NIRMAAN'21(

CASE STUDY
COMPITITION
)

ROAD WE HAVE CHOSEN

FOR THE CASE STUDY

THE WESTERN PERIPHERAL

EXPRESSWAY OR KUNDLI–MANESAR–
PALWAL EXPRESSWAY (KMP
EXPRESSWAY)
6-lane (3 lanes in each direction), 135.6 km (84.3 mi)-
long Expressway in the Haryana state of India.

GROUP MEMBERS(TEAM VOLCRA)

TUNNISHA DAS GUPTA

PRIYA GUPTA
RONISH KAPOOR
ARKA BISWAS
 TEAM
VOLCRA

MEMBERS:TUNNISHA,PRIYA,RONISH,ARKA
 THIS CASE STUDY DEALS WITH SOME ASPECTS OF ROADS, SUCH AS
ROAD SAFETY AND ROAD VISIBILITY, BUT BEFORE GETTING INTO

NOITCUDORTNI
THAT, I WOULD LIKE TO QUESTION 'DO WE EVEN FEEL SAFE WHILE
STEPPING OUT OF OUR HOUSES?'. LET ME ANSWER THAT FOR YOU
ALL BECAUSE I DON'T, AND I AM CERTAIN NONE OF US DO. THE MAIN
REASON BEHIND IT IS WHAT WE HAVE DISCUSSED IN THIS CASE STUDY.

'What are roads?'. I know everyone knows the answer to that, but a road is not just a paved
or worked area which helps in creating a route between two destinations, they are the most
important and the highest used mode of transport especially in India. Do you even know
that India has the second-largest network of roads of over 5,897,671 kilometers, second to
only the United States,which has approximately 6,645,709 kilometers of the road network.
Taking into account the large population in India, it has approximately 4.87 km of roads per
one thousand people, which when compared to the developed countries, is much lower. 65
percent of the freight and about 85 percent of the passenger traffic is carried through roads
all over India. It contributes to about 4.7 percent of India's Gross Domestic Product.

The World Health Organisation's collection of road network safety data for
significant economies says that India has the highest number of deaths on the road
due to road accidents in the world. However, seeing for India's larger population,
the accident and fatality rates are similar to those prime economies.
You know, the driver's mistake is not even in the major causes of so many road
accidents taking place each second, unavailability of traffic signals, broken and
uneven roads, no proper knowledge of traffic rules, potholes and the list is never-
ending. But potholes are one of the reasons which appear to be very small but are
not, and no other country has so many accidents due to potholes. In between 2015
and 2017, potholes in India were the reason for over 9,300 deaths, according to the
government. In 2017, 3,579 people were recorded as killed and 25,000 wounded due
to pothole-related accidents.
India's efforts to set up modern highways and upgrade its road network have made
a remarkable difference to trucking logistics.
·The average road speed in India has risen to 30–40 kilometers per hour (19–25 mph).
The average road speed across the world (including China) is around 60–80
kilometers per hour (37–50 mph).
·The four-lane road network across India has grown to 7,000 kilometers (4,300 mi).
The basic thought process behind a Safe System approach is to ensure that in case
of an accident or a crash, the impact energies remain suppressed than the
threshold likely to produce either death or severe injury. This threshold will differ
from one crash scenario to another, depending upon the amount of protection
offered to the road users. For example, the chances of survival for a pedestrian hit
by a vehicle reduces rapidly if the speed of the traveling vehicle is more incredible
than 30 km/h. In contrast, for a properly restrained motor vehicle occupant, the
critical impact speed is 50 km/h (for side-impact crashes) and 70 km/h (for head-on
crashes).
Road traffic crashes are amongst the world's most significant public health and
injury prevention problems. According to WHO, over 1 million people are killed on
the roads each year. A report by WHO in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million
people were decimated and 50 million wounded in traffic collisions on streets all
over the world each year and was the leading cause of death among children
ranging 10–19 years of age. The report also noted that the issue was most serious in
developing countries and that simple prevention measures could prevent many
deaths.Speeding vehicle within human tolerances will help avoid severe injuries.
Death is a crucial motto of modern road design as its impact speed affects the
damage to both occupants and pedestrians.
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED

