric acid, HCl Eksp II
Eksp I
Experiment II :
Serbuk zink berlebihan
+ 25 cm3 asid sulfurik, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm-3
Excess zink powder + 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 Masa,s / Time,s
sulphuric acid,H2SO4
e) Experiment I : Isi padu gas,cm3
Serbuk zink berlebihan + 25 cm3 HCl 1.0 mol dm-3 Volume of gas, cm3
+ larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
hydrchloric acid, HCl + copper (II) sulphate solution

Serbuk zink berlebihan + 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik,
HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrchloric acid, HCl Masa,s / Time,s

Latihan 13 :
Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Suhu oC

Experiment Reactants Temperature, oC
Ketulan zink berlebihan dan 30 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm-3 30
I 3 -3
Excess zinc granule and 30 cm of 0.5 mol dm sulphuric acid
Ketulan zink berlebihan dan 30 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.5 mol dm-3
II 40
Excess zinc granule and 30 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
Jadual 13 / Table 13
Lakar di atas paksi yang sama, graf bagi jumlah isi padu gas terkumpul melawan masa ntuk kedua-dua
eksperimen.
Sketch on the same axes, the graph of total volume of gas collected against time for the two experiments.
Isi padu gas (cm3)
Eksp II Eksp I
Masa (s)
[3 markah]
Latihan 14 ;
Jadual 14 menunjukkan tiga eksperimen yang telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan ke atas
kadar tindak balas.
Table 14 shows three experiments that were carried out to investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of
reaction.

I Serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan + 40 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3
Excess of calcium carbonate powder + 40 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
II Serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan + 20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3
Excess of calcium carbonate powder + 20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
III Serbuk kalsium karbonat berlebihan + 20 cm3 asid sulfurik 1.0 mol dm-3
Excess of calcium carbonate powder + 20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
a) Lakarkan satu graf untuk menunjukkan isi padu gas karbon dioksida melawan masa yang diambil
untuk ketiga-tiga eksperimen itu pada paksi yang sama.
Sketch a graph to show the volume of carbon dioxide gas released gainst time taken for the three experiments
on the same axis.
[ 3 markah]
Isi padu gas (cm3)
Eksp III
Eksp II Eksp I
Masa (s)

b) Bandingkan isi padu gas yang terbebas antara Eksperimen I dan II dan antara Eksperimen II dan III
Terangkan mengapa.
Compare the volume of gas released between Experiment I and II and between Experiment II and III.
Explain why.
[3 markah]
Jawapan ;
Perbandingan Eksperimen I dan II Eksperimen II dan III .
Comparison Experiment I and II Experiment II and III.
Isipadu gas yang terbebas Sama Tidak sama
Volume of gas release Same Not same
Penerangan Bilangan ion hidrogen Bilangan ion hidrogen eksperimen III adalah
Explaination adalah sama 2 kali berbanding eksperimen
Same number of The number of hidrogen in experimen III is
hydrogen ion twice than eksperimen I
Soalan 15 :
1. Graf menunjukkan isipadu gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan melawan masa bagi tindakbalas antara
zink dan asid sulfurik..
The graph shows the volume of hydrogen gas produced against time for the reaction between zinc and
sulphuric acid.
Isi padu gas hidrogen,cm3
Volume of hydrogen gas,cm3
Masa, s
Time,s
Kecerunan graf berkurang dengan masa kerana
The gradient of the graph decreases with time because
A mangkin tidak digunakan C suhu tindak balas berkurang
catalyst is not used. temperature of reaction decreases
B isipadu campuran berkurang D kepekatan asid sulfurik berkurang
volume of mixture decreases concentration of sulphuric acid decreases
2 Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas di antara magnesium dan asid hidroklorik.
The following equation shows the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Manakah antara graf isipadu(V) gas hidrogen melawan masa(t) berikut adalah betul?
Which of the following graphs of volume (V) of hydrogen gas against time (t) is correct?
A C
B D

3 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah bukan ciri mangkin

Which of the following is not a characteristic of catalyst?
A Mangkin adalah khusus dalam tindak balasnya
Catalyst is specific in its reaction
B Mangkin mempengaruhi kuantiti hasil tindak balas
Catalyst influences the quantity of product of reaction
C Sifat kimia mangkin tetap tidak berubah di akhir tindak balas
The chemical property of a catalyst remains unchanged at the end of the reaction
D Hanya sedikit mangkin diperlukan untuk mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
Only a little amount of a catalyst is needed to influence the rate of reaction
[1.D/2.B/3.B]
Soalan 16
Dua eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk menentukan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar suatu tindak balas.
Jadual 16 menunjukkan maklumat setiap eksperimen.
Two experiments are carried out to investigate the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
Table 16 shows the information of each experiment.
Eksperimen Bahan Suhu, oC Isi padu gas yang

Experiment Reactants Temperature, dikumpulkan,cm3 pada
o
C 60 saat,
Volume of gas collected,
cm3at 60 second,
Zink berlebihan dan 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik , 40 20.0
I HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Zinc excess and 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, HCl
Zink berlebihan dan 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 60 32.0
II HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Zinc excess and 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, HCl
a) Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam kedua-dua eksperimen.
What is the factor that affects the rate of reaction in both experiments.
Suhu / Temperature
[1 markah]
b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs. [2 markah]
c) Namakan gas yang terbebas dalam eksperimen ini: Hidrogen/ Hydrogen

Name the gas released in the experiment
[1 markah]
d) Hitungkan bilangan mol bagi asid hidroklorik
Calculate the number of mole of hydrochloric acid
Mol = MV = Bil mol HCl = (1.0) (25) / 1000 = 0.025 moldm-3
1000 (0.025 mol ) [1 markah]
e) Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata bagi eksperimen I dan II.

