ANH HUONG KOREA TRONG BUOI DAU NGHE THUAT PHAT GIAO 6 NHAT BAN GS.TSKH. Tran Ngoc Them Bai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hdi va Nhdn van Bai hoc Quéc gia TP. Hé Chi Minh 1. Nhat Ban chinh thite tiép nhan anh hung Phat gido luc dia tit bin dio Korea trong thifi gian tri vi etia thién hoding Kimmei (Kham Minh, 540- 571). Thai ky nay trén bin dio Korea cé ha vitung quée cing tin tai Paekche (am Han - Viet IA Bach Té, Am Nhat lA Kudara) & phia vay nam, Silla (am Win - Vidv Wa Tan La, Am Nbau la Shigariy & phia dong nam, vi Koguryo (am Han - Vide la Cao Ca L8, Am Nhat la Kokuriy & phia bho. Vi vay, thti ky nay dude goi A“ Tam quée™. Theo “Samguk saki™ (Tam quéc su Ay) thi Phat gido tir Trung Hoa du nhap vao Koguryo nm 372, dén Packche nAm 384. Silla 1A noi Phat gido tham ahAp mudn ohat mai dén nim $28 mei thay Tam quoc si ky ghi aban JA “bat dau thie hanh Phat pha p” Trong ba vufdng quéc thi Packche Gp nhén Phat gido tfung ddi sm, lai & phia nam, 1a noi tit liu da inte ep 6 quan hé vi Nhat Ban, do vay ma sit méoh truyén ba Phat gido ur Ine dia dén Nhat Ban da roi vAo Paekche Bai vidt nay ap trang xem xét mot khia canh cia Anh hudng luc dia trong giai doan hinh thanh Phat gido 6 Nhat Ban 1A khia canh aghé thuat 2. Theo Nihongi (Nhat Ban ky) thi vao nam 552! vua Packche IA Syong-myong gtfi cho Thién Hoang Mb4t Kimmei mot mén qua bao gdm bite wong Phat Thich Ca (Shaka Butsu) bang ddng ma vang cing vdi vai 1A ce long 4a nhiéu cudn kinh Phat. Kem theo qua la mdt bite thir cia vua Packche \Gi ndi dung ca nydi dao Phat va ich Ii cia nb trong vide bio vé qude gia XA cong dng, trong thy 66 cae “Moi Idi cau nguyén déu sé dude dap ting va v6 nga dang cho doi”. Loi ich thiét thife nhndém mau sée than bi nay cia dao Phat thich hop khong chi vGi cuf dan ban dao Korea ma vdi cd Nhat Ban 1a ving chin dnh hung nhieu ctia dao Shaman. Khong phai ngdu nhién ma “Bach khoa tht Nhat Ban ctia Dai hoe Cambridge” (The Cambridge Enciclopedia of Japan) 66 nban xév “Dao Phat lan dau tén d&én Nhat Ban tir 272thife nifa ma thudt” (Bowring, 1995: 191). Va wong Phat Thich Ca bang dong ma vang do vua Packche ting dufgc xem nhu mét vi thin va goi la Phign than (Adashiknninokami) (Gide Diing, 2002: 43) 3. Khi tip nhan céc tang vat Phat gido ciia vua Packche, trong triéu dinh NhAt Ban da c6 suf bat déng ¥ kign gitta mot bén 1a phai cAp ién gdm hing nguti thude bd t6c Soga (TO Nga) khao khat ohitng ¥ wing van hoa mdi tir luc dia, trong d6 c6 Phat gido, vdi bén kia’ 1A phai bao thi gdm nbitng nguvi thude bd the Mononobe (Vat BS) va Nakatomi ting hO dao Shinto (Thin Dao) va chong lai Phat gido vi mudn duy ti nhifng dae quyén lau di ctia minh. Cude tranh chap gitfa hai phai nay dién ra dit ddi trong mot thdi gian dai Trong khi d6 thi vung Efinh 1. Tiong Phdt Di Lae Ining dé & Bao que Packche chit uudng xAy tang Qude gia Kyongju (Han