The road we have chosen is Western Peripheral

Expressway, also known as Kundli-Manesar–Palwal
Expressway (KMP Expressway). This case study revolves
around the KMP expressway's road visibility and road
safety.
This case study is divided into three sections-
·The 1st section contains the purpose, location, and
description of the road, and description of the road's
area. It gives us a comprehensive analysis of all the
interchanges, amenities, and different advantages
the road provides.
·The 2nd section lists down the various drawbacks of
the KMP Expressway and the amendments we need
to make to solve these problems and to come up with
reliable solutions.
·The 3rd and final section contains the observations
of the problems and solutions based on those
problems and also some of the innovative ideas of our
grp which we can implement to avoid these
accidents.
STUDY
OF THE
ROAD
The Climbing Issue / #SeeTheTopOfTheWorld
 KMP
The road our group has chosen is the Western Peripheral Expressway or the This road has 10 tolled entry-exit points and has 52 underpasses and 23
Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway. This is a 6 lane road, 3 lanes in each overpasses, other than these this road has many more such as railway
direction, 136 km long expressway in Haryana. There are two sections on
over bridges (4), over and underpasses at the crossings of national and
this road, the Manesar-Palwal section which was inaugurated by Nitin
state highways (10), overpasses (7), underpasses (9), and underpasses at
Gadkari, the Union Minister of Transport, in April 2016, and the Kundli-
Manesar section which was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi crossings of major district roads and village roads (27), vehicles of
on 19th November 2018. The toll Plazas became operational in December agricultural significance have separate underpasses (33), there are
2018. passages to aid the crossing of cattle (31) and there are (61) passages for
This road was first proposed in 2003 with Eastern Peripheral Expressway as pedestrian crossing.
a "Build Operate Transfer (BOT)" project, BOT project is a partnership The Western Peripheral Highway has several loops which connect the
between the public and private companies, in this case, the Government
expressway to national and state highways, these loops were built to
partnered with a private company with the condition that they would
finance the construction cost of the road and will operate it for 20-30 years maintain an uninterrupted commutation in both the highways and the
duration then transfer the control over to the Government. Since Delhi expressways. These loops or interchanges are of different types. The
benefited most from this expressway they bore half of the land acquisition nearest entry point to the western peripheral from my home is the
cost of the expressway. The Government of Haryana partnered up with KMP Manesar area. The interchange or loop at Manesar or pachgaon area of
Expressways Ltd. for the construction of the Western Peripheral Manesar is a cloverleaf type interchange.
Expressways in 2006 but due to the constant delays, the Government of
The western peripheral is the largest ring road, it goes all around Delhi
Haryana terminated the contract and paid ₹ 1300 crore to KMP Expressway
and lenders. At first, this expressway was supposed to be 4 lane expressway
which decreases the vehicular pollution, it helps the vehicles that are
but after the intervention of the Supreme Court of India, the project was headed towards Rajasthan or UP to avoid Delhi, and it's an alternative
reviewed and new bids were invited, and from a 4 lane, it upgraded to a 6 route to reach their desired destination without entering unnecessary
lane expressway. The Western Peripheral Expressway became operational in traffic. But this road also connects major cities and commuting through it
November 2018 and is built by DSC Ltd. is less time consuming due to low traffic. The main intersections such as
Description of the road and area:
Kundli, Bahadurgarh, Manesar, and Palwal have cloverleaf type
1. Location: It is located in the State of Haryana. It leads the heavy vehicles
and vehicular traffic in general away from Delhi and NCR region which in
interchange and the rest of the interchanges are T-Roundabout
turn helps maintain the clean air quality in Delhi. interchange with flyovers.
2. Starting and Ending Points: Its south end is Kundli, Sonipat and the
north end is Dholagarh, Palwal. The middle point between these two ends is
Manesar. The Kundli-Manesar section is 83 km long and the Manesar-Palwal
section is 53 km long.
3. Major Cities the road covers: The Western Peripheral Expressway covers
Sonipat, Kharkhoda, Bahadurgarh, Badli, Jhajjar, Manesar, Nuh, Sohna,
Hathin, and Palwal.
 FEATURE OF