Calculate the average rate of reaction for experiments I and II.
Set I = 20/60 = 0.33 cm3s-1 Set II = 32/60 = 0.53 cm3s-1

(0.33 cms-1/0.533cm3s-1) [2 markah]

f) Bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen I dan eksperimen II. Terangkan
Compare the rate of reaction between experiment I and experiment II. Explain.
✓ Kadar tindak balas eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I

✓ Suhu tindak balas eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
✓ Tenaga kinetik zarah lebih tinggi . Maka zarah bergerak lebih cepat
[3 markah]
Soalan 17
Seorang pelajar menjalankan tiga set eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas. Jadual 17 menunjukkan maklumat dan keputusan eksperimen itu.
A student carried out three sets of experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction.
Table 17 shows the information and the result of the experiment.
Masa yang diambil untuk

Set Bahan tindak balas semua magnesium larut (s)
Reactants Time taken for all the
magnesium to dissolve(s)
Pita magnesium dan 50.0 cm3 asid nitrik 1.0 mol dm-3
I Magnesiumribbon and 50 cm3 of 1 moldm-3 nitric acid acid 100
Serbuk magnesium dan 50.0 cm3 asid nitrik 1.0 mol dm-3
II Magnesium powder and 50 cm3 of 1 moldm-3 nitric acid 60
Pita magnesium dan 50.0 cm3 asid nitrik 1.0 mol dm-3 dan
III larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 45
Magnesium ribbon and 50 cm3 of 1 moldm-3 nitric acid and
copper(II) sulphate solution
Jadual 17
(a) Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas set I : Mg + 2H+ → Mg2+ + H2
Write an ionic equation for the reaction in set I.
[2 markah]
(b) Hitung bilangan mol bagi asid nitrik
Calculate the number of mole of nitric acid
Mol = MV = (1)(50) / 1000 = 0.05 mol
1000
(0.05 mol) [1 markah]
(c) Hitung isi padu maksimum gas hidrogen yang dihasilkan pada keadaan bilik
[1 mol gas menempati isi padu 24 dm3pada keadaan bilik]
Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen gas produce at room condition.
[1 mole of gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room condition]
Isi padu = mol x isi padu molar
2 mol HCl menghasilkan 1 mol H2
0.05 mol HCl menghasilkan 0.025 mol H2
Isi padu H2 = 0.025 x 24 = 0.6 dm3 = 600 cm3
(0.6 dm3 /600 cm3)[2 markah]
(d) Apakah kadar tindak balas purata bagi

What is the average rate of reaction for
(i) Set I (ii) Set II.
= 600 / 100 = 6 cm3s-1 = 600 x 60 = 10 cm3s-1
( 6 cm3s-1;10 cm3s-1)[2 markah]

7.3 Aplikasi Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak balas

Application of Factors that Affect the Rate of Reaction
1. Pembakaran arang batu

Burning of charcoal
Mengapa makanan dimasak cepat bila ketulan arang batu yang kecil digunakan
berbanding ketulan besar arang batu.
Why food can be cooked faster when smaller pieces of charcoal are used as compared to bigger
pieces of charcoal.
✓ Ketulan kecil arang batu mempunyai jumlah luas permukaan yang lebih besar.
Smaller pieces of charcoal have a larger total exposed surface area.
✓ Arang batu terbakar lebih cepat untuk menghasilkan banyak tenaga haba.
It can burn faster to produce more heat.
✓ Kadar makanan masak adalah lebih tinggi.
the rate of food to cooked is higher.
2. Penyimpanan makanan dalam peti ais

Storing food in a refrigerator
Mengapa makanan yang disimpan dalam peti sejuk lebih tahan lama daripada makanan
yang disimpan dalam almari dapur
Why food stored in the refrigerator last longer than the food stored in the kitchen cabinet.
✓ Suhu di dalam peti ais lebih rendah daripada almari dapur

the temperature inside the refrigerator is lower than kitchen cabinet.
✓ Bakteria tidak aktif / The bacteria is not active.
✓ Pertumbuhan bakteria dalam makanan lebih rendah/the growth of bacteria in food is lower
✓ Bakteria menghasilkan toksik yang rendah / the bacteria produce low toxic.
✓ Kadar penguraian makanan lebih rendah/ the rate of decomposition of food is lower.
✓ Kadar makanan rosak adalah lebih rendah / the rate of food ot decay is lower.
3 Memasak makan pepejal dalam saiz yang berlainan.

Cooking of solid food in different sizes.
Mengapa daging yang dipotong kepingan kecil lebih cepat dimasak daripada daging
ketulan besar
Why meat cut into small pieces can be cooked faster compare with meat in big chunks.
✓ daging dalam kepingan kecil mempunyai jumlah luas permukaan lebih besar daripada
ketulan besar daging
The meat in small pieces has larger total surface than meat in big chunks.
✓ jumlah luas permukaan yang terdedah kepada pemanasan bertambah.
A total surface area exposed to heat during cooking are increases.
✓ lebih banyak haba yang diserap.
more heat can be absorbed faster.
✓ daging dalam kepingan kecil mengambil masa pendek untuk masak dibandingkan
ketulan besar daging
The meat in small pieces take shorter time to cook as compare to big chunks.
✓ Kadar masak kepingan kecil daging lebih tinggi daripada kepingan besar daging
The rate of smaller pieces of meat to cooked is higher than big chunks of meat
4. Aplikasi mangkin dalam proses industri

The application of catalyst in industrial processes.
Proses Proses industri

Process Indusrial proses
Proses Haber  Proses Sentuh  Proses Ostwald Penghidrogenan
Haber process Contact process Ostwald process Hydrogenation
Hasil Gas ammonia, Asid sulfurik, Asid nitrik Marjerin
tindak Ammonia gas, Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, (minyak kelapa
balas NH3 H2SO4 HNO3 sawit)
Product Margerine
(from palm oil)
Mangkin Serbuk besi Vanadium(V) Platinum Nikel/ platinum
Catalyst Iron powder oksida, V2O5 Platinum Nickel / platinum
Vanadium (V) oxide,
Suhu 450 0C 450 0C 850 0C 180 0C
Temperature
Tekanan 250 atm 1 atm 2 atm 1 atm
Pressure
Soalan 18 ; Esei
Kentang bersaiz kecil masak lebih cepat daripada bersaiz besar.
The smaller-sized potatoes will cook faster than bigger-sized ones.
Jelaskan penyataan ini.