Quéc) tong dung quan hé wt voi Nhat — te bite da din Ban vi muon tim thay & nue dng Soga Umako ndim 584 bj mat yua Paekche giti ting 1é nay mot déng minh, nén ludn tim cach truyén ba kin thife Phat gido vao tiéu dinh Nhat. Nam 585, khi thién hoing Bidatsu ctia Nhat Ban Ién ngdi, Packche gtti Wi Nhat Ban hon 200 cuén kinh Phat cing mOt nha su, Mot ni cd, Mot nghé nhdn doc kinh Phat, cing mot nghé nhan tac wyng Phat va mot kin tric suf vé dén chia. D€h hic nay, vung quée Silla cing da phat ign Phat gido nén khdng chin thua kém, cfing giti dén Nhat mot bite wong Phat. Dén nam 584, hai stf than Paekche lai dita d&n Nhat tang té wting Soga Umako (TS Nga Ma Tit)’ mot bite wing Phat Thich Ca bing déng va mot bite wong Phat Di Lac bing dé 273(Covell, 1998: 46)". Nam 587, sau céi chét dot ngdt ctia thién hoang Bidatsu (ngudi k& vi thién hoing Yomei (Dung Minh) méi diye 2 nim), su déi lap ctia hai phi Soga va Mononobe da lén dén cue diém. Té wing Soga Umako da tip hop lye hrgng dénh tip va tiéu diét toan bé gia dinh Mononobe. 4. Sau khi chi€n th4ng, vao céc nam 591-596 té wing Soga Umako da cho xA4y mot ngdi chia Ién tén 1A Hokko (Phép Hung wr, cn goi IA Asuka- tera) nhim cing 6 vi tri ciia “phe Phat gido” trong triéu dinh. Hai tuoi hai nha su va nghé nhan lanh nghé tir Packche da dutge mdi dén dé chi dao vide xdy dung. Nha nghién evtu ngutti Nga N.A. Vinogradova nhan dinh: “Céc hdn dao Nhat Ban da dén nhan rat nhiéu nghé nhén Korea ti day cho cde thé thi céng dia phuféng nghé thudt tac ufdng,... khde gd, ma vang, cham 6” (198 1: 62). Chita Hokko hién nay khong cdn, ta chi cd dutge mot su hinh dung dai thé can ett vao nhitng théng tin lgm lat ti sit séch cding voi nhitng di vat do cée cudc khai quétnén méng chia tim ra. 5. Vao thap nién cudi cing cia thé ky V1, t wing Soga Umako dita thdi hau Suiko (Suy C6) thude ddng ho Soga, vd vua Bidatsu, lén ngdi nit hodng (& wi 39) va dita thai tif Shotoku (Thanh Difc), con thif hai cla thién hodng Yomei, lén n&m quyén nhi€ép chinh (4 tdi 21)°, thay mat ni hodng diéu hanh dat nue. LA mOt nguvsi hél site thong minh, Shotoku da dude thdy IA nha sutén 1a Hye-cha dén tt vudng quéc Koguryo (bade Korea) vao thang 5/595 (theo Nihongi) day cho ca nhifng uf wdng Phat gido va Nho gido. Tir dé, Shotoku da dén stfe vao vide xay dung x4 h@i Nhat Ban trén co sé két hyp nhitng ur tung Phat vdi Nho va én minh van héa vdi Korea, déng thisi phat trién quan hé hifu hdo vdi Trung Hoa (Iie dé 14 nha Tuy) Thai wt Shotoku 1a nguisi c6 cdng In trong viée phat wid Phat gid Nhat Ban. Ong da cho xAy difng nhiéu dén chiva, trong dé 6 chia Tit Thién Vuong (Shitenno) xy vaio nam 594 274Hinh 2. Chén dung thai tit Shotoku va —- inh 3. Tugng Tit Thién Vuong va hai con trai, duge tdng cho hodng ut todn cénh Kim Dudng d chia Horyu. Asa ctia Paekche. Ngdi chia Tit Thién Vuong (Shitenno) da bi phd hiiy hoan toan nhung tung cia