Chapter III

Results

Table 2
Psychometric Properties of the Study Scales
Descriptive Statistics Range
Scale k M SD α Potential Actual
Depression 7 6.65 4.86 .84 0-21 0-20
Anxiety 7 6.35 4.18 .78 0-21 0-17
Stress 7 9.43 4.80 .84 0-21 0-21
Social Support 14 22.06 11.65 .87 0-56 3-54
Quality of Life 5 23.17 6.73 .85 5-35 9-35

Note. k = no. of items. α = Cronbach’s alpha. N = 148

Table 2 shows mean, standard deviation, Cronbach’s alpha value, and the score ranges.

All sub-scales have excellent reliability (i.e. > .75).

Table 3
Mean Differences on the Scales among Insulin Intake Groups
No Yes Sometimes Univariate
(n = 99) (n = 40) (n = 9)
Variable M SD M SD M SD F p
Depression 6.39 5.04 6.58 4.38 9.78 4.26 2.03 .135
Anxiety 5.52 3.87 7.53 4.04 4.89 1.63 8.41 .000
Stress 8.51 4.67 11.08 4.611 12.33 4.30 6.23 .003
Social Support 20.96 11.54 24.33 12.11 24.11 10.20 1.34 .265
Quality of Life 23.78 6.58 22.08 7.33 21.33 4.92 1.27 .283
Note. F = test of variances, df (2, 145). N = 148

One way- analysis of variance was computed to check the significant insulin group

differences on depression, anxiety, stress, social support, and quality of life scores. Results

indicate significant differences on anxiety F(2, 145) = 8.41, p = .000, and stress F(2, 145) = 6.23,

p = .003. In addition, the post hoc test (LSD) indicates that those who take insulin (yes) have

higher scores on anxiety as compared to those groups who take insulin sometimes and have not

started yet. In contrast, the LSD also indicates that those who take insulin (sometimes) have

higher scores on stress as compared to those groups who take insulin, and have not started yet

(see Table 3).

Table 4
Mean Differences on the Scales between Men and Women with Diabetes

Men Women
n = 69 n = 79
Variable M SD M SD t(146) p
Depression 5.84 4.29 7.35 5.24 -1.90 .059
Anxiety 5.77 3.78 6.86 4.46 -1.59 .113
Stress 9.36 4.15 9.49 5.33 -.16 .869
Social Support 20.57 10.94 23.37 12.16 -1.46 .145
Quality of Life 24.57 6.31 21.95 6.88 2.39 .018

Note. M = mean, SD = standard deviation. N = 148

Table 4 shows the mean difference between men and women on depression, anxiety,

stress, social support, and quality of life scores. Results indicate significant mean differences on

quality of life among diabetics (t = 2.39, p = .018), and non-significant results on depression (t =

-1.90, p = ns), anxiety (t = -1.59, p = ns), stress (t = -.16, p = ns), and social support (t = -1.46, p

= .ns). In addition, it is found that men have higher score on QoL as compared to women.

Table 5
Regression Coefficients of DASS and Social Support on QoL in Diabetics
Variable B β SE
Constants 26.05** 1.23
Depression -.387* -.280 .167
Anxiety .092 .057 .194
Stress .149 .106 .184
Social Support -.104 -.180 .077
R2 .10
Note. SE = standard error

**p < .01, *p < .05

Regression analysis was computed to assess the predictive relationship between

depression, anxiety, stress, social support, and quality of life scores. Results indicate that

depression significantly and negatively predict the quality of life (B =.-.39, p < .05). In addition,

the model F(4, 143) = 3.91, p = .005, explains 10% variance in the quality of life.