Clarify this statement
✓ Kentang bersaiz kecil mempunyai jumlah luas permukaan yang lebih besar daripada kentang besar
Small sized potatoes have bigger total surface area than big potatoes
✓ Lebih banyak haba yang diserap oleh kentang kecil
More heat is absorb by the smaller of potatoes
✓ Kadar masak kentang kecil lebih tinggi daripada kentang besar
Cooking rate of small potatoes is higher than big potatoes
[3 markah)
Soalan 19 ; Esei
Azmi telah menyimpan sebiji epal di dalam peti ais dan sebiji lagi di dalam kabinet dapur.
Wajarkan penggunaan peti ais dan kabinet dapur bagi buah epal tersebut
Azmi has kept an apple in the refrigerator and the other in the kitchen cabinet.
Justify the use of the fridge and kitchen cupboards for the apple fruit.
Peti ais / Refrigerator Kabinet dapur/ Kitchen cabinet
• Suhu lebih rendah • Suhu lebih tinggi

The temperature is lower. The temperature is higher/ Room temperature
• Aktiviti bakteria adalah lebih lambat • Aktiviti bakteria adalah lebih cepat
Bacterial activity become slower Bacterial activity become faster
• Bakteria tidak aktif • Bakteria aktif
Bacteria inactive Bacteria active
• Bakteria menghasilkan sedikit kepekatan ion • Bakteri menghasilkan banyak lebih tinggi
hidrogen. kepekatan ion hidrogen
Bacteria produces low concentration of Bacteria produces a lot of hydrogen ion.
hydrogen ions.
• Kadar pereputan epal lebih tinggi
• Kadar pereputan epal lebih rendah Rate of decaying of apple is higher.
The rate of decaying of apple is lower.

7.4 Teori Perlanggaran

Collision Theory
1. Teori Tindak balas kimia berlaku apabila zarah bertindak ;

Perlanggaraan A chemical reaction occurs when the reacting particles ;
menyatakan a) berlanggar satu sama lain semasa tindak balas
Collision theory collide with one another during reaction.
states
b) mencapai tenaga minimun tertentu (dipanggil tenaga pengaktifan) dan
achieved a certain minimun energy (called activation energy ) and
c) dengan orientasi perlanggaran yang betul akan menghasilkan tindak
balas.
with the correct orientation of collisions will result in reaction.
2. Tenaga Tenaga minimun yang perlu diatasi oleh perlanggaran zarah bahan
pengaktifan, Ea tindak balas supaya tindak balas berlaku
Activation energy, The minimun energy that must be overcome by the colliding particles of the
Ea reactants so that the reaction can ocour.
Unit : kilojoule (kJ)

3. Frekuensi Bilangan perlanggaran per unit masa
perlanggaran The number of collision per unit time
Frequency of
collision
4. Frekuensi • Perlanggaran yang mencapai tenaga pengaktifan dan dengan orientasi
perlanggaran yang betul.
berkesan Collisions which achieve activation energy and with correct orientation.
Frequency of
effective • Perlanggaran antara zarah bahan tindak balas yang menghasilkan
collisions tindak balas kimia
Collision between the reactant particles that resullt in a chemical reaction
5. Gambar rajah profil tenaga.

The energy profile diagrams.
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy
Tenaga pengaktifan,Ea
Activation energy, Ea
Bahan Ea Tenaga pengaktifan
Hasil tindak balas
tindak balas Activation energy, Ea
products
Reactant
H
H
Hasil tindak balas Bahan tb
Reactant
Products
Lintasan tindak balas

Reaction path Lintasan tindak balas
Reaction path
Gambar rajah profil tenaga Eksotermik Gambar rajah profil tenaga Endotermik
Energy profile diagram for Exothermic reaction Energy profile diagram for Endothermic
Tindak balas membebaskan haba ke reaction
persekitaran Tindak balas menyerap haba dari
* reaction release heat to surrounding persekitaran
* reaction absorb heat from surrounding
✓ Haba tindak balas, H : perbezaan tenaga dalam bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas
Heat of reaction the energy difference in the reactants and in the products.
Latihan 20 ; Lukis gambar rajah profil tenaga. Label tenaga pengaktifan,Ea dan perbezaan tenaga, H
Draw an energy profile diagrams. Label the activation energy, Ea and different of energy, H
Tindak balas eksotermik Tindak balas endotermik
Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
a) Zn + 2HCl ⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2 c) N2 + 2O2 ⎯→ 2NO2
tenaga tenaga
Ea
Ea 2NO2
Zn + 2HCl
H
H N2 + 2O2
ZnCl2 + H2
b) C2H4 + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 2H2O d) Cu(NO3)2 ⎯→ CuO + ½ O2 + 2NO2

tenaga tenaga
Ea
CuO + ½ O2 +NO2
Ea
C2H4 + 3O2 H
Cu(NO3)2
H
2CO2 + 2H2O
7.4.2 Teori Perlanggaran dan Faktor yang mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak balas
The Collision Theory and the factors that affect the Rate of Reaction
Faktor 1 Kesan Saiz Bahan tindak balas (Jumlah luas permukaan)

Factor 1 Effect of Size of reactants (total surface area)
✓1 Saiz bahan tindak balas / Size of reactant.
✓2 Jumlah luas permukaan yang terdedah kepada perlanggaran
Penerangan
Explanation
Total surface area exposed to collision

✓3 Frekuensi perlanggaran antara zarah/Frequency of collision between the particles
✓4 Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan / Frequency of effective collision
✓5 Kadar tindak balas / Rate of reaction
• Contoh : Tindak balas marmar, CaCO3 dengan asid hidroklorik, HCl

Examples : The reaction of marble,CaCO3 with hydrochloric acid,HCl
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Eksperimen I II
Experiment Serbuk kalsium karbonat Ketulan kalsium karbonat
Calcium carbonate powder Calcium carbonate granules
Kadar tindak balas Tinggi Rendah
Rate of reaction Higher Lower
Saiz bahan tindak balas Lebih kecil Lebih besar
Size of reactant Smaller Bigger
Jumlah luas permukaan CaCO3 Lebih luas Lebih kecil
Total surface area , CaCO3 Larger Smaller
Frekuensi perlanggaran Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Frequency of collision Higher Lower
Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Frequency of effective collision Higher Lower

Penerangan berdasarkan Teori Perlanggaran ;