bon vi Thién Vuong van con duge cat gif? tai chia Horyu. Tit Thién Vutsng 14 b6n vi hd thé canh gd bon phudng tr dao Phat. BOn pho uidng dude dat trén bé 6 bn géc trong tod Kim Dudng (sinh vang) eta chia Horyu. Méi pho tong cao 133m, tac tit gd long nao, than wfgng dude t6 mau vsi mot sO mau vang dét cdn sot lai. MGi vi déu mac do gidp va difng én lung mot con quy (Tsuda, 1990: 384). Theo J.C. Covell va A. Covell thi tat ca déu mang dau an anh hudng cla Korea, nhé yung mién, Khuén mat va nhifng duGng nét cia quan 4o. Khudn mat cac Thién Vuong mang nhitng nét nhan ching kiéu Mong Cé, nhat la doi mat va sng mii tha’p (1998: 84-86). Nhat Ban sau thoi ky Heian gan nhu khong on th Tet Thién Vuong nifa, trong khi dé thi tat cd cdc chiia tai Korea déu 6 wing hod ft ra A tanh vé Tit Thién Vuong dat tai Idi vao. 6. Nam 607, thai tit Shotoku cho x@y gan cung dién ctia minh mot ngdi 275 gid gin thé gidi vachia riéng hic dau goi la Wakakusa-tera, nim 670 due tai thiét va déi thanh Horyu-ji (Phép Long uf). Trong chinh dién chia Horyu cé mot kiét tic nghé thudt 1a bite wing bing gd long nao c6 tén 1A “Kudara Kannon™ cé nghia 1d “Quan Am Paekche” (Kudara ti€ng Nhat la “Paekche”). C6 ngui nhut gido su’ Seiichi Mizuno thi cho ning todn bd vat ligu nbu g6 long nao ding lam wong, 26 bach ding lam bé va chiée lo nhd cim trong tay chi ra ring pho uiong dude lam & Nhat. Con J.C-Covell va A.Covell thi cho ring Mizuno da sai (Covell, 1998: 57-62). Thit nhat 1a tai phia bdec kinh dé ci ctla Paeckhe cting c6 trong nhiéu long nao. Thit hai 14 viée so sanh nghé thudt va kiGu dang bite wong Véi nghé thuat Packche thé ky V-VI cho thiy chiing c6 cing ngudn gde So sdnh vuféng mién Kudara Kannon véi vudng mién trong ling md ctia vua Munyong tri vi cde ném 501-523 & Paekche (Korea) cho thay chting hoan todn tring nhau vé mau ma, sd cdénh hoa va hinh nhitng vong day leo. Tua ctia vung mién Kudara Kannon dutge sao chép theo thiét ké kiéu shaman ctia nhitng vung mién Korea thé ky V. Nét mat ctia Quan Am goi ohé dén “nu cudsi Paekche” trén him pho wong dé con dude Ini gilt tai Korea. Ba Hinh 4. Chia Horyu nhin tit trén khong. xdy dung nam 670. tay chi xuéng eta “Kudara Kannon” véi duting cong cia nhitng ng6n tay dan vao nhau mot céch mém mai thé hién phong céch nghé thudt Packche, hoan toin khée vdi nhitng cong winh diéu khde cita Silla va Koguryo. Nhitng yng tay bing déng cia Quan Am theo kiéu trang tri 6 13 thing da 66 Korea. Bé bing gd bach vdi nhitng canh sen ni xudng, dudng nhuf xOa ra uf ban chan, gidng nu nue chay ra tit bon hode tim vai Ina mong khong c6 6 nghé thudt Tay (Trung Hoa), cling khong c6 o nghé thudt Koguryo, ma 1a truyén thong ctia ngui Paekche 276Hinh 5 (trai). Tirgng Quan Am Paekche & chia Horyu. Hinh 6 (phai). Chi tiét ban tay trai ctia Quan Am Paekche. 