O.H.P. UNIT (OIL HANDLING PLANT):

 TYPES OF OIL USED:

The coal used in the boiler needs an additional combustible material initially to get fired. Oil is used as the
supporter to the coal. In the start coal from the coal mill is blown in the boiler while oil from oil gun is propelled
in it. Ignitor produces the required spark which helps in the combustion.

The two types of oil used are the LIGHT DIESEL OIL & FURNACE OIL.

Light Diesel Oil is used for primary combustion and Furnace oil is used for secondary combustion.

Light Diesel Oil is used so that the combustion process could be started initially and by adding Furnace Oil,
combustion should be supported.

Both these fractions are obtained through Fractional distillation, is the separation of a mixture into its
component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them
to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. It is a special type of distillation.
Generally the component parts boil at less than 25°C from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere
(atm). If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25°C, a simple distillation is used.

Heavy ends of crude distillation includes Furnace oil, Low sulphur Heavy Stock (LSHS), Residual Fuel Oil (RFO),
Lube oils, Bitumen, Petroleum coke, Paraffin wax, other waxes etc. 

Used as an industrial fuel, Furnace Oil (FO) is a dark viscous residual fuel obtained by blending mainly heavier
components from crude distillation unit, short residue and clarified oil from fluidized catalytic cracker unit.
Internationally Furnace Oil is known as Fuel Oil and is traded in many varieties based on its specifications of
viscosity and sulphur percentage.

The complete combustion of fossil fuel using air as the oxygen source is summarized in the following chemical
reaction:
 
FUEL  +  OXYGEN  ----- HEAT  +  WATER  +  CARBON DIOXIDE
 
The complete combustion of fossil fuel using air is summarized in the following chemical reaction:
FUEL  +  AIR ----- HEAT  +  WATER  +  CARBON DIOXIDE  +
                                                                                                     NITROGEN

 
 

6. A.H.P. UNIT (ASH HANDLING  PLANT):

In this unit the ash particles are removed from the flue gases coming out of the boiler/furnace after the burning
of coal. Ash is obtained by two ways:

Fly Ash
Bottom Ash
 

6.1  FLY ASH:

Fly Ash are the ash particles which are mixed with the flue gases, removed using the ESP, Electro Static
Precipitator. Its height and width is selected to suit the volume of gas to treat. Its length and number of
electrically separated fields/ zones are varied according to the collection efficiency requirements.

6.2 FLY ASH REMOVAL:

The flue gases coming out of the boiler are mixed with the AMMONIA (NH 3), so that the ash particles present

will react with ammonia and forms ammonium sulphate ((NH 3)2SO4), which is wet and hence when passed

through electrostatic precipitator, under the influence of the electric field produced due to the faraday’s law of
induction, attracts these small particles together and forms big clusters or lumps which are then separated out.
These lumps are then sent to the storage tanks or silos and hence can be USED FOR cement and brick
manufacturing.

6.3  BOTTOM ASH:

Bottom ash are the ash particles, which are the direct ash obtained under the boiler’s bottom portion.

6.4  BOTTOM ASH REMOVAL:

Bottom ash is removed by mixing it with the water. This is treated in the EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT, where
this ash mixed water is fed to large tanks and gravity settling process or natural sedimentation is carried out.
This bottom ash is very heavy and it takes just 18 MINUTES to get settled fully.