Explanation based on Collision Theory ;
1 Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
Rate of reaction of experiment in experimen II is higher than experiment I.
2 Saiz kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 dalam eksperimen II lebih kecil daripada eksperimen I
Saiz of calcium carbonate in experiment II is smaller than eksperimen I
3 Jumlah luas permukaan kalsium karbonat dalam eksperimen II lebih besar
The total suface area of calcium carbonate in eksperimen II is larger.
4 Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara CaCO3 dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi .
The frequency of collisions between CaCO3 dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi .
5 Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi
The frequency of effective collision is higher
Soalan 21 ;
Satu kumpulan pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas. Jadual 21 menunjukkan maklumat tentang bahan tindak balas dan suhu yang digunakan
dalam setiap eksperimen
A group of pupils carried out two experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of reaction.
Table 21 shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in each experiment.
Set Tindak balas Suhu, 0C

Set Reactions Temperature, 0C
3
I Butiran kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 berlebihan dan 30 cm asid hidroklorik
0.5 mol dm-3 30
Excess calcium carbonate, CaCO3 chips and 30 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
II Serbuk kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 berlebihan dan 30 cm3 asid hidroklorik

0.5 mol dm-3 30
Excess calcium carbonate CaCO3 powder and 30 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochoric acid.
Jadual 21
Berdasarkan maklumat di dalam Jadual 21,
Based on the information in table 21 ;
• Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas set I
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in set I
• bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen I and II
compare the rate of reaction between experiment I and II.
dengan menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan jawapan anda
by reffering to collision theori, explain your answer
[6 markah]
Jawapan
1. Persamaan kimia/ Chemical equation : . CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
2 Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
3 Saiz kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 dalam eksperimen II lebih kecil daripada eksperimen I
4 Jumlah luas permukaan kalsium karbonat dalam eksperimen II lebih besar
The total suface area of calcium carbonate in eksperimen II is larger.
5 Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara CaCO3 dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi .
6 Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi

Faktor 2 Kesan Suhu Larutan

Factor 2 Effect of Temperature of Solution
✓1 Suhu larutan / Temperature of solution
✓2 Tenaga kinetik zarah. Pergerakan zarah.
Kata kunci
keypoint
Kinetic energy of particles . The moving of partiles.

✓3 Frekuensi perlanggaran antara zarah / Frequency of collision between the particles
✓4 Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan / Frequency of effective collision
• Contoh : Tindak balas serbuk zink, Zn dengan asid hidroklorik, HCl

Examples` The reaction of zinc powder, Zn with hydrochloric acid,HCl
Zn + 2HCl ⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2
Eksperimen I II
Experiment Tindak balas pada 60 0C Tindak balas pada 300C
Reaction at 60 0C Reaction at 30 0C
Kadar tindak balas Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Suhu larutan Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Temperature of solution Higher Lower
Tenaga kinetik zarah tindak balas Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Kinetic energy of the particles Higher Lower
Pergerakan zarah Lebih laju Lebih perlahan
Particles moving Faster Slower
Frekuensi perlanggaran Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Frequency of collision Higher Lower
Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Penerangan berdasarkan Teori Perlanggaran

Persamaan ion /Ionic equation : Zn + 2H+ ⎯→ Zn2+ + H2
a) Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II.
Rate of reaction in experiment I is higher than eksperimen II
b) Suhu eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II
Temperature of the experiment I is higher than experiment II
c) Tenaga kinetik zarah lebih tinggi. Zarah bergerak lebih laju
The kinetic energy of the particles is higher. Particles move faster.
d) Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara atom zink dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi.
Frequency of collision between zinc atom and hydrogen ion is higher
e) Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi.
Frequency of Ieffective collision is higher.
Contoh lain : Tindak balas di antara natrium tiosulfat,Na2S2O3 dan asid hidroklorik, HCl
Other examples The reaction between sodium thiosulphate,Na2S2O3 and hydrochloric acid, HCl.
✓ Persamaan kimia : Na2S2O3 + 2 HCl ⎯→ 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O + S
Chemical equation

Soalan 22 ;
Seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas. Rajah 22 menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen itu.
A student carried out two experiments to study a factor that affects the rate of reaction.
Diagram 22 shows the result for the experiment.
Eksperimen
I II
Experiment
Susunan radas Asid hidroklorik Asid hidroklorik
Set up of apparatus
berlebihan berlebihan
Excess hydrochloric Excess hydrochloric
acid acid
pita magnesium pita magnesium
magnesium ribbon magnesium ribbon
Suhu,0C 20 40
Temperature, 0C
Masa yang diambil untuk
semua magnesium melarut,s 50 30
Time taken for all the magnesium
to dissolve ,s
Jadual 22
Berdasarkan Jadual 22,
Based on table 22 ;
a) i) Namakan gas yang terbebas dalam eksperimen I : gas hidrogen/ hydrogen

Name the gas released in the experiment I .
[ 1 markah ]
ii) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu : Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Write a chemical equation for the reaction.
[ 2 markah ]
iii) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam eksperimen.: gas tidak berwarna terbebas
State one observation in the eksperimen. Colourless gas is released
[ 1 markah ]
b) Bandingkan kadar tindak balas di antara eksperimen I dan II
Dengan merujuk Teori Perlanggaran, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan kadar tindak balas
dalam eksperimen.
Compare the rates of reaction between experiment I and II.
By reference to collision theory, explain why there are differences in the rates of reaction in the experiments.
[4 markah]
Jawapan
a) Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
b) Suhu dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
The temperature in experimen II is higher than eksperimen I
c) Tenaga kinetik zarah lebih tinggi. Zarah bergerak lebih laju.
The kinetic energy of particles is higher. Partilces move faster.
d) Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara magnesium dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi
Frequency of collisions between magnesium dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi .
e) Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi
Frequency of effective collision is higher

Faktor 3 Kesan Kepekatan Larutan

Factor 3 Effect of Concentration of solution
✓1 Kepekatan larutan/ elektrolit
Concentration of solution/ electrolyte
✓2 Bilangan ion per unit isi padu
Number of particles (ions) per unit volume
Kata kunci
keypoint
✓3 Frekuensi perlanggaran antara zarah

Frequency of collision between the particles
✓4 Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan
Frequency of effective collision
✓5 Kadar tindak balas
Rate of reaction
Contoh Tindak balas serbuk zink , Zn dengan asid hidroklorik, HCl