7. Cudi nam 615, nha stt Hye-cha, sau 20 nam truyén day cho thai ur Shotoku, da td vé Korea. Vao nam 622, khi nghe tin vé cdi chét day bat ngo ciia Shotoku 6 tuéi 49, ng v6 cing dau x6t. Theo Nihongi, ng da mdi cdc suf d&n ding mot bita chay va wyén bé quyét dinh sé chét vao ngay gid dau cila Shotoku - ngay 5 thang 2 - dé gap thai i tai cdi niét ban. Va Hye-cha da chét nhuf dng tuyén bd. Vao lan gid tht 100 cia Shotoku, nhitng ngudi nguGng md Sng da cho xay dung m6t tha bat gidc bing gd theo hinh ding céc toa bat gidc Korea va Trung Hoa, goi 14 Yumedono (Méng duéng), nhim tudng nhé Shotoku va “dé cho dng c6 nhitng gidc mo dep” tai cdi niét ban. Bite wong chinh dat & day dude goi la “Méng duwéng Quan Am”, lam bing gd dat vang, tac theo hinh Shotoku dé thé ca hai vi thanh 14 Shotoku va ngutsi thay Korea cita Gng. Bite wing dude boc k¥ trong nhiéu Iép vai va dat trong m6t ti g3 Idn son mai den khong bao gid dude mé ra. Khong cé bat ett mét c6ng trinh nghé thuat nao ciia Nhat Ban thdi Asuka lai dude tén kinh her vay. Mai dén thdi Minh Tri, m6t ngudi My say mé nghé thudt truyén thong ciia Nhat tén 1a Ernest Fenollosa (sau nay td thanh ngu®i phu tréch Bao tang Nghé thuat Boston) dufge chinh quyén Nhat chi dinh lam ngu@i thanh tra chinh thife di cde noi khdo sat céc dén chia c6. Va Fenllosa (cing véi 277Okakura Tenshin, hoa si ndi tigng nhat cia Nhat sau nay) yeu cau dutge nhin thay “bite ufing thigng™ Mong dung Quan Am. Trong nhat ky eta minh, Fenollosa viét ring khi “bite uring thiéng” due md ra, Sng da néi ngay vdi Okakura ring: “Dinhién Ia ciia Korea réi!” (Covell 1998: 65) Hinh 7 (trai). Méng duimg (Yumedono) xdy dung vio ddu thé’ kx VIL dé tudng nhd thai nt Shotoku Hinh 8 (phai). Tong thiéng Mong duéng Quan Am Hinh 9-10. Chi tiét khudn mat, doi lang may va vuomg mign cia tong Méng duéng Quan Am= Bite tuting cao 1,805m’, d6 la Kich thuc that ctia Shotoku. N6 c6 mét vuling mién bang déng cau ky nhat trong nhitng bitc wong phuting Dong. N6 la su két hop ctia nhiéu phong céch, kiéu dang kh4c nhau ctia Korea. Theo J.C.Covell va A.Covell thi “tai nghé cia Nhat chua c6 duge suf wrong ting. Nhitng chiée vung mién duc céc nha khao cé hoc x4c dinh Ia cia Nhat chi x&p dufge vao loai din em nghéo nan so vi tac phim bang déng dudc cham tr6 rt céng phu nay” (Covell, 1998: 66). Dic diém ndi bat tao nén su thanh thodt ciia khudn mat a nét diu dang ctia d6i long may. Di long may nay dude goi 1a “léng may Paekche”, né thé hin suf pha tron phong cach nghé thuat Paekche va Koguryo vao thé ky VI. Minh dang c4p mat c6 thé tim thay trong nhifng bifc twgng ctia Korea thdi ky Koryo. Song mii va gd mé cao ggi lén ngudn gd luc dia ciia mu tung, trong khi nhifng bite ufgng thé hién ngui Nhat ban dia thudng c6 mili tet va d0i khi sng mii rat tha’p (Covell, 1998: 62-68). Nha nghé thuat hoc ngu@i Nhat tén 1a Tsuda Noritake (1990: 386) khdng dinh ring pho wing nay la “mot trong nhing di vat diéu khdc dude bdo quan tt nhat va dep nhat ty théi Suiko con lai dén ngay nay”. Theo Ong, “Tung thé hién tat c4 cde dac trung... ciia céc phong cach Triéu Tién va luc dia”. 