KMP
1ST 6 LANES HIGHWAY OF INDIA

Some of the facilities on the expressway are petrol pumps, truck

stops (2), and bus stands (4), a trauma center with a helipad (1),
traffic police stations, and multimodal transit stations. There are
some recreational and refreshing amenities as well.
Although these facilities are there, they are hard to get to and use.
Petrol pumps are not on the expressway. You would have to divert
and get off the expressway to reach a petrol pump and many times
you have to keep searching for one, the same goes for amenities,
you will find several boards saying "amenities ahead" and "bus
bay" but you won't find them. Either you'll have to divert off the
road to get there or there's a high chance that they don't even
exist. As for the trauma center, if the expressway is 136km long
then is it practical to have just 1 trauma center? It is not possible to
build trauma centers at every interval but there can be a
temporary first aid center where the victims can be given
immediate treatment to save their life and then be transported to
the trauma center.
The government of Haryana also decided to turn, the 50,000
hectares of land which is on 2km on either side of the expressway,
into "Manesar Global City" which include 5 different themed cities,
"Knowledge City", "Medi City", "Fashion City", "Leisure and
Entertainment City" and "Cyber City". This would also be built as a
Public-Private Partnership and opening bids for this project have
already been invited.
As told before there are several interchanges on the Expressway.
These interchanges have corresponding Multimodal Passenger
Interchange, these were set up by the government of Haryana at 5
spots along the expressway, Multimodal Transit center is spots or
centers which connects different modes of transport. The 5 MMTS
that fall along the expressway are:
Kher ki Daula: This MMTS is near the soon-to-be metro station,
regional rapid transit system station (RRTS), and a bus stand
adjacent to the Chhapra and Naihati junction on the land acquired
by the HSIIDC for "transport and communication zone".
Panchagaon Chowk: This MMTS is adjacent to another soon-to-be
Metro Station and a proposed RRTS station on the land which
belongs to the Panchayat.
The other 3 MMTS are in Faridabad, Bahadurgarh, and Kundli.
The Western Peripheral Expressway is a very well-made road that
helps the commuters save a lot of time and avoid the unwanted
traffic of Delhi and the NCR region. Further, you will find the various
problems that we have observed about this road.
SAFETY

ASPECTS
 ALERT TODAY-ALIVE TOMMOROW

1.LOW VISIBILITY:
·- The KMP expressway is a hub of accidents in the Northern part of India. Most of the accidents on
any expressway happen during the winter season when dense fog sets in thus leading to low
visibility. While driving during fog, the speed of the vehicle needs to be lower along with greater
breaking distance between two vehicles to allow more time to react. Further, fog lights and low
beam light needs to be used while driving in dense fog.

2.INSTALLING SPEED GUNS AT REGULAR

INTERVALS:

·- Over speeding is the cause of about 75% of the fatal accidents in India. While
the speed limit is 100 kmph for light vehicles and 80 kmph for heavy vehicles,
most of the vehicles run at an average speed of about 120-130 kmph. Installing
speed guns can be a solution to this problem. Speed Guns can record the speed
with which the vehicle is travelling. Accordingly, it will show an alert which will
be visible to the driver. The fine for such negligence can be covered from the
driver at the upcoming toll plaza.