Examples The reaction of zinc powder, Zn with hydrochloric acid,HCl
Eksperimen I II
Experiment Serbuk zink + 25 cm3 HCl Serbuk zink + 25 cm3 HCl 0.1
1.0 moldm-3 pada 600C moldm-3 pada 600C
Zink powder + 25 cm3 of 1.0 Zink powder + 25 cm3 of
moldm-3 HCl at 600C 0.1mol dm-3 HCl at 600C
Kepekatan larutan Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Concentration of solution Higher Lower
Bilangan ion per unit isipadu Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Number of ions per unit volume Higher Lower
Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara Tinggi Rendah
zarah Higher Lower
Frequency of collision between
particles
Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan Tinggi Rendah
Kadar tindak balas Tinggi Rendah
Penerangan berdasarkan Teori Perlanggaran

a) Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II
Rate of reaction in experiment I is higher than eksperimen II
b) Kepekatan asid hidroklorik dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II
The temperature of the experiment I is higher than experiment II
c) Bilangan ion hidrogen per unit isi padu dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II
The number of ions per unit volume in experiment I is higher than experimen II
e) Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara atom zink dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi.
Frequency of collision between zinc atom and hydrogen ion is higher
f) Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi
Frequency of effective collision is higher.
Contoh lain Tindak balas di antara natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 dan asid hidroklorik, HCl
Example The reaction between sodium thiosulphate,Na2S2O3 and hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Persamaan kimia : Na2S2O3 + 2 HCl ⎯→ 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O + S

Chemical equation
Persamaan ion/Ionic equation : S2O32- + 2 H+ ⎯→ SO2 + H2O + S (mendakan kuning)

Soalan 23
1. Apakah mendakan kuning yang terbentuk apabila larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 bertindak
balas dengan asid sulfurik, H2SO4
What is the yellow precipiate formed when sodium thiosulphate, Na 2S2O3 solution reacts with sulphuric
acid, H2SO4
A Sulfur C Natrium sulfida

Sulphur Sodium sulphide
B Sulfur dioksida D Natrium sulfat
Sulphur dioxide Sodium sulphate
2. Antara berikut yang manakah menghasilkan kadar tindak balas paling tinggi dengan serbuk zink?
Which of the following produces the highest rate of reaction with zinc powder?
A 40 cm3 asid nitrik 0.1 mol dm3 C 40 cm3 asid etanoik 0.1 mol dm3
3 3
40 cm of nitric acid 0.1 mol dm 40 cm3 of ethanoic acid 0.1 mol dm3
B 40 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm3 D 40 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm3
3 3
40 cm of hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm 40 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm3
Soalan 24;
Jadual 24 menunjukkan data daripada eksperimen I dan II yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak
balas di antara asid hidroklorik, HCl dan kalsium karbonat,CaCO3
Table 24 show the data from experiment I and experiment II that were carried out to study the rate of reaction
between hydrochloric acid and, HCl and calcium carbonate, CaCO 3..
Set Tindak balas Isi padu gas terhasil,cm3

Reaction Volume of gas produces, cm3
3
Butiran kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 berlebihan dan 100 cm asid
I hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3 60
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid,HCl
Butiran kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 berlebihan dan 100 cm3 asid
II hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm-3 120
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid,HCl
Bandingkan kadar tindak balas dalam set I dan set II. Terangkan jawapan berdasarkan teori
perlanggaran.
Compare the rate of reaction in set I and set II. Explain the answer with reference to the collision theory.

b) Kepekatan asid dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
Concentration of acid in experiment II is higher than eksperimen I
c) Bilangan ion hidrogen per unit isi padu dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I.
The number of ion per unit volume in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
d) Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara CaCO3 dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi .
The frequency of collisions between CaCO3 dan hidrogen ion lebih tinggi .

Soalan 25
Jadual 25 menunjukkan data daripada eksperimen I dan II yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak
balas magnesium dengan asid X dan asid Y.
Table 25 show the data from experiment I and experiment II that were carried out to study the rate of reaction of
magnesium with acid X and Y .
Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Hasil tindak balas

Experiment Reactants Products
Magnesium berlebihan magnesium nitrat dan gas hidrogen
I dan 50 cm3 asid X 2.0 mol dm-3 magnesium nitrate and hydrogen gas
Excess magnesium and 50 cm3 of acid X 2.0 mol dm-3
Magnesium berlebihan magnesium sulfat dan gas hidrogen
II dan 50 cm3 asid Y 2.0 mol dm-3 magnesium sulphate and hydrogen gas
Excess magnesium and 50 cm3 of acid Y 2.0 mol dm-3
Jadual 25/ Table 25

Graf 25 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen I dan II
Graph 25 shows the results of experiment I and experiment II.
Isi padu gas hidrogen,cm3

Volume of hydrogen gas cm3
• Namakan asid X dan asid Y.
960 Name acid X and acid Y
II • Terangkan perbezaan dalam kadar tindak balas
I di antara eksperimen I dan eksperimen II
sebelum 60 s
Gunakan Teori perlanggaran dalam penerangan
anda.
150 180 Explain the difference in the rate of reaction between
Masa,s
Time,s experiment I and experiment II before 160 s.
Use the collision theory in your explaination.
(6 markah)
Jawapan ;
1. Asid X / acid X : asid nitrik/ Nitric acid , Asid Y /acid Y : asid sulfurik/ Sulphuric acid
2. Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
Rate of reaction in experiment in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
3. Asid sulfurik dalam eksperimen II adalah asid diprotik/ asid dwibes
Sulphuric acid in experiment II is a diprotic acid/ dibase acid
4. Asid nitrik dalam eksperimen I adalah asid monoprotik/ asid monobes
Nitric asid in experiment I is a monoprotic acid/monobase acid
5. Asid sulfurik mempunyai bilangan ion hidrogen per unit isipadu lebih tinggi
Sulphuric acid has more number of hidrogen ion per unit volume.
6. Kepekatan asid dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi
Concentration of acid in experiment II is higher
7. Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara atom magnesium dan ion hidrogen lebih tinggi
The frequency of collision between magnesium atom dan hidrogen ion is higher
8. Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi.