8. Trong sé ban than cia Shotoku cé mot ngudi géc Korea tén 1a Hata Kawakatsu, ditag déu mét nhém thg dét, nam 623 da dat lam mot pho twang Phat Di Lac bing g6 dat vang dé wéng nhd Shotoku, dem tdi dat tai dién ths chinh cia cha Horyu-ji (Covell 1998: 89). Bitc tugng thé hién hinh tong Phat Di-lic vdi déng vé hodn toan thy gian, véi nhitng ngon tay thon dai ho hing gan cham dén m4 phai, véi khuén maucé déi I6ng may cong dam, cap mat lim dim, chi€e mii hi nhon cing nhifng gdc mili sfc nét va mot nu cudi hé nd trén moi. Nay nhiéu manh vang dat da bong di, 16 ra cdc thé gd lam cho pho tung cdng thém phan sinh dong. 279Hinh 11. Tiuong Phat Di Lac bing Winh 12. Tugng Phdt Di Lic bing déng & Bao tang Quéc gia Seoul (cudi 36 A chia Horyu (Kyoto, ddu theky the’ ky VD. VID). Theo N.A. Vinogradova, mogchnyén gia nguivi Nga vé diéu khde Nhat Ban, “su tinh té phi thu@ing ctla nét mat, su sd ia cdc cit chi la sio hiém cé cdi tao nén nét dac thi ctia pho tfdng Phat Di Lac bing gd cia chia Horyud Kyoto, pho tng nay dude lam theo nhifag khudn mau xuat sde nbat cia Korea” (1981: 78). G Korea c6 khé ohiéu pho wong kiéu nay, nhung xudt s4c nhat chinh 14 pho wong gn nhu sinh doi bang déng ma vang 6 nién dai s6m hon khodng ntfa thé ky (vao nifa sau thé ky VI), hién dat tai Bao tng Quée gia Seoul, due Hin Quée dah sé 1a di sin quée gia $6 83 280a Ba ciing 44 nhan xét rat ding ring: “Céc bite wong dude mang dén tir Trung Hoa va Korea yao thé ky VII cé t4c dung ton vinh Than Phat gap hai dn: (khong chi uy than 14 vat thd), ching [cdn} tré thanh hinh mau, ngudi ta bét chufdc ching, sao chép chting mot c4ch ti mi dén mite rat khé phan biét nhitng tic phdm géc dude mang dén vi nhitng sin phdm ché tao tai dia phudng. [Chinh bai vay ma] cho dén nay trong khoa hoc, nhifng cudc tranh juin vé viée mot pho tugng nao dé 1a sin phdm ciia nghé nhan Korea hay Nhat Ban van con tiép dién” (Vinogradova, 1981: 62). 9. N6i tiép thdi ky Asuka (550-710) 1a thoi ky Nara (710- 781). Ban than chit nara nay 1a mét tit gdc Han cé nghia 1a “dat nude” (tiéng Nhat “dat nuéc” 1a huni). Vao thisi ky Nara, Nhat vé cn ban van theo dao Phat, cdi khée chi 1A nhitng ngudi tri vi ur nay chii yu hudng vé quan hé vi Trung Quéc. Nha suf Gyogi, ngudi gdc Korea, difgc xem 1a mét trong nh@ng ngudi dé xudt viée xay es dyng chia 1én nhat tai Nara Hinh 13. Tung déng Daibutsu (Dai chila Todai (Dong Dai ty). Day 1a Nhdt Phé1) & chia Todai (Nara). cd mét quan thé kién tnic khéng 18, mot thanh phé trong thanh phd. Tai gian chinh trong toa kién tric trung tém Daibutsuden ctia chia Todai dat pho tung Phat Dai Nhat® khéng 1d diic bang ding, goi ld Daibursu (Dai Nhat Phat). Triét ly Mat tong ti Trung Hoa ciing thinh hanh tai Korea va truyén sang