3.HIGH TRAFFIC NEEDS TO

BE DIVERTED:
·The aim behind building the KMP Expressway
was to control traffic and pollution in some parts
of Delhi. But, with increasing traffic on the KMP
expressway, an alternative needs to be thought
about, to divert some traffic to other roads.
 4.UNAVAILABILITY OF SIGN BOARD
·- Sign boards are an important aspect to prevent accidents on roads. On the KMP expressway, sign
boards are majorly missing or are placed at a point invisible to a driver. This leads to a high number
of accidents at intersections and U-turns.

5.POST CRASH MEDICAL HELP

The whole stretch of the western peripheral has
only one trauma center near it. More medical
facilities need to be set up at regular intervals to
ensure minor accidents on the expressway do not
turn fatal.

7.PEDESTRIAN NEED TO BE CAREFUL

·KMP expressway has emerged as a black spot
for major accidents in India. The most prominent
reason, as identified by the traffic police is that
the people of the surrounding villages get hit by
speeding cars while crossing roads. People
need to prevent walking on the roads and use
the median barriers whenever necessary.

8.ROADSIDE VEGETATION
The vegetation on the sides of the expressway needs to be controlled. Bigger trees and other
types of plantations hinder visibility at turns and intersections. Only grass turfs or small
bushes of 4-5 meters should be allowed at median cuts and grade separators and it should be
ensured that the plantation is trimmed regularly to prevent any accidents from taking place.
 9.LACK OF BASIC AMMINITY
·-Athough sign boards all over the KMP expressway suggest that
there is a petrol pump some distance away from us, the reality is
that there are only a few petrol pumps and food plazas throughout
the whole of the Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway.
 OUR OBSERVATION