Latihan 26 :
Tiga set eksperimen seperti Jadual 25 telah dijalankan untuk menyiasat salah satu faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas di antara kalsium karbonat dan asid hidroklorik
Three sets of experiment as Table 25 are carried out to investigate one of the factors that affects the rate of reaction
between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

I Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3.
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
II Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3.
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
III Ketulan kalsium karbonat berlebihan dan 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3.
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid..
Jadual 26/ Table 26
(a) Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas
State the meaning of rate of reaction
Perubahan kuantiti bagi bahan tindak balas atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa
Change in the quantity of reactant or product per unit time:
[1markah]
(b) (i) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi eksperimen I : CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Write the chemical equation for the experiment I
[2 markah]
(ii) Hitungkan isi padu maksimun gas yang dihasilkan dalam eksperimen I
Calculate the maximun volume of gas produced in Eksperimen I
[1mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik] / [1mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition/
Bil mol HCl = (1.0) (25) / 1000 = 0.025 moldm-3

• 2 mol HCl menghasilkan 1 mol CO2
0.025 mol HCl menghasilkan 0.0125 mol CO2
Isi padu H2 = 0.0125 x 24 = 0.3 dm3 = 300 cm3
(0.3 dm3)[3 markah]
(c) Graf bagi karbon dioksida yang terhasil melawan masa dilakarkan seperti ditunjukkan dalam
Graf 26
The graph of carbon dioxide gas produced against time is sketch as shown in Graph 26
Berdasarkan Jadual 26 dan Graf 26, tentukan lengkung manakah mewakili keputusan bagi
Eksperimen II dan III.
Tuliskan jawapan anda dalam kotak yang disediakan.
Based on Table 26 and graph 26 ,determine which curves represent the results of Experiment II and
Experiment III. Write your answers in the boxes provided.
[2 markah]
Isi padu karbon dioksida (cm3)
Volume of carbon dioxide (cm3)
Eksperimen III
Eksperimen I
Eksperimen II
Masa, s
Graf 26 Time,s

Faktor 4 Kesan Kehadiran Mangkin

Factor 4 Effect of Catalyst
✓1 Kehadiran mangkin
The present of catalyst
✓2 laluan alternatif dengan tenaga pengaktifan yang rendah.
Kata kunci
Keypoint
alternative path with lower activation energy

✓ Lebih banyak perlanggaran yang melepasi tenaga pengaktifan
3
More colliding of the particles is overcome the activation energy

✓ Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan / Frequency of effective collision
4
• Contoh 1 Tindak balas di antara zink dan asid hidroklorik dengan kehadiran kuprum(II)
sulfat, CuSO4 sebagai mangkin
Examples 1 Reaction between zinc and HCl with the present of copper(II) sulfat, CuSO 4 (as catalyst)
I II
Serbuk zink + 25 cm3 asid Serbuk zink + 25 cm3 asid
Eksperimen hidroklorik, HCl 0.1 mol dm-3 pada hidroklorik,HCl 0.1 mol dm-3
Experiment 600C pada 600C + kuprum(II) sulfat
Zink powder + 25 cm3 of 0.1 Zink powder + 25 cm3 of 0.1
moldm-3 hydrochloric acid,HCl moldm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl
at 600C at 600C + copper (II) sulfat
Kehadiran mangkin Tanpa mangkin Dengan mangkin
Present of catalyst Without catalyst With catalyst
Laluan alternatif Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Alternative path Higher Lower
Tenaga pengaktifan Lebih tinggi Lebih rendah
Activation energy Higher Lower
Frekuensi perlanggaran Lebih rendah Lebih tinggi
berkesan Lower Higher
Frequency of effective collision
Kadar tindak balas Lebih rendah Lebih tinggi
Rate of reaction Lower Higher
Penerangan berdasarkan Teori Perlanggaran ;


Rate of reaction in experiment II is higher than eksperimen I.
b) Eksperimen II menggunakan mangkin. Eksperimen I tanpa mangkin
Experimen II use catalyst. Experimen I without catalyst
c) Dengan kehadiran mangkin, tindak balas berlaku pada satu laluan alternatif dimana tenaga
pengaktifannya lebih rendah.
With present of catalyst, the reaction occur at alternative path with lower activation energy,
d) Lebih banyak perlanggaran zarah yang boleh mencapai tenaga pengaktifan yang rendah.
More colliding particles are able to achieve the lower activation energy.
e) Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi / Frequency of effective collision is higher
Contoh 2 Tindak balas di antara hidrogen peroksida dengan kehadiran mangkin mangan(IV) oksida, MnO 4
Example 2 Reaction between hydrogen peroxide with the present of manganese(IV) oxide (as catalyst)
H2O2 ⎯→ H2O + ½ O2

Lukis gambar profil tenaga dengan kehadiran mangkin

Sketching the energy profil diagram with the present of catalyst
Tenaga
Energy
ΔH Haba tindak balas
Heat of reaction,
Ea Tenaga pengaktifan tanpa
mangkin
Activation energy without a
catalyst
-tenaga pengaktifan normal
Ea’ Tenaga pengaktifan dengan
mangkin
Activation energy with a catalyst,
-tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih
rendah
Soalan 27
1. Faktor manakah yang tidak mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas bagi tindak balas di antara
magnesium dan asid nitrik
Which factor does not effect the rate of reaction for reaction betwee magnesium and nitrik acid
A Saiz magnesium C Isi padu asid nitrik

Size of magnesium Volume of nitrik acid
B Suhu bahan tindak balas D Kehadiran mangkin
Temperature of the reactant Present of catalyst
Soalan 28;
Jadual 28 menunjukkan data daripada eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas
magnesium dengan asid T.
Table 28 show the data from experiment I that were carried out to study the rate of reaction of magnesium with an
acid, T.
Bahan tindak balas Hasil tindak balas Pemerhatian

Reactant Product Observation
2.6 g magnesium dan 50 cm3 asid T magnesium klorida dan gas Suhu campuran
2.0 mol dm-3 hidrogen meningkat.
2.6 g of magnesium and 50 cm3 of 2.0 magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas The temperature of the
mol dm-3 acid T mixture increases.
Jadual 28
(a) Nyatakan nama asid T yang digunakan dalam eksperimen

State the name of the T acid used in experiment
Asid T: Asid hidroklorik/ Hydrochloric acid

[ 1markah]
(b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas
Write the chemical equation for this experimen
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2.

