8.8, CALCULATION OF LENGTH OF BASE : TAPE CORRECTIONS
After having. measured the leigh, the’ comect length of the base is calculated by
applying the following corrections:
1 Correction for absolute. length 2. Correction for temperature,
. 3, Correction for pull or tension 4. Correction for sag.
5. Correction for slope 6. Correction for alignment
7. Reduction to sea level. 8. Correction to measurement in vertical plane
1. Correction for Absolute Length
If the absolute length (or actual length) of the tape or wire is not equal to
its nominal ot designated length, a correction will have to be applied to the measured
Jength of the line. If the absolute length of the tape is greater than the nominal or the
designated length, the measured distance will be too short and the correction will be ~
additive. TAthe absolute length of the tape is lesser than the nominal or designated length,
the measuit distance will be too great and the correction will be subtractive.
‘Thus, Gabe . 8.6)
where C.=corrtction for absolute length
L= measured length of the tine
rection per tape length
esignated length of the tape
C, will be of the sume sign as that of .2. Correction for Temperature
If the temperature in the field is more than the temperature at which the ‘ape
was standardised, the length of the tape increases, measured distance becomes less, and
the correction is therefore, adduive. Similarly, if the temperature is Jess, tke length of
the tape decreases, measured disance becomes. more and the correction is negative. The
temperature correction is given by
Ge a(Ta- TL 7)
“where —«-=coefficiemt of thermal. expansion
inewomonngmemmeanr-temperature inthe field during measurement
To temperature during standardisation of the tape
L= measured length.
If, however, steel ard brass wires are used simultaneously, as in Jaderin’s Meibod,
the corrections are given by
6 (ras = 1) of8.8 WL
ai (ls- bs)
wm (wea = 4b) olB.8 (0)
To find the mew standard temperature 7,’ which will produce the nominal length of
the tape or band
Some times, a tape is not of standard or designated ngth at a given standard temperature
‘The tape/band will be of the designated length at a new standard temperature 7,'.
Let the length at stamlard temperature T) be 1 62, where | is the designated length
of the tape.
Lat AT be the mumber of degrees of temperature. change required to change the
length ofthe tape by = 81
‘Then a= (+8) aar
: 8 a
(2ma° fa
(Neglecting 8! which will’ be very small in comparison to 1)
If Ty is the mew standard temperature at which the length of the tape will be exactly
equal 10 its designated lengthy, we have
tarCorrection for Pull or Tension
If the pull applied during measurement is more than the pull st which the tape was
standardised, the length of the tape increases, measured distance becomes less, and the
correction is positive. Similarly, if the pull is less, the length of the tape decreases,
measured distance becomes more snd the correction is negative.
If G is the correction for pull, we have
(P-POL
G=e 8.10)
where P= Pull applied during measurement (N)
Po= Standard pull (N)
L= Measured length (en)
A= Cross-sectional area of the tape (cm’)
E = Young's -Modulus.-of- Blastciey(NZem")
4. Correction for Sag : When the tape is suetched on supports between two points,
it takes the formt of a horizontal catenary. The horizontal distance will be less than the
distance along the curve. The difference between horizontal distance ani the measured
engin along catenary is called the Sag Correction. For the purpose of determining the
correction, the curve may te assumed to be a parsbola
FIG $14 SAG CORRECTIONLet r= length of the pe (in mettes) suspended between A and B
M-centre of the tape
A= vertical sag of the tape at its centie
w= weight of the tape per unit length (N/m)
uv= Sag correction in metres for the length
Cy= Sag correction in metres per tape length 1
Wi = wl = weight of the tape suspended between A and B
4; = horizontal length or span between A and B.
‘The relation between the curved length (J,) and the chord length (d,) of a very
Hence Ca =dy~h=
‘The value of A can be found from statics [Fig. 8.14 (b)]. If the upe were cut
at the centre (M), the exterior force at the point would be tension P. Considering the
eqiilibrium of half the length, and taking momenss about A, we get
s a
wh dy wh di
Pooh
name i -)
‘Substituting the value of fh in (1), we get “
8 lf wha és = Got? awe
C= 5 CGE as or LS a aay
Tf 1 is the total length of tape and it is suspended in n equal number of bays,
fie Sag Correction (C:) per tape length is given by aAl)
flue of can be found from stati:s [Fig. 8.14 (2)). If the pe were cut
ire (M), the exterior force at the point would be tension P. Considering the
qhilibrivm of half the length, and taking moments about A. we get
wh
Pah
&
a?
2
wh dr
k note . =)
Substituting the value of in (1), we get
\. 8 Li whay _ d a Hwehy? awe
Gn $F (ey = gp = LY (8.11)
jg HU is the tou length of tape and it is suspended in m equal number of bays,
‘he Sag Correction (C.) per tape length is given by oe
. ab (ot _ why Qu)? tw? an
is C= 0 Cy = OY ee
MP? 24 P? Din PE Dan PE
= total weight of the tape
‘umber of equal spans
P=pull applied
¥ L=tme total length messured
and N= the mumber of whole length tepe
then : Total Sag Correction =INC,-+ Sag Correction for any fractional tape length
Note. Nommlly, the mass of the tape is given. Ja that case, the weight W (or
W) is equal to mass xg, where the value of g is taken as 9.81. For example, if the
Mats of tape is 0.8 kg, W =0.8 «9.81 ~ 7.848 N.1
Tt should be noted that the Sag Corréction is always negative. If however, the tape
was standardised on ctenary, and used on fot, he correction wil he equal 10 Sap
Correction for stondard pall sag corecon ot the measured pull’, and will be poste
the mesimed pull in the fld 1s more tn he standard pall :
For example, lt the tape de standardised in catenary at 100 Ni pall
11 the pull applied in the fd i 120 N, the Sag Comecton wil be
2g. Comrcion for 100 N’ pull =Sag Correction for 120 N pull
fe HM hw toate]
‘2 CQooy 24207 FL (100? (120°
an is evden positive
TF the pull split in the fied is 80 N, the Sag Conetion will be
Aw} sty 1 and is etdently nepaive.
eam Ber” Lao Gor
1, however the pull applied in the fied is cqual to the standard pull, no. Sop
Comection is necesiary. See Example $.11
‘Equation 8.12 gives the Sag Correction when the ends of the tpe ate at the sane
level. If, however, the enti of the tape are mot at the same level, tut are at an inclination
6 with the horizontal, the Sag Comection given is by the formula,
Gi Geos 0( 1+3tsne) 18.13 (a)
when tension P is applied at the higher end
to(1_™!
a Ger 0 1M an) fa 0
‘when tension P is appliot at the lower end.
If, however, 0 is small, we can have
Gi=C,c0s' 8 8.14)
irrespective of whether the pull is applied at the higher end or at the lower end. It shonld
bbe noted that equation 8.14 includes the corrections both for saz and slope, i.e. if equation
8.14 is used, separate correction for slope is not necessary. See Example 8.13.
‘Normal Tension. Normal tension is the pull which, when applied 1 the tape, ecules
the correction due to pull and the correction due to sag. Thus, at normal tension or pull,
ite effects of pull and sag are neutralised and no correction is necessary.
The econ pt is Ge 22D ai
a owl? WE ‘
ihe corte rome i
concn fro ye OMY at)
where P,= the normal puil spplicd in the fied
Equating numerically the two, we got
Pa= PO kw
WE 24hTRIANGULATION a»
(8.15)
‘The value of P, is to be determined by trial ant error with the help of the above
equation.