Nhat Ban. Ngu@i ta cho ring Gyogi ciing chinh 1a ngudi da ditng ra quyén gop tién cia dé dtic pho tudng. Khi ¥ wdng vé viéc dic pho tung khéng 14 da chin mudi, Gyogi lam mOt viée ma it nha su’nao lam vao thdi ky nay a hanh huong dén viéng dén Ise, mOt trong nhitng ngdi dén thiéng liéng nhat ciia dao Shinto (6 thanh pho Ise). Sau khi quay vé, éng tyén bo ring nén xem nit than Mat tdi 281Amaterasu va nhifng than khdec cilia dao Shinto IA hién than cilia dite Phat. Hoang dé Shomu da cit ngudi dén ving dén Ise va cing nhan dutic Ii tien tri thudn vdi li tyén bs cha Gyogi. Diéu nay da gitip cho nhitng dé ut cia dao Shinto va dao Phat hoa gidi vdi ohau: viée tién hanh diic pho wong Daibutsu khéng 13, huy dong agudn lyfe ca nuse khong vap phai suv ching déi Viée dic wong due bat dau tif nam 744”. Sau 6 lan that bai, cudi cing, theo gido su Tsunoda, thi “con trai cia mot nguti di dan Korea dén Nhat Ban vao thi ky Tenji Tenno (tri vi cée nim 668-671) da thanh cdng. Ong da phéc hoa ditge mot bite wing Phat hoan hio ngdi trén tha sen, sau hing 1a vang hao quang khéng Id vdi hinh cham ohé cée vi Phat, BO Tat ndm vii née Nh thanh qué dé ma ngui gde Korea nay da due phong chife hing uf phém trong trién dinh™ (Covell, 1998: 90). Pho tung khéng 16 cao 16m (khong ké bé) nay due diic theo titng phan nhé rong ra trong (744-749), riéng cde lon We da 1A 966 khdi hinh vb Se to bing Sau d6, tt ca duge han adi lai, rdi got ria. trang tri, ma vang — qua tinh nay kéo dai ahiéu nam tiép theo. Theo mat trong nhitng ti liga ghi chép, dé diic bife tong nay, ngutti ta da ding hét 520 tin déng, 90 tain que han, gin 2,3 \n thily ngdn va 450kg vang (Vinogradova, 1981: 119-120) 10. Vao ngay hodng dé Shomu mat, hodng hiu da cho chuyén giao toan bd cde bdo vat trong cung dién dén chia Todai, noi hodng dé yeu thich Nhitng téc phaém nay due gif rong nhd kho Shoso-in, Ngdy nay Shoso-in duge xem 1A “Vien bao ting c6 ohat thé gidi. MOt phAn mui bo sum vip dé hién dude ining bay tai Vien bao ng Qu Nara. “Mdi vat déu thé hién rd ring day 1A nhitng tac pham ctia ngusi Korea va da due triéu dinh Nhat Ban nhap vao... Khong thé liét ké duc hét tat cd nhitng gi da difse dua tir Korea sang” (Covell, 1998: 90). Tio ude lung ctia UNESCO thi e6 i trén 10 van c6 vat Korea hién dang dutge gin git tai Nhat Ban (Covell, 1998: 3). Ot 6 nam wo ngutti si Ishida Shigeru, Gidm d6c Bao ting Quée gia Nhat Ban & Nara, trong cudn “Van héa Korea & Nhat Ban” thita nhan: “Ngdi chia Horyu vi dai va tat cd cade tac phdm nghé thuat bén trong déu 1A két qua séng wo cila cdc nghé nhan Korea. Vin hoa Nhat Ban, dac biét 1a hii ky Asuka va Nara, 6 dufge 1a do suf ldnh dao va hyp tc etia cde hoe gid Korea. Korea chinh lA nha hao tam ctia quée gia ching ta” (Limb, 1968: 125) 282CHU THICH 1. Theo J.M.Kitagawa (2002: 48) la nam 538. 