[ 2 markah]

(c) Lukiskan gambar profil tenaga bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen .
Pada rajah profil tenaga, tunjukkan ;
Draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction in the experiment
On the energy profile diagram show the
• Haba tindak balas, H
Heat of reaction, H
• Tenaga pengaktifan tanpa mangkin Ea
Activation energy without a catalyst, Ea
• Tenaga pengaktifan dengan mangkin Ea’
Activation energy with a cataylst, Ea’
Terangkan rajah profil tenaga
Explain the energy profile diagram.
[10 markah]
Tenaga
Energy
Mg + 2HCl
MgCl2 + H2
Penerangan
Expanation
1. Tindak balas adalah eksotermik .

Reaction is an exothermic
2. Bahan tindak balas mengandungi lebih tenaga daripada hasil tindak balas
The reactants contain more energy than the product
3. H : perbezaan tenaga dalam bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas
the energy difference in the reactants and in the products.
4. Tenaga pengaktifan,Ea mesti diatasi untuk tindak balas berlaku.
Activation energy, Ea must overcome in order for the reaction to take place.
5. Mangkin merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan. Dengan mangkin, frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan
lebih tinggi
Catalyst lower the activition energy. With catalyst, the frequency of effective collision is higher.
6. Kadar tindak balas lebih tinggi
Rate of reaction is higher .

Soalan 29 :
Jadual 29 menunjukkan data suatu eksperimen yang telah dijalankan oleh sekumpulan pelajar.
Table 29 shows a data of an experiment which had done by a group of students.
Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Jumlah isipadu gas yang Suhu,oC

Experiment Reactant dikumpul pada 60 saat. Temperature
o
Total volume of gas C
collected at 60 seconds
20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm-3
I + ketulan zink berlebihan. 10 30
20 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
+ excess zinc granules.
20 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm-3 + ketulan

zink berlebihan + larutan kuprum (II) sulfat 30 30
II 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
+ excess zinc granules + copper (II) sulphate
solution.
Jadual 29/Table 29
Berdasarkan Jadual 29,
Based on Table 29,
a) Apakah kegunaan kuprum (II) sulfat dalam eksperimen ini?
What is the use of copper(II) sulphate in this experiment.?
✓Meningkatkan kadar tindak balas/ To increase the rate of reaction

[1 markah]
b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi eksperimen I
Write the chemical equation for the experiment I.
✓ Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
[2 markah]
c) Berdasarkan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana mangkin meningkatkan kadar tindakbalas.
Base on the collision theory, explain how catalyst increase the rate of reaction.
Dengan kehadiran mangkin,

• tindak balas melalui satu lintasan alternatif di mana tenaga pengaktifan adalah rendah.
• Lebih banyak perlanggaran yang mengatasinya. Frekuensi perlanggaran lebih tinggi.
• Frequensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi.
[ 3 markah]
d) Rajah 29 menunjukkan rajah profil tenaga bagi Eksperimen I .
Di atas graf yang sama pada Rajah 27, lakarkan rajah profil tenaga bagi eksperimen II
Diagram 29 shows the energy profile diagram for Experiment I .
On the same graph in Diagram 27, plot the energy profile diagram for Experiment II.
Tenaga
Energy
I II

Soalan 30 ; struktur
Rajah 30 menunjukkan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji satu factor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak
balas antara zink dan asid sulfurik.
Diagram 30 shows two experiments to investigate one factor that affects the rate of reaction between zinc and
sulphuric acid.
Experiment I
Eksperimen I Gas hidrogen
Hydrogen gas
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm-3

50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
Butiran zink berlebihan

Excess zinc granules
Experiment II
Eksperimen II Gas hidrogen
Hydrogen gas
50 cm3 asid sulfurik 0.1 mol dm-3

+ Larutan kuprum (II) sulfat
50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
+ copper (II) sulphate solution
Butiran zink berlebihan

Excess zinc granules
Rajah 30
Diagram 30
Berdasarkan Rajah 30
Based on Diagram 30
(a) Tuliskan formula kimia asid sulfurik? H2SO4.
Write the chemical formula sulphuric acid?
[ 1markah]
(b) i) nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.
state the factor that affects the rate of reaction in this experiment.
Mangkin/ Catalyst.
[1 markah]
ii) Bagaimanakah kadar tindak balas ditentukan dalam eksperimen ini?
How to determine the rate of reaction in this experiment.
mengukur isi padu gas dengan menggunakan buret
measure the volume of gas by using the burette.
[1 markah]
(c) Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas itu
Write the ionic equation for this reaction
Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2
[1 markah]
(c) Hitungkan bilangan mol bagi asid sulfurik
Calculate the number of mole of sulphuric acid
Mol = (0.1) (50) / 1000 = 0.005 mol

[0.005 mol][1 markah]

(d) Dalam Eksperimen II, 2.0 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.5 mol dm-3 ditambah.
Isipadu maksimum gas yang terbebas dalam Eksperimen I ialah V cm3.
In Experiment II 2.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulphate solution is added.
The maximum volume of hydrogen gas released in Experiment I is V cm 3
(i) Apakah isipadu gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan dalam Eksperimen II berbanding
Eksperimen I. Terangkan.
What is the volume of hydrogen gas released in Experiment II compare to Experiment I?
Explain.
✓ isi padu gas adalah sama iaitu V cm3 /