AND THOUGHT ON OUR

STUDY AREA
PROBLEM1: INCREASING NO. OF ACCIDENTS DUE TO FOG IN
WINTER AND THE INCREASING FREQUENCY OF VEHICLES IN
THAT HIGHWAY
· THE REASON FOR THE ACCIDENTS IN FOGGY
WEATHER: This is mainly due to the presence of the
considerable number of atmospheric particles with
significant size and distributions in the
participating media. Because of these particles,
light from the environment and light reflected from
an object are absorbed and scattered, making the
visibility not as clear as if they are not present.
Which results in the accidents.
·THE SOLUTION:
We can use sensors like: infrared sensors, millimetre-
wave (MMW) sensors, and laser radar (LADAR) sensors
which will detect the UV rays from the vehicles in front
of any vehicle and reflect it to the sensor creating an
image of what is there in front of that vehicle.
1.REFLECTION MODEL
To simplify the scattering of atmospheric conditions, we
model them, particularly for fog or haze, as the linear
combination of direct attenuation and airlight. The direct
transmission according to models the way light gets
attenuated as it traverses from a scene point to the
observer. The airlight models how a column of
atmosphere acts as a light source by reflecting
environmental illumination towards an observer. Figure 1
illustrates the direct transmission and the airlight.
2.LIGHT REFLECTION MODEL
In bad weather, especially in daylight, the environmental
light can be assumed globally constant, since we can
ignore the sunlight that directly illuminates objects
appearing in the observation. This environmental light is
produced by the scattering effects of the particles in the
medium, which yield certain chromatic colour (that is
identical to the light chromaticity). In our method, to be
able to enhance the visibility, we first have to estimate
and then remove the light chromaticity. The simplest way
to estimate the value of the light chromaticity is by
finding a patch in the input image that only has the
airlight (i.e., when the distance of an object is infinite),
and computing the chromaticity . However, to find the
airlight-only patches is not trivial, and in some cases,
they are simply not present. In this paper, we propose
the estimation by using the inverse intensity chromaticity
space (. We found that the scattering model is similar to
the dichromatic reflection model, in which it is
attempted to tackle in order to find the illumination
chromaticity of dielectric objects that exhibit highlights.
Conclusion of the solution: As a conclusion, we have
proposed a method that is solely based on single images
and can be used in real time operations, without any user
interferences. To our knowledge, no current method has
those useful features. Hence, we believe that many
applications, such as driver assistance system, remote
sensing, panoramic images, a feature of commercial
digital cameras, etc, can be improved by utilizing our
proposed method.
PROBLEM 2: HIGHER NO. OF ACCIDENTS DUE TO THE TAG OF
BEING THE FASTEST HIGHWAY
· ·THE REASON FOR THE ACCIDENTS: Being the fastest
highway and having a speed limit of 120 for heavy vehicles
and 100 for the light vehicles many drivers overspeed up to a
speed limit of 150 at an average which leads to many
accidents.
·THE SOLUTION: We can install speed guns in an regular
interval of about 1km each so that it measures the speed of
the vehicles passing through that point and transfers the data
in a toll plaza next to it .While to avoid accidents between the
area from one toll plaza we can do something like this:
Every vehicle has a unique no. which should be linked with the
owners mobile no. and when any vehicle over speeds in the
highway that vehicle will be detected in the speed gun and a
report of it will be sent to the next toll plaza and in that mean
time the driver will receive a message of overspending in the
mobile no. linked with the unique no. of that vehicle. In this
kind of solution, the govt should keep a data of every vehicle
coming out of the showroom.
PROBLEM 4: UNAVAILABILITY OF SIGN BOARDS AT REGULAR
INTERVAL
· ·SOLUTION: The construction is incomplete in some parts
which should be completed. The Retro reflective sheeting sign
boards should be installed and the road marking should be
maintained after it become faint.
PROBLEM 5: POST CRASH MEDICAL HELP
· ACCORDING TO THE GOVT. THERE SHOULD BE 1PETROL VAN
EVERY 20 KM .ON THE HIGHWAY BUT DUE TO THE
CARELESSNESS OF THE AUTHORITY WE CAN SEE THE PETROL
VANS IS THE STARTING AND ENDING ONLY
·SOLUTION: Instead of one trauma centre we should at least
install a primary trauma centre instead of having one
secondary trauma centre over the whole stetch of135.6 km.And
the authority should be active over the whole day.
PROBLEM 6: ROADSIDE PADESTRIANS
· ··THE REASON: As the highway is stretched over the rural
area and without proper signboards over the underground
paths and overbridges the peoples crosses the road without
care and as the speed limits up to 120 km in the highway its
very much usual to cause a accident.
·SOLUTION: Installing proper signboards thus depicting to use
the overbridges and the underground passages while crossing
the road and to build the overbridges and passages in the
areas where the roads divert to any rural areas also making the
barrier with spike fencing so that the peoples or animals don’t
cross the road where there is no underpass or overbridge.
PPROBLEM 7:ROADSIDE VEGETATION PROBLEM 8:LACK OF BASIC AMMINITIES
··SOLUTION: Heiring companies to built restaurants and hotels
·THE ROADSIDE VEGETATION ARE NOT DONE IN ANY PLANNED
and shops over the area
WAY SO, IT IS AFFECTING THE DRIVER IN 180 DEGREE VIEW IS
CLOVERLEAFS AND T ROUND
·SOLUTION: Vegetation over a highway should be in a planned
way and civic workers should be implemented in the highway
to maintain the vegetation over the area.

REFERENCE IMAGES TO 1ST SOLUTION:

 CONCLUSION

This is the final section of our case study, we

conclude by assuring that we have tried our best to
dig into all the causes of road accidents and to come
up with the best measures to prevent them. This is
our effort to make roads safer and minimize the
fatalities caused by road accidents. Through this case
study, we have drawn your attention towards the
major reasons for road accidents on the KMP
expressway and have given solutions such as use of
infrared sensors, installation of speed guns and sign
boards, availability of immediate medical relief,
providing basic amenities across the expressway and
more. If these solutions were taken under
consideration, the KMP expressway will definitely
become safer and less prone to accidents. That’s it
from our side. Thank You.

REFERENCES:THE HINDU,INDIA TV,WIKIPEDIA,THE BLOG,HARVARD CIVIL