2. Theo (Covell, 1998) thi ca hai phai déu cé nguén géc luc dia: nhitng nguftii thude bd téc Soga lA dan mdi nhp cut, con nhitng nguvsi thudc bd toc Mononobe va Nakatomi la dan nh4p cu tif thdi Yayoi. 3. Cha ciia Soga Umako 1a Soga Iname (T6 Nga Dao Muc) lam té wing tifnam 536. Ong 1a nguéi dau tién trong triéu dinh Nhat Ban chinh thifc chap nhdn Phat gido. Soga Umako ké nghiép cha lam té tng tit nam 570 (nam cha dng mat). 4. Vé suf kién nay, Gide Diing (2002: 47) ghi la “T6 Nga Ma Tif thinh mot tdng Phat va mét wong dite Di Lac bang dé tir hai ngudi Nhat goc Tridu Tien”. 5. Chit “Ji” thu@ng dufde cdc tai liéu ti€ng Viét dich 1a “dén”, diéu nay chi ding vdi cdc kién tric Than dao (tiéng Anh sé 1a shrine). Trong truéng hop cdc kién tric Phat gido thi chit Han déu viét bing “ur” 1a “chia” (tigng Anh sé 1A femple). 6, Thai tit Shotoku sinh nan 574, mat nam 622. Thdi gian lén lam nhiép chinh dai thin khéng thong nhat trong céc tai ligu khdc nhau. Chang han, theo Sansom (1994: 84) thi thai ut Shotoku nhiép chinh vao nam 600 (tr. 101). Nhung theo Bowring (1995; 49) thi Shotoku nhiép chinh nam 594 (con sé nay 06 1é gan vGi su that hon), 7. Day 1A s6 ligu theo Covell (1998; 66); cdn theo Tsuda Noritake (1990; 386) la 1,95m. 8. Thude phi Mat tong. Nhdr = Mat trdi. Phat Dai Nhat tiéng Phan 1a Vairocana, am Han - Viét lA T}-16-gid-na, tiéng Anh thusng dich la Cosmic Buddha, Phat Dai Nhat = Phat Vi Tru 9. Theo Vinogradova (1981: 120), con theo Covell (1998: 90) 1a nam 747. 10. Korean Culture in Japan. Kim, Tokyo, 1964. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Bowring (1995): Bowring Richard & Kornicki Peter (ed.). Bach khoa tht Nhat Ban (The Cambridge Enciclopedia of Japan). — HN, Trung tim Nghién citu Nhat Ban, 451 trang. 2. Covell (1998): Covell Jon Carter, Covell Alan. Korean Impact on 283Japanese Culture. Japan's Hidden History (6™ printing). — Scoul, Hollym, 115 Papes. 3. Gide Diing (2002): Lich si? Phat gido Nhat Ban. 1, NXB Ton gido. 4. Kitagawa (2002): Kitagawa Joseph M. On Understanding Japanese Religions. Ban ti€ng Viét: Nghién citu tén gido Nhat Ban. WN, NXB Khoa hoe xa hoi, 789 trang 5. Limb (1968): Limb Ben C: The Development of Japanese Culture and the Part played by Korean Settlers. In: Pictorial Korea, The Intemational Publicity League of Korea, p. 125-137 6. Sansom (1990): Sansom George. Japan A short Cultural History Ban tiéng Viet: Lae sit vain hoa Nhat Ban, ~ HN, NXB Khoa hoe xa hoi, Lip 1: 307 trang. . 7. Sansom (1994): Sansom George. A History of Japan to 1334. Ban Sng Vide: Lich si? Nhdt Ban, tap 1, tit thuting c6 dén nam 1334. — HN, NXB Khoa hoe xa hoi, 586 trang. 8. Tsuda (1990): Tsuda Noritake. Hanbook of Japanese Art. Ban tiéng Viét: SO tay nghé thudt Nhdt Ban. HN, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi, HN, 339 trang 9. Vinogradova (1981): Bunorpanosa H. A. Cxytonmypa Anonuu III-X1V ee. - Mocksa, W306pa3utenbHoe ucKyccTBo, 239 cTp. 284