✓ kerana bilangan mol ion hidrogen adalah sama
the volume of the gas is the same, that is V cm3
because the number of hydrogen ion is the same
[2 markah]
ii) Graf isipadu gas melawan masa untuk Eksperimen I dilakarkan seperti ditunjukkan
dalam Graf 30
The graph for the volume of gas against time for Experiment I is sketched as shown in Graph 30
Isipadu gas hidrogen,cm3
Volume of hydrogen gas, cm3
V Kunci/ Key
II Eksperimen I :
I Experiment I
Eksperimen II :
Masa,s Experiment II:
Time,s
Graf 30 / Graph 30
Lakarkan lengkung untuk Eksperimen II di atas paksi yang sama dalam Graf 30.
Sketch the curve for experiment II on the same axes in Graph 30
[2 markah]
iii) Merujuk kepada teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
Referring to the collision theory of particles, explain how copper (II) sulphate solution affects
the rate of reaction?
• Dengan kehadiran mangkin, tindak balas berlaku pada satu laluan alternatif dimana
tenaga pengaktifannya lebih rendah.
With present of catalyst, the reaction occur at alternative path with lower activation
energy,
• Lebih banyak perlanggaran zarah yang boleh mencapai tenaga pengaktifan yang
rendah.
More colliding particles are able to achieve the lower activation energy.
• Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan lebih tinggi
Frequency of effective collision is higher
[3 markah]

Soalan 31 ; Esei
Masa yang dimabil untuk
Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas mengumpulkan 30 cm3 gas
Experiment Reactant karbon dioksida (s)
Time taken to collect 30 cm3 of
carbon dioxide gas(s)
I 1.2 g serbuk CaCO3 50 cm3 asid HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
1.2 g CaCO3powder 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl acid 24
3 -3
II 1.2 g ketulan CaCO3 50 cm asid HCl 1.0 mol dm
1.2 g CaCO3chip 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl acid 36
3 -3
III 1.2 g serbuk CaCO3 25 cm asid HCl 2.0 mol dm
1.2 g CaCO3powder 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 HCl acid 10
Jadual 31/ Table 31
Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 31,
Based on the information in table 31,
• Maksud kadar tindak balas
The meaning of rate of reaction
• Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi eksperimen I
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction I
• banding kadar tindak balas antara
compare the rate of reaction between
i) Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II
Eksperimen I and Eksperimen II
ii) Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen III
EksperimenI and Eksperimen III
Dengan menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan jawapan anda
By using the collosion theory, explain your answers
[10 markah]
• Perubahan kuantiti bahan tindak balas atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa
• CaCO3 + 2HCl ➔ CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
i) Set I dan Set II
a) Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen II
Rate of reaction of experiment in experimen I is higher than experiment II.
b) Saiz kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 dalam eksperimen I lebih kecil daripada eksperimen II
c) Jumlah luas permukaan kalsium karbonat yang terdedah kepada perlanggaran lebih luas
The total suface area of calcium carbonate that exposed to collision become larger.
ii) Set I dan Set III
a) Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen III lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
Rate of reaction of experiment in experimen III is higher than experiment I.
b) Kepekatan asid dalam eksperimen III lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I
Concentration of acid in experiment III is higher than eksperimen I
c) Bilangan ion hidrogen per unit isi padu dalam eksperimen III lebih tinggi daripada eksperimen I.
The number of ion per unit volume in experiment III is higher than experiment I.
The frequency of collisions between CaCO3 dan hidrogen ion lebih tinggi .
************ Tamat Bab 7 **************

2020 - Skema Bab 7 Kadar Tindak Balas

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2020 - Skema Bab 7 Kadar Tindak Balas

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Modul Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Kimia_Tingkatan4 2020

Bab 7_Kadar Tindak Balas

BAB KADAR TINDAK BALAS

7.1 Penentuan Kadar Tindak Balas

7.1.1 Kadar Tindak balas

1. Tindak balas kimia boleh dikelaskan kepada

Kadar tindak balas 1

202 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

b) Peningkatan kuantiti (bilangan mol/jisim/isi padu / kepekatan) hasil tindak balas

Jumlah hasil tindak balas Tafsir graf

5. Perubahan pemerhatian untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas

• Pembakaran • Pengaratan besi

Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas lambat

a) Mg + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ MgCl2 + H2 b) CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Latihan 3 : Lakarkan graf

(a) Apakah maksud kadar tindak balas

✓ Karbon dioksida / carbon dioxide

✓ Isi padu gas karbon dioksida/ Volume of carbon dioxide gas

✓ Isi padu gas mudah diukur dengan menggunakan buret

205 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

0 t1 t2 t3 iii) Kadar tindak balas purata bagi keseluruhan

0 t Masa,s = panjang AC / length of AC = V2 − V1 cm3 s-1

Masa, min 0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Apakah kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit kedua.

A 14.0 cm3 min-1 B 16.0 cm3 min-1

Masa,s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

207 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

Masa,s / Time, s 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Masa,s / Time, s 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

208 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

c) Kira kadar tindak balas / Calculate the rate of reaction.

= 29 – 7 / 56 – 8 = 0.46 cm3s-1 = 45 – 25 / 140 – 52 cm3s-1

d) Hitungkan kadar tindak balas keseluruhan eksperimen

Masa,s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

1. asid nitrik/nitric acid

2. marmar / kalsium karbonat

209 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

e) Tentukan kadar tindak balas pada masa

(i) 0.5 minit/ 0.5 minute (ii) 2 minit/ 2 minute

= 64 – 13 / 144 – 0 = 0.4 cm3s-1 = 70 – 36 / 210 – 31 = 0.2 cm3s-1

Soalan 9 : Jawapan graf +- 0.05

isi padu gas oksigen (cm3)

210 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

1.2g pita magnesium

= 1200 / 50 = 24 cm3 = 1200 / 20 = 60 cm3 = 1200 / 15 = 80 cm3

[24 cm3s-1 ; 60 cm3 s-1 ; 80 cm3s-1]

211 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

a) Lakarkan graf isi padu gas melawan masa bagi eksperimen

Mol = MxV bilangan mol HCl = (0.1)(50) / 1000 = 0.005 mol

Nisbah mol = Isipadu gas,Vg =

iii) Kirakan kadar tindak balas keseluruhan.

Kadar tindak balas = V gas /masa

c) Lukis susunan radas untuk menjalankan eksperimen ini

Asid nitrik Air

Kalsium karbonat [2 markah]

212 | @azemi/kimiaSPM 4541

7.2 Faktor-faktor Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak balas

1. Saiz Bahan Tindak balas

7.2.1 Faktor 1 : Saiz Bahan Tindak balas

Eksperimen Saiz bahan tindak balas Suhu, 0C

Experiment Size of reactant Temperature, 0C

I menggunakan serbuk /ketulan